Continuous improvements in technological applications have allowed more opportunities to develop systems with user-focused designs. This not only leads to higher success in day-to-day usage, but it increases the overall probability of technology adoption. Design Solutions for User-Centric Information Systems provides a comprehensive examination of the latest strategies and methods for creating technological systems with end users as the focal point of the design process. Highlighting innovative practices and applications across a variety of areas, such as cloud-based computing services, e-government adoption, and logistics evaluation, this book is an ideal reference source for computer engineers, practitioners, project managers, graduate students, and researchers interested in the enhancement of user-centric information system development.

This book provides a research-based analysis of public sector reforms in Pakistan. It offers a broad overview of reforms at different levels of government - including federal, provincial and local - and examines decentralization and devolution reforms in various policy sectors. It also reflects on market-oriented reforms and the steps taken to involve the private sector to build a better-governed public sector, and explores new trends in the public sector in the areas of digitalisation and disaster management. Bringing together young researchers, academics, and practitioners, the book sets a new milestone in the movement towards context-specific reform studies in both academia and the professional practice of public administration, particularly in South Asia.

This book is designed to integrate the basic concepts of food safety with current developments and challenges in food safety and authentication. The first part describes basics of food safety, classification of food toxins, regulation and risk assessment. The second part focuses on particular toxins like mycotoxins, aromatic amines, heavy metals, pesticides, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. Recent developments and improvements in the detection of these contaminants are described. The third part deals with the authenticity and adulteration of food and food products, a topic which affects food trade on a national and international level.

This book is a comprehensive analysis of the Taliban, and how it has affected post-9/11 U.S.-Pakistan relations. It analyzes the genesis of the Taliban, the rationale behind their emergence and how they consolidated their rule in Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001. It examines the U.S. policies towards the Taliban in the post 9/11 era and Pakistan’s role as an ally in their efforts towards dismantling Taliban rule in Afghanistan—from Obama’s ‘fight and talk’ policy to the Doha peace agreement in 2020. It also discusses the outcomes of the Global War on Terror (GWoT), as well as the Taliban’s response to the U.S.-led ISAF and NATO forces in Afghanistan. The volume brings into focus Pakistan’s policies vis-à-vis the Taliban following the start of GWoT and how it pushed the U.S.-Pakistan relations to its lowest ebb; and then its role in bringing the Taliban to the negotiating table which resulted in the U.S.-Taliban deal in Doha in February 2020. The author introduces a ‘new balance of threat’ theory and expands on its applicability through the Taliban case study. The book will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of U.S. foreign policy, international relations, peace and conflict studies, strategic studies, history, diplomatic studies and South Asian politics.

This book is a comprehensive analysis of the Taliban, and how it has affected post-9/11 U.S.-Pakistan relations. It analyzes the genesis of the Taliban, the rationale behind their emergence and how they consolidated their rule in Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001. It examines the U.S. policies towards the Taliban in the post 9/11 era and Pakistan's role as an ally in their efforts towards dismantling Taliban rule in Afghanistan-from Obama's 'fight and talk' policy to the Doha peace agreement in 2020. It also discusses the outcomes of the Global War on Terror (GWoT), as well as the Taliban's response to the U.S.-led ISAF and NATO forces in Afghanistan. The volume brings into focus Pakistan's policies vis-a-vis the Taliban following the start of GWoT and how it pushed the U.S.-Pakistan relations to its lowest ebb; and then its role in bringing the Taliban to the negotiating table which resulted in the U.S.-Taliban deal in Doha in February 2020. The author introduces a 'new balance of threat' theory and expands on its applicability through the Taliban case study. The book will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of U.S. foreign policy, international relations, peace and conflict studies, strategic studies, history, diplomatic studies and South Asian politics.

