This book provides a socio-cultural analysis of the ways in which air traffic controllers formally and informally learn about their work and the active role that organisational cultures play in shaping interpretation and meaning. In particular, it describes the significant role that organizational cultures have played in shaping what is valued by controllers about their work and its role as a filter in enabling or constraining conscious inquiry. The premise of the book is that informal learning is just as important in shaping what people know and value about their work and that this area is frequently overlooked. By using an interpretative research approach, the book highlights the ways in which the social structure of work organisation, culture and history interweaves with learning work to guide and shape what is regarded by controllers as important and what is not. It demonstrates how this social construction is quite different from a top-down corporate culture approach. Technological and organizational reform is leading to changes in work practice and to changes in relationships between workers within the organization. These have implications for anyone wishing to understand the dynamics of organizational life. As such, this study provides insights into many of the changes that are occurring in the nature of work in many different industries. Previous research into learning in air traffic control has centred largely on cognitive individual performance, performance within teams or more recently on performance at a systems level. By tracing the role of context in shaping formal and informal learning, this book shows why interventions at these levels sometimes fail.

British Midland Airways existed under different identities for over 70 years, during which time it grew from a flying training school into a scheduled transatlantic airline operating wide-bodied Airbus aircraft. With the prime routes dominated by British Airways and its predecessors, it had to diversify, and one product of this was its 'instant-airline' concept, which saw its Boeing 707 aircraft flying in the liveries of many African and Middle Eastern companies. Later in its life, British Midland Airways felt confident enough to go 'head to head' with British Airways on the UK domestic trunk routes. The acquisition of a major financial stake by Lufthansa in 2009 led to membership of the prestigious Star Alliance partnership, but even the German national airline could not find a way to stem accumulating losses, and, in 2011, the carrier was absorbed into British Airways. With over 140 images, this book charts the rise and fall of British Midland Airways.

Airports are central to the life of cities but have remained relatively peripheral in design discourse. In Airport Landscape, case study projects for the ecological enhancement of operating airports and the conversion of abandoned airports demonstrate, through a range of practices, the significance of airports as sites of design.

Aviation must be safe, efficient and sustainable both at home and abroad, so the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Air Traffic Organization (ATO) is committed to playing a leading role, and working collaboratively, to ensure the success of global aviation. The United States, Europe, and other countries across the world are modernising their air-traffic management (ATM) systems. As these efforts proceed, international coordination in developing interoperable ATM systems and procedures will be necessary to support a global aviation network and ensure the seamless transition of aircraft and aviation information across national borders. This book examines selected stakeholders' views on factors that might affect NextGen's global interoperability; the extent to which the FAA has established a strategy to effectively achieve NextGen's global interoperability; and actions FAA has taken to coordinate with other countries on global interoperability.

The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Air Traffic Organization (ATO) provides air traffic control (ATC) services within U.S. and certain international airspace. U.S. airspace is the most expansive in the world, covering roughly 30.2 million square miles that make up more than more than 17 percent of the world's airspace.3 Within that airspace, FAA air traffic controllers handle roughly 50,000 operations daily.4 As the demands on the air traffic system have changed over time, Congress and several presidential administrations have sought reforms to improve safety and efficiency and to accelerate modernisation projects. Over the past two decades, U.S. aviation stakeholders have debated whether the FAA should be the entity in the United States that operates and modernises the ATC system. During this period, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported on challenges FAA has faced in operating and modernising the ATC system. FAA reorganised several times in attempts to improve its performance and implement an initiative to modernise the ATC system, known as NextGen. Recent budgetary pressures have rekindled industry debate about FAA's efficiency in operating and modernising the ATC system. This book provides perspectives from a wide range of stakeholders on the performance of the ATC system and the NextGen modernisation initiative and any challenges FAA may face in managing these activities and potential changes that could improve the performance of the ATC system, including the NextGen modernisation initiative.

