Aviation is one of the most widely talked about industries in the global economy and yet airlines continue to present an enigma. Between 2010 and 2018 the global airline industry experienced its longest period of sustained profitability; however, huge global profits hid a darker side. Many airlines made inadequate profits or serious losses while others collapsed entirely. This fifth edition of Flying Off Course explains why. Written by leading industry expert, Rigas Doganis, this book is an indispensable guide to the inner workings of this exciting industry. Providing a complete, practical introduction to the fundamentals of airline economics and marketing, it explores the structure of the market, the nature of airline costs, issues around pricing and demand, and the latest developments in e-commerce. Vibrant examples are drawn from passenger, charter and freight airlines to provide a dynamic view of the entire industry. This completely updated edition also explores the sweeping changes that have affected airlines in recent years. It includes much new material on airline alliances, long-haul low-cost airlines, new pricing policies and ancillary revenues in order to present a compelling account of the current state of the airline industry. Offering a practical approach and peppered with real examples, this book will be valuable to anyone new to the airline industry as well as those wishing to gain a wider insight into its operations and economics. For undergraduate or postgraduate students in transport studies, tourism and business the book provides a unique insider's view into the workings of this exciting industry.

The regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation and maritime transport has proved to be a difficult task for international climate negotiations such as the Paris Agreement in 2015. Almost two decades prior, Article 2.2 of the Kyoto Protocol excluded emissions from international aviation and maritime transport from its targets, delegating the negotiation of sector-specific regulations to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO), respectively. However, progress at these venues has also been limited. Regime Interaction and Climate Change maps out the legal frameworks in the Climate, ICAO and IMO regimes, and explores the law-making process for the regulation of international aviation and maritime transport through the lenses of fragmentation of international law and regime interaction. The book sheds light on how interaction between these three regimes occurs, what the consequences of such interaction are and how they can be managed to resolve conflicts and promote synergies. This book will be of great interest to scholars of international environmental law and governance, climate change policy and climate change law.

In a globalized world economy, delivering the aspirations of sustainability is proving to be difficult. Progress is held back by competing objectives within a complex interplay of factors. Finding solutions to the 'wicked problem' of sustainability seems to be beyond the reach of policy makers. Even if the political will can be found to deal with the prime challenges of the twenty-first century, ranging from climate change and resource depletion to persistent poverty and increasing inequity, what is to be done in terms of real-world policy is far from clear. Do we need more globalization; or has economic globalization gone too far in growing a global economy which will strip the planet bare? This book reports twin-track research which interweaves the intellectual argument over the future of the world economy intertwined with empirical research into the challenge of sustainability in aviation. Discussing the prime challenges of this century through the lens of the intractable policy stalemate in aviation, this book leads the reader to the identification of a new way forward. Whether the political will is forthcoming will continue to be subject to debate, but we now have a clear exposition of how to address the problem. The new paradigm presented in this book opens the way to considering radical transformations to make real progress with the sustainability agenda.

Airline Management Finance: The Essentials is of significant benefit to airline industry practitioners seeking a focused, neatly contained and accessible resource that provides explicit financial information pertinent to their current or future role. The book explains and demystifies an airline's financing and the financial reporting of its operations to airline staff and others. It seeks to explain the role of finance and the Finance Department in a non-technical way, so staff can appreciate the value of the department and its information resources, and see finance as an active contributor to the airline's operation. It concentrates on practical matters, explaining frequently used financial and accounting terms, how financial strategy works, the uses of various types of financial reporting, as well as what financial risk is and how it can be managed through the co-operation of finance and operating staff. Staff who understand the airline's finances and financial system are more likely to make decisions which align with the airline's strategy and objectives. They will also know how to use the financial information which is available. The book establishes a good foundation of financial knowledge for all staff. This book is recommended reading for new employees in airline finance and related areas, as well as those starting to move up the supervisory ladder in an airline.