Axoplasmic transport is the intracellular movement of cellular components required for the maintenance and normal physiological functioning of neuronal cells. This book provides an up to date reference for both established investigators as well as for those entering in the field.This volume describes the history and methods of the study of transport and the involvement of energy, ions, calmodulin, microtubules and other cellular components in transport. It also discusses the transport of polypeptides, lipids, nucleic acids, neutrotransmitter containing components and various other particles in nerve fibres. A significant portion of this book is devoted to axoplasmic transport, regeneration and the relevance of transport in neurotropic functions are described in the alst four chapters, followed by a discussion on the mechanism of axoplasmic transport.

This book is designed to integrate the basic concepts of food safety with current developments and challenges in food safety and authentication. The first part describes basics of food safety, classification of food toxins, regulation and risk assessment. The second part focuses on particular toxins like mycotoxins, aromatic amines, heavy metals, pesticides, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. Recent developments and improvements in the detection of these contaminants are described. The third part deals with the authenticity and adulteration of food and food products, a topic which affects food trade on a national and international level.

Zafar Iqbal and Mervyn K. Lewis examine, from an Islamic perspective, some central issues in public, economic and corporate governance. Amongst topics analysed are theories of justice, taxation, budget deficits, Islamic financing modes, public and private accountability, and corruption. The authors' starting point is that the Islamic perspective on governance and its differences from Western approaches requires an understanding of the basic tenets, philosophy and legal traditions of Islam. They develop the Islamic position on matters widely acknowledged as being under-researched in Islamic social enquiry, bringing a fresh and contemporary slant to governance issues by drawing insights from modern theory and practice, and combining them with classical and modern Muslim interpretations. Their analysis explicitly acknowledges self-interested behaviour, adding a public choice dimension to the limitations and workability of any governance arrangements. This unique and highly innovative book will have strong appeal for those with an interest in Islamic economics, public policy, banking, and Asian and Middle Eastern studies.

This book provides a research-based analysis of public sector reforms in Pakistan. It offers a broad overview of reforms at different levels of government – including federal, provincial and local – and examines decentralization and devolution reforms in various policy sectors. It also reflects on market-oriented reforms and the steps taken to involve the private sector to build a better-governed public sector, and explores new trends in the public sector in the areas of digitalisation and disaster management. Bringing together young researchers, academics, and practitioners, the book sets a new milestone in the movement towards context-specific reform studies in both academia and the professional practice of public administration, particularly in South Asia.

National Bank of Pakistan (NBP) the central bank of the Pakistan not only plays a key role in the economic development of the country but also has significant global influence. National Bank of Pakistan maintains its position as Pakistan's premier bank determined to set higher standards of achievements. It is the major business partner for the Government of Pakistan with special emphasis on fostering Pakistan's economic growth through aggressive and balanced lending policies, technologically oriented products and services offered through its large network of branches locally, internationally and representative offices. The study cover all aspects of NBP e.g. Products, services and financial statement analysis of NBP year 2009. NBP is facing some problem like Ineffective Utilization of Assets, Complex Procedure and Dissatisfaction of Customer, High Cost Due to Duplication and Over Staffing, Liquidity Problem. These all can be control by Advertisement of Products and Services, Decentralization and New Technology, Utilization of Resources, Restructuring of Operations and Human Resource System.

Bangldesh has numerous rivers which are carried out over it. Among these rivers, only three rivers are dominated all over the country which are comes from Himalaya. Due to the denudation process, about 2 billion tones of sediments are carried per year, and about 40% of them are deposited in fluvial system and forming numerous bar. The most of the bar deposits along the three major rivers (The Padma, The Brahmaputra-Jamuna and The Meghna) are comprises heavy and light minerals. The heavy minerals are consist of non-opaque (zircon, tourmaline, rutile, epidote, staurolite, garnet, chlorite, monazite, biotite, hornblende, kyanite and leucoxene) and opaque (ilmenite, magnetite, hematite, and limonite). But this report is mainly emphasis on five economic minerals concentration, variation and their reserve. A total of 4,54,253 tons of crude sands containing 1,58,988 tons of heavy minerals are available in the Alatuli char deposits of the Padma River. In the Mahongonj char, total of 6,11,632 tons crude sand containing 1,10,093 tons of heavy minerals. And in the Srinagar char of the Meghna River, the total of 2,97,768 tons crude sand containing 41,687 ton of heavy minerals.