The Transportation Security Administration (TSA), within the Department of Homeland Security, screens or oversees the screening of over 650 million air passengers annually at over 450 airports nationwide, and attempts to balance its aviation security mission with the freedom of movement for people and commerce. In 2011, TSA began developing new security procedures intended to strengthen security and improve the passenger experience by shortening lines and wait times. These new procedures apply risk-based, intelligence-driven screening concepts and enhance the use of technology to determine passenger risk prior to travel. As part of its responsibilities for securing civil aviation, TSA ensures that all passengers and their accessible property are screened and prohibits individuals from carrying onto aircraft items that it determines to be a threat. TSA maintains a public list of such items, known as the Prohibited Items List (PIL), and updates it as necessary. This book examines, among other things, how TSA has developed, implemented, and used expedited screening; how TSA assesses passenger risk; and the extent to which TSA has determined the Managed Inclusion system's effectiveness. Furthermore, the book examines on what basis TSA modifies the PIL and the extent to which TSA assessed risk when considering recent modifications to the PILl; and the extent to which TSA involved stakeholders when considering these modifications.

This third edition of Straight and Level thoroughly updates the previous edition with extensive comments on recent industry developments and emerging business models. The discussion is illustrated by current examples drawn from all sectors of the industry and every region of the world. The fundamental structure of earlier editions, now widely used as a framework for air transport management courses, nonetheless remains unchanged. Part 1 of the book provides a strategic context within which to consider the industry's economics. Part 2 is built around a simple yet powerful model that relates operating revenue to operating cost; it examines the most important elements in demand and traffic, price and yield, output and unit cost. Part 3 probes more deeply into three critical aspects of capacity management: network management; fleet management; and revenue management. Part 4 concludes the book by exploring relationships between unit revenue, unit cost, yield, and load factor. Straight and Level has been written primarily for masters-level students on aviation management courses. The book should also be useful to final year undergraduates wanting to prepare for more advanced study. Amongst practitioners, it will appeal to established managers moving from functional posts into general management. More broadly, anyone with knowledge of the airline industry who wants to gain a deeper understanding of its economics at a practical level and an insight into the reasons for its financial volatility should find the book of interest.

The history of Japanese aviation offers countless stories of heroic achievements and dismal failures, passionate enthusiasm and sheer terror, brilliant ideas and fatally flawed strategies. In Wings for the Rising Sun, scholar and former airline pilot Jurgen Melzer connects the intense drama of flight with a global history of international cooperation, competition, and conflict. He details how Japanese strategists, diplomats, and industrialists skillfully exploited a series of major geopolitical changes to expand Japanese airpower and develop a domestic aviation industry. At the same time, the military and media orchestrated air shows, transcontinental goodwill flights, and press campaigns to stir popular interest in the national aviation project. Melzer analyzes the French, British, German, and American influence on Japan's aviation, revealing in unprecedented detail how Japanese aeronautical experts absorbed foreign technologies at breathtaking speed. Yet they also designed and built boldly original flying machines that, in many respects, surpassed those of their mentors. Wings for the Rising Sun compellingly links Japan's aeronautical advancement with public mobilization, international relations, and the transnational flow of people and ideas, offering a fresh perspective on modern Japanese history.

Almost all commercial service airports in the United States are owned by local and state governments, or by public entities such as airport authorities or multipurpose port authorities. In 1996, Congress established the Airport Privatization Pilot Program (APPP) to explore the prospect of privatising publicly owned airports and using private capital to improve and develop them. In addition to reducing demand for government funds, privatisation has been promoted as a way to make airports more efficient and financially viable. Privatisation refers to the shifting of governmental functions, responsibilities, and sometimes ownership, in whole or in part, to the private sector. With respect to airports, "privatisation" can take many forms up to and including the transfer of an entire airport to private operation and/or ownership. This book examines the issues and options for Congress with airport privatisation. It describes the experience with the APPP; examines the challenges airport owners and investors face to full airport privatisation; describes the potential effects of airport privatisation; and, discusses reasons why airport privatisation is more prevalent outside of the U.S. and stakeholder views on the APPP.