Aviation is one of the most widely talked about industries in the global economy and yet airlines continue to present an enigma. Between 2010 and 2018 the global airline industry experienced its longest period of sustained profitability; however, huge global profits hid a darker side. Many airlines made inadequate profits or serious losses while others collapsed entirely. This fifth edition of Flying Off Course explains why. Written by leading industry expert, Rigas Doganis, this book is an indispensable guide to the inner workings of this exciting industry. Providing a complete, practical introduction to the fundamentals of airline economics and marketing, it explores the structure of the market, the nature of airline costs, issues around pricing and demand, and the latest developments in e-commerce. Vibrant examples are drawn from passenger, charter and freight airlines to provide a dynamic view of the entire industry. This completely updated edition also explores the sweeping changes that have affected airlines in recent years. It includes much new material on airline alliances, long-haul low-cost airlines, new pricing policies and ancillary revenues in order to present a compelling account of the current state of the airline industry. Offering a practical approach and peppered with real examples, this book will be valuable to anyone new to the airline industry as well as those wishing to gain a wider insight into its operations and economics. For undergraduate or postgraduate students in transport studies, tourism and business the book provides a unique insider's view into the workings of this exciting industry.

Claudia Lehmann explores service productivity from the providers, customer and operations perspective in the German airport industry using a solid empirical foundation. Available service productivity concepts, methods, measurements and their ability to overcome the emphasized problems are discussed, suggesting ways on how to deal with them. The insights of this book deliver considerable value for both management and academia.

This textbook provides a detailed overview of industry-specific business management and technology management practices in aerospace for relevant bachelors and MBA programs. The Aerospace Business: Management and Technology sequentially addresses familiar management disciplines such as production management, labor relations, program management, business law, quality assurance, engineering management, supply-chain management, marketing, and finance, among others. In this context it analyzes and discusses the distinctive perspective and requirements of the aerospace industry. The book also includes subjects of special interest such as government intervention in the sector and strategies to deal with the environmental impact of aircraft. As each chapter deals with a separate management discipline, the material reviews the historical background, technical peculiarities, and financial factors that led the aerospace industry to evolve its own distinct practices and tradition. Theoretical bases of the practices are explained, and the chapters provide actual examples from the industry to illustrate application of the theories. The material is compiled, organized, and analyzed in ways that often provide original perspectives of the subject matter. University students, particularly in programs oriented towards aviation and aerospace management, will find the book to be directly applicable to their studies. It is also extremely appropriate for aerospace MBA and executive MBA programs, and would suit specialized corporate or government training programs related to aerospace.

Jewel Changi Airport documents the creation of a remarkable addition to one of the world's premier airports. The sinuous, faceted glass Jewel serves as Singapore's new gateway to the world, and redefines what an airport can be. Brimming with terraced plantings, lush valleys, floating bridges, art installations, shops, restaurants, and a central waterfall, Jewel is a new type of destination: part public garden and part shopping and entertainment complex. Through photos, drawings, ephemera, essays, and interviews, the book provides detailed insights on how the project came to be - from its bold vision and concept to the innovative engineering, environmental, and construction strategies employed to make it a reality.

Do you ever wonder why an airline's communication strategy can crash and burn in a crisis? A lack of understanding an acceptable aviation communication strategy can, in this fast world of social media, ruin a company's credibility in the aviation industry. Aviation Communication: Strategy and Messages for Ensuring Success and Preventing Failures is the first go-to book to reveal to everyone in the aviation industry how to stop an organization's communication strategy from becoming the tragedy-after-the-tragedy that we've seen so often. In such instances, after the media go home, the economic, political, regulatory, and legal effects can linger for years. The strategies and messages in this book show how to prevent this along with the ultimate safety net used by those who have been successful. Readers will learn to prevent catastrophic communication mistakes with strategic templates for a wide array of scenarios, as well as 25 specific techniques that give the actual words to use to deliver the book's messages. This book is a must-have for the international aviation business community as a tri-functional induction, training, and reference tool.