This is a textbook on English Language Teaching Methodology which was a task-based, communicative approach to deal with concepts and theories.Deductive learning is essential. First, the teacher gives rules explicitly then the rules are reinforced with examples and exercises. Translation is the way to learn the language. Oral communication is not primarily important. Written language is superior to spoken language. Students also learn the structure of their own native language. Those who study a foreign language become more cultured and intellectual. It is obvious that the learning outcome of an English classroom can be bettered when the teacher employs the aid of many an ELT method of evaluating his/her classroom experiences. Of these methods, observation has been given much prominence in the recent years since it continues to happen not only during the limited hours of actual language teaching but also starts before the lesson in the classroom and even after class. It is common knowledge that in one way or the other almost all teachers engage themselves in observation though it is not well-orchestrated.

Contagious Caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is major threat to goat population world wide particularly in African countries, Middle East and subcontinent including Pakistan and Afghanistan. CCPP is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides cluster consist of six different spp having different lethal outcome. The diagnosis of this fatal disease is very difficult due to several constrains. The present study provides valuable information for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of this disease for both veterinary professional and researchers. PCR technique is more reliable and sensitive tools for diagnosis of CCPP. The Mycoplasma mycoides capri was isolated and identified from lungs tissues of infected goats. The disease was efficiently reproduced in experimental animals that adopted acute septicemic form with lethal outcomes. Immunohistochemical technique was first time optimized in Pakistan for detection of antigen within the tissues. The findings of this study will paved way for the preparation of vaccine from the field strain that would be used for effective eradication of this devastating disease from the goat population.

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill is one of the oldest crops of the world. Nutritionally, soybean seed has been considered to be the best of all pulses because of its high protein contents. Today, it is the largest source of oil for human consumption as well as protein for livestock feed. This book reviews the soybean crop, its nutritive value, seed description, anatomy and growth, nodulation, complete production technology and various biotic diseases. This book also covers part of original research on biological control of charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) (Tassi.) Goid of soybean.

Grazing animals under natural conditions obtain their minerals nutrition from plants. Insufficient amount of mineral intake decreases the productivity in animals. For the proper diet it is essential to maintain the minerals level of animals' body, forages and soil, which are the main sources of minerals for the nutrition of the livestock. Growth and health of livestock are considerably affected due to malnutrition. Presently we are facing accumulation of heavy metals including zinc, nickel, cadmium, lead, chromium, copper and cobalt in the soil and water pollution. The mineral concentration is a basic tool for determining the mineral status of livestock and food by which various measures for supplementation to ruminants could be adopted. The goal of present study was to find out the mineral deficiencies or excesses for grazing livestock so that the forages can meet requirements for better productivity of livestock. These suggestions would not only be useful for livestock owners in Pakistan but also helpful for the natives of neighbouring Asian countries having similar ecological conditions in order to implement effective mineral supplementation strategy by different agencies.

Air pollution in the cities can be attributed to incomplete combustion of fuel and use of badly and not properly maintained vehicles. Plants growing in such polluted environment or close to busy roads are found highly affected due to vehicular exhaust emission. The phenology, periodicity and productivity of plants growing close to the busy roads are highly affected. The problematic areas of toxic effects of hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen & sulfur, CO, particulate matter, heavy metals and specially lead and cadmium are highly toxic for normal growth of plants reported. The toxicity and tolerance to some heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel and iron in plants are commonly reported by researchers. The accumulation and use of plant as a bioindicator of pollutant can help in understanding the current level of pollutants in the environment. n attempt has been made to Information embodied in this book can be helpful for people working for the betterment of the immediate environment.