The Airport Improvement Program (AIP) has been providing federal grants for airport development and planning since the passage of the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982. AIP funding is usually spent on projects that support aircraft operations such as runways, taxiways, aprons, noise abatement, land purchase, and safety or emergency equipment. The funds obligated for the AIP are drawn from the airport and airway trust fund, which is supported by a variety of user fees and fuel taxes. This book provides an overview of airport improvement financing, with emphasis on AIP and the related passenger facility charges. It also discusses some ongoing airport issues that are likely to be included in a future FAA reauthorisation debate; the potential effects of Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs) cap increases; how well the current PFC collection process works; and alternative PFC collection methods.

The application of the principles of economics to the dizzyingly complicated aviation and airline industry is a well-established and flourishing area of research and study, and this new four-volume collection in the Routledge Major Works series, Critical Concepts in Economics, meets the need for an authoritative reference work to enable users to make better sense of its voluminous literature. Indeed, the sheer scale of the research output-and the breadth of the field-makes this anthology especially welcome.

The history of Japanese aviation offers countless stories of heroic achievements and dismal failures, passionate enthusiasm and sheer terror, brilliant ideas and fatally flawed strategies. In Wings for the Rising Sun, scholar and former airline pilot Jurgen Melzer connects the intense drama of flight with a global history of international cooperation, competition, and conflict. He details how Japanese strategists, diplomats, and industrialists skillfully exploited a series of major geopolitical changes to expand Japanese airpower and develop a domestic aviation industry. At the same time, the military and media orchestrated air shows, transcontinental goodwill flights, and press campaigns to stir popular interest in the national aviation project. Melzer analyzes the French, British, German, and American influence on Japan's aviation, revealing in unprecedented detail how Japanese aeronautical experts absorbed foreign technologies at breathtaking speed. Yet they also designed and built boldly original flying machines that, in many respects, surpassed those of their mentors. Wings for the Rising Sun compellingly links Japan's aeronautical advancement with public mobilization, international relations, and the transnational flow of people and ideas, offering a fresh perspective on modern Japanese history.

Until recently, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) had applied relatively uniform methods to screen airline passengers, focusing primarily on advances in screening technology to improve security and efficiency. TSA has recently shifted away from this approach, which assumes a uniform level of risk among all airline travellers, to one that focuses more intently on passengers thought to pose elevated security risks. Risk-based passenger screening includes a number of initiatives that fit within a broader framework addressing security risks, but specifically emphasizes the detection and management of potential threats posed by passengers. This book examines changes to the Secure Flight program since 2009; TSA's efforts to ensure that Secure Flight's screening determinations for passengers are implemented at airport checkpoints; and the extent to which program performance measures assess progress toward goals.

Nearly 1 million people and $1.5 billion of trade entered the United States through 328 POEs on an average day in fiscal year 2013. CBP, within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), has four trusted traveller programs -- Global Entry, NEXUS, SENTRI, and Free and Secure Trade (FAST) -- to provide for expedited travel through dedicated lanes and kiosks at POEs. This book addresses trends in enrolment and program use over the past 5 fiscal years; the extent to which CBP has designed and implemented processes to help ensure consistent and efficient enrolment of applicants; and the impacts of the programs on travellers and CBP. GAO analysed data on enrolment and POE operations from fiscal years 2009 through 2013, reviewed documents, and visited nine POEs selected based on traveller volume and location.

This book is composed of thirteen chapters. Chapter 1 provides a short overview of the Air Transport System, from both the micro- and macro-level structure. It covers the descriptions and definitions of the main system elements: air carriers, airports and air navigation service providers, as well as personnel, equipment, procedures and the environment. Chapter 2 introduces the reader to the basic concepts in air transport risk and safety. This chapter covers the definitions of safety, hazards, risk, incidents and accidents. It further explains safety criteria, safety barriers, safety regulatory requirements, and finally it compares Safety I and Safety II concepts. Chapter 3 covers the field of Air Transport Safety Metrics and Records. Here safety metrics, accident statistics and safety records are explained and illustrated. Finally, a safety comparison of transport modes is made. Chapter 4 presents Sources of Accident/Incident Information. Explained here is how safety-related events (incidents and accidents) are investigated and what the phases of the investigation process are, as well as how safety information is collected. Chapter 5 describes the main safety issues in contemporary air transport. They are grouped into three sets: airport, air navigation service providers and air carriers' safety issues.