The delivery of reliable and efficient aviation services is predicated on effective decisions being made concerning the planning and provision of airport and aircraft infrastructure. Decisions that are made about investment and capacity provision have long term implications for airports, airlines and consumers. This Volume addresses issues of forecasting, infrastructure planning and provision, capacity, scheduling, safety and security, disruption management and resilience. Accurately forecasting consumer demand for air travel is a vitally important but notoriously challenging aspect of aviation policy formation and management. Forecasts of airline and airport activity may differ considerably from original predictions and there have been many examples of operational difficulties resulting from the over or underestimation of demand. Such issues are apparent not only in terminal buildings but also on the airfield and are of critical interest to planners and operational decision makers. Another activity which is of paramount importance is scheduling. Scheduling forms a vital part of airline operations as it is concerned with making the optimum use of scare resources and meeting consumer demand profitably. In terms of aviation planning and operations the importance of safety and security cannot be overstated and a number of essays in this Volume address this area. Together with safety and security concerns, a number of other factors have the potential to disrupt planned schedules and any disruption has the potential to cause delays, inconvenience and lost productivity and so ensuring a quick and orderly return to normal routine operations is vital.

The world's commercial aviation industry comprises a complex and highly diverse range of businesses with different forms of governance, ownership, management structure and organisational philosophies. The essays in this Volume address issues of market structure, focusing particularly on changes in the aviation industry that have resulted from policies of deregulation, as well as revenue, cost and pricing, airline mergers and acquisitions and the reasons for and characteristics of global airline alliances. One of the most significant developments in aviation business strategy over the last four decades has been the emergence and expansion of low cost carriers and the implications that this business model has had for the sector in terms of competition, route offering, service innovation and profitability. Central to these discussions are issues of cost and the need to manage yields. This raises the issue of pricing, elasticity, and price discrimination, all of which are of relevance to passenger airlines, air cargo operators and airports. Policies of air service deregulation and liberalisation have fundamentally changed the market structure of airlines and airports. As a result of new airlines entering the market place, many incumbent carriers sought to protect and grow their market share by reconfiguring their network into a hub and spoke operation and merging with, or acquiring their competitors. Another strategy airlines can use to increase their network presence, market power, and obtain enhanced economies of scale and scope is to enter into a strategic alliance with another carrier. Membership of an alliance enables a firm to access new markets that would previously have been difficult and/or expensive to operate into and help to overcome (at least in part) ownership restrictions, a lack of traffic rights to a particular country and markets with limited demand. Deregulation and liberalisation have also changed the competitive nature of the airline market and led to a change in the ownership and control of airports and airlines with many moving from the public to the private sector. The increasingly competitive and contestable market, combined with commercial imperatives to generate a return on investment, means that airlines and airports are incentivised to grow their business through marketing and enhanced customer loyalty. Airlines helped to pioneer the development of customer loyalty schemes and the resulting frequent flyer programmes have become a standard aspect of many full service airline operators' product offerings. However, increased competition and business model innovation have prompted a reconfiguration of these schemes with some low cost operators now incorporating elements of frequent flyer schemes.

As both an enabler and accelerator of globalisation, aviation has had profound and sometime unintended and unanticipated social and economic impacts. Commercial airports are not only transport nodes that facilitate aerial movement they are also major centres of employment but often sites of political contestation surrounding their planning and development as economic growth imperatives conflict with environmental concerns. Noise is often cited as being one of the most socially contested aspects of airport operations for local communities, particularly when flights are operating during the night. This is a particular challenge for cargo operators whose business model is based on rapid overnight delivery and distribution. Specific factors including night noise curfews and the provision and co-location of freight forwarders are significant determinants of airport choice and this, in turn, leads to freight forwarding firms clustering at major freight facilities. As well as meeting the mobility needs of business travellers and cargo consignors, air travel also facilitates the mass movement of leisure passengers. The benefits, challenges and limits to growth of this market segment are explored together with the social, economic and environmental challenges tourism creates for receiving countries. The role of airlines in planning, developing and marketing tourist destinations is also examined in this Volume. Aviation-led tourist development is particularly pronounced in cities such as Singapore and Dubai where air service deregulation and airport-airline-destination marketing strategies have created not only major international transit hubs but also significant centres of international urban tourism. In addition to serving routes with high levels of passenger and cargo demand, aviation also performs a vital role for geographically remote and/or inaccessible regions that cannot be rapidly accessed by road, sea or rail. Owing to lower levels of demand, the need for small (and sometimes specially equipped aircraft) and the vagaries of the local weather and climate, these services are expensive to operate and may not be economically viable without subsidy. Experiences from the US and European Union examine some of the issues surrounding the operation of these services. The Volume concludes with consideration of aviation's environmental impacts and potential mitigation strategies such as the EU's Emissions Trading System.

This book reviews Operations Research theory, applications and practice in seven major areas of airline planning and operations. In each area, a team of academic and industry experts provides an overview of the business and technical landscape, a view of current best practices, a summary of open research questions and suggestions for relevant future research. There are several common themes in current airline Operations Research efforts. First is a growing focus on the customer in terms of: 1) what they want; 2) what they are willing to pay for services; and 3) how they are impacted by planning, marketing and operational decisions. Second, as algorithms improve and computing power increases, the scope of modeling applications expands, often re-integrating processes that had been broken into smaller parts in order to solve them in the past. Finally, there is a growing awareness of the uncertainty in many airline planning and operational processes and decisions. Airlines now recognize the need to develop 'robust' solutions that effectively cover many possible outcomes, not just the best case, "blue sky" scenario. Individual chapters cover: Customer Modeling methodologies, including current and emerging applications. Airline Planning and Schedule Development, with a look at many remaining open research questions. Revenue Management, including a view of current business and technical landscapes, as well as suggested areas for future research. Airline Distribution -- a comprehensive overview of this newly emerging area. Crew Management Information Systems, including a review of recent algorithmic advances, as well as the development of information systems that facilitate the integration of crew management modeling with airline planning and operations. Airline Operations, with consideration of recent advances and successes in solving the airline operations problem. Air Traffic Flow Management, including the modeling environment and opportunities for both Air Traffic Flow Management and the airlines.

This book presents an overall picture of both B2B and B2C marketing strategies, concepts and tools, in the aeronautics sector. This is a significant update to an earlier book successfully published in the nineties which was released in Europe, China, and the USA. It addresses the most recent trends such as Social Marketing and the internet, Customer Orientation, Project Marketing and Con current Engineering, Coopetition, and Extended Enterprise. Aerospace Marketing Management is the first marketing handbook richly illustrated with executive and expert inputs as well as examples from parts suppliers, aircraft builders, airlines, helicopter manufacturers, aeronautics service providers, airports, defence and military companies, and industrial integrators (tier-1, tier-2). This book is designed as a ready reference for professionals and graduates from both Engineering and Business Schools.

Most of the research efforts dealing with airline scheduling have been done on off-line plan optimization. However, nowadays, with the increasingly complex and huge traffic at airports, the real challenge is how to react to unexpected events that may cause plan-disruptions, leading to flight delays. Moreover these disruptive events usually affect at least three different dimensions of the situation: the aircraft assigned to the flight, the crew assignment and often forgotten, the passengers’ journey and satisfaction. This book includes answers to this challenge and proposes the use of the Multi-agent System paradigm to rapidly compose a multi-faceted solution to the disruptive event taking into consideration possible preferences of those three key aspects of the problem. Negotiation protocols taking place between agents that are experts in solving the different problem dimensions, combination of different utility functions and not less important, the inclusion of the human in the automatic decision-making loop make MASDIMA, the system described in this book, well suited for real-life plan-disruption management applications.

The regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation and maritime transport has proved to be a difficult task for international climate negotiations such as the Paris Agreement in 2015. Almost two decades prior, Article 2.2 of the Kyoto Protocol excluded emissions from international aviation and maritime transport from its targets, delegating the negotiation of sector-specific regulations to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO), respectively. However, progress at these venues has also been limited. Regime Interaction and Climate Change maps out the legal frameworks in the Climate, ICAO and IMO regimes, and explores the law-making process for the regulation of international aviation and maritime transport through the lenses of fragmentation of international law and regime interaction. The book sheds light on how interaction between these three regimes occurs, what the consequences of such interaction are and how they can be managed to resolve conflicts and promote synergies. This book will be of great interest to scholars of international environmental law and governance, climate change policy and climate change law.