Since the early 1990s, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have operated on a limited basis in the National Airspace System (NAS). Until recently, UAS mainly supported public operations, such as military and border security operations. The list of potential uses is now rapidly expanding to encompass a broad range of other activities, including aerial photography, surveying land and crops, communications and broadcast, monitoring forest fires and environmental conditions, and protecting critical infrastructures. UAS provide new ways for commercial enterprises (civil operations) and public operators to enhance some of our nation's aviation operations through increased operational efficiency and decreased costs, while maintaining the safety of the NAS. This book focuses on the integration of civil unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system; provides an unmanned aircraft systems comprehensive plan; and discusses the final privacy requirements for the unmanned aircraft system test site program.

The aviation industry is being transformed by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones - commercially, militarily, scientifically and recreationally. National regulations have generally failed to keep pace with the expansion of the fast-growing drone industry. Aviation Law and Drones: Unmanned Aircraft and the Future of Aviation traces the development of aviation laws and regulations, explains how aviation is regulated at an international and national level, considers the interrelationship between rapidly advancing technology and legislative attempts to keep pace, and reviews existing domestic and international drone laws and issues (including safety, security, privacy and airspace issues). Against this background, the book uniquely proposes a rationale for, and key provisions of, guiding principles for the regulation of drones internationally - provisions of which could also be implemented domestically. Finally, the book examines the changing shape of our increasingly busy skies - technology beyond drones and the regulation of that technology. The world is on the edge of major disruption in aviation - drones are just the beginning. Given the almost universal interest in drones, this book will be of interest to readers worldwide, from the academic sector and beyond.

Although the U.S. aviation system is one of the safest in the world, hundreds of fatalities occur each year in general aviation, which includes all forms of aviation except commercial and military. The general aviation industry is composed of a diverse fleet of over 220,000 aircraft that conduct a wide variety of operations, from personal pleasure flights in small, piston aircraft to world-wide professionally piloted corporate flights in turbine-powered aircraft. According to the 2011 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) data, 92 percent of that year's fatal accidents occurred in general aviation. The majority of general aviation accidents are attributed to pilot error. This book examines the characteristics and trends of aviation accidents from 1999 through 2011 and recent actions taken by the FAA to improve general aviation safety.

Human error is implicated in nearly all aviation accidents, yet most investigation and prevention programs are not designed around any theoretical framework of human error. Appropriate for all levels of expertise, the book provides the knowledge and tools required to conduct a human error analysis of accidents, regardless of operational setting (i.e. military, commercial, or general aviation). The book contains a complete description of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), which incorporates James Reason's model of latent and active failures as a foundation. Widely disseminated among military and civilian organizations, HFACS encompasses all aspects of human error, including the conditions of operators and elements of supervisory and organizational failure. It attracts a very broad readership. Specifically, the book serves as the main textbook for a course in aviation accident investigation taught by one of the authors at the University of Illinois. This book will also be used in courses designed for military safety officers and flight surgeons in the U.S. Navy, Army and the Canadian Defense Force, who currently utilize the HFACS system during aviation accident investigations. Additionally, the book has been incorporated into the popular workshop on accident analysis and prevention provided by the authors at several professional conferences world-wide. The book is also targeted for students attending Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University which has satellite campuses throughout the world and offers a course in human factors accident investigation for many of its majors. In addition, the book will be incorporated into courses offered by Transportation Safety International and the Southern California Safety Institute. Finally, this book serves as an excellent reference guide for many safety professionals and investigators already in the field.

General aviation (GA) is a catch-all category that includes about 54% of all civilian aviation activity within the United States and encompasses a wide range of airports, aircraft, and flight operations. Because GA plays a small but important role in the U.S. economy, improving upon GA security without unduly impeding air commerce or limiting the freedom of movement by air remains a significant challenge. While some recent high-profile breaches of GA security point to persisting vulnerabilities and limited intelligence information suggest a continued terrorist interest in using GA aircraft, it is evident that GA airports, aircraft, and operations vary considerably with regard to security risk. This book examines security assessments at select airports with a focus also on the TSA's processing of foreign flight students and security threats.

The space industry refers to economic activities related to the manufacture and delivery of components that go into Earth's orbit or beyond. The space industry is a subset of the U.S. aerospace industry and U.S. strength in aerospace has helped to provide U.S. strength in space. Bolstered by a large research and development establishment, the commercial space industry has a manufacturing component and a services component. This book focuses on the global commercial space manufacturing sector (launch vehicles, spacecraft, satellites, and parts and equipment). The space industry also builds space ports, ground stations, and ground equipment. Together, the space and ground infrastructure enables a much larger space services sector that includes satellite telecommunications and broadcasting services and satellite remote sensing. The space industry, broadly defined, is an important part of the U.S. industrial and technology base.

Focusing on the consequences of Brexit for aviation law, this book presents the key legal issues for aviation business and administration, as well as all major stakeholders that could potentially be affected by Brexit. This will include airlines, airports, aerospace manufacturers, regulatory and judicial institutions, passengers and employees. The book will indicate groups of legal acts disturbed by Brexit and those few that will remain untouched, and develop on this basis a digest of regulatory and institutional problems that will arise in various areas of the discussed sector. Finally, the short title will deliberate on the directions of possible actions which may be undertaken to avoid post-Brexit legal incoherence. This review should give essential guidance to the industry and the authorities on both sides of the English Channel as to what to expect and how to prepare for the forthcoming legal earthquake.

Airlines have imposed a variety of fees on a range of optional services, such as checked and carry-on bags; meals; blankets; early boarding; and seat selection. According to airline officials, the fees are based on a combination of factors, including the cost of providing the service, competition, and consumer demand. The fees have supplemented airline revenues, providing at least $3 billion in 2009. However, information about the fees is not fully disclosed through all ticket distribution channels used by consumers, making it difficult for them to compare the total cost of flights offered by different carriers. This book addresses the nature and relationship to cost and disclosure of airline fees; the potential impact of such fees on the Airport and Airway Trust Fund; checked and mishandled baggage issues; and the process, if any, for refunding government-imposed taxes and fees when passengers do not use non-refundable tickets.

Operations research techniques are extremely important tools for planning airline operations. However, much of the technical literature on airline optimization models is highly specialized and accessible only to a limited audience. Allied to this there is a concern among the operations research community that the materials offered in OR courses at MBA or senior undergraduate business level are too abstract, outdated, and at times irrelevant to today's fast and dynamic airline industry. This book demystifies the operations and scheduling environment, presenting simplified and easy-to-understand models, applied to straightforward and practical examples. After introducing the key issues confronting operations and scheduling within airlines, Airline Operations and Scheduling goes on to provide an objective review of the various optimization models adopted in practice. Each model provides airlines with efficient solutions to a range of scenarios, and is accompanied by case studies similar to those experienced by commercial airlines. Using unique source material and combining interviews with alumni working at operations and scheduling departments of various airlines, this solution-orientated approach has been used on many courses with outstanding feedback. As well as having been comprehensively updated, this second edition of Airline Operations and Scheduling adds new chapters on fuel management systems, baggage handling, aircraft maintenance planning and aircraft boarding strategies. The readership includes graduate and undergraduate business, management, transportation, and engineering students; airlines training and acquainting new recruits with operations planning and scheduling processes; general aviation, flight school, International Air Transport Association (IATA), and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) training course instructors; executive jet, chartered flight, air-cargo and package delivery companies, and airline consultants.