Fundamentals of International Aviation Law and Policy offers students a systematic, tailored and dynamic approach to understanding the legal scenario concerning international civil aviation. The book dynamically covers the major areas of international aviation law, and provides an introduction to the multifaceted international regulation of aviation activities in the sphere of public and private law. The book is designed to provide the reader with the fundamental notions concerning international aviation law. It adopts an interactive approach, which aims at engaging the reader by way of using learning tools. The main areas of public and private aviation law are dealt with from a regulatory and practical perspective, and include detailed analyses of existing and applicable legislations, as well as landmark court cases and decisions. Each chapter is tailored to confer to readers a thorough knowledge of the international and, if any, the European applicable legislation. Delivery of these aims is attained through a dynamic and balanced use of didactic instruments and immediate information. The book is intended for a varied audience of students and professionals involved in the aviation world, without requiring the possession of specific legal knowledge or background. It also aims to constitute a useful reference material for those who are familiar with legal terminology and aviation specifics.

Every ten years ICAO holds a worldwide air transport conference. The most recent such event - the 6th Worldwide Air Transport Conference (ATConf/6) - was held in Montreal from 18 to 22 March 2013. The questions posed by this book are: are the "clerical and administrative tasks" for ICAO which were decided on by ATConf/6 (and other preceding conferences) sufficient to meet the needs of the people of the world for safe, regular, economical and efficient air transport? Should ICAO not think outside of its 67-year-old box and become a beacon to air transport regulators? In other words, shouldn't the bottom line of ICAO's meaning and purpose in the field of air transport be to analyze trends and guide the air transport industry instead of continuing to merely act as a forum for global practitioners to gather and update information on their respective countries' policies for air transport? Shouldn't ICAO provide direction, as do other agencies of the United Nations? This book addresses ICAO's inability, unlike most other specialized agencies in their missions, to make a tangible difference in air transport development, through a discussion of key issues affecting the air transport industry. It also inquires into the future of air transport regulation.

In 21st Century Airlines: Connecting the Dots, Nawal Taneja addresses the challenges and opportunities facing the airline industry as it tries to innovate and create products and services that are radically different by 'connecting the dots' at four key levels: recognizing the implications of global events, improving cross-functional collaboration within the organization, working more closely with the travel chain, and providing much higher engagements with connectors within the social networks. The book synthesizes insights gained from the experience of non-traditional businesses, such as Uber, that have no physical assets and that focus on scalability through platforms, as well as traditional businesses, such as Mercedes-Benz, that are transitioning from operators of physical assets to adapt to the on-demand and sharing economies. These insights show pragmatically that digitizing airline businesses would require digital mind-sets, digital technologies, digital strategies, and digital workplaces to explore new frontiers in value for both customers and airlines. Moreover, forward-thinking airlines need to consider working with bimodal organizational structures, in which one group optimizes current business models (network, fleet, and schedule planning, as well as revenue management) while a second group explores innovative ways to add digital features to physical products to provide a consistent experience throughout the journey. The book is written for all senior-level practitioners of airlines and related businesses worldwide, as well as senior-level government policymakers.

Selecting the right aircraft for an airline operation is a vastly complex process, involving a multitude of skills and considerable knowledge of the business. Buying the Big Jets has been published since 2001 to provide expert guidance to all those involved in aircraft selection strategies. This third edition brings the picture fully up to date, representing the latest developments in aircraft products and best practice in airline fleet planning techniques. It features a new section that addresses the passenger experience and, for the first time, includes regional jet manufacturers who are now extending their product families into the 100-plus seating category. Overall, the third edition looks at a broader selection of analytical approaches than previously and considers how fleet planning for cost-leader airlines differs from that of network carriers. Buying the Big Jets is an industry-specific example of strategic planning and is therefore a vital text for students engaged in graduate or post-graduate studies either in aeronautics or business administration. The book is essential reading for airline planners with fleet planning responsibility, consultancy groups, analysts studying aircraft performance and economics, airline operational personnel, students of air transport, leasing companies, aircraft value appraisers, and all who manage commercial aircraft acquisition programmes and provide strategic advice to decision-makers. It is also a valuable tool for the banking community where insights into aircraft acquisition decisions are vital.

The presentation of mental illness at work has different implications and consequences depending on the specific nature of the job, work context, regulatory framework and risks for the employee, organisation and society. Naturally there are certain occupational groups where human factors and/or mental illness could impair safety and mental acuity, and with potentially devastating consequences. For pilots, the medical criteria for crew licensing are stipulated by regulatory aviation authorities worldwide, and these include specific mental illness exclusions. The challenge of assessment for mental health problems is, however, complex and the responsibility for psychological screening and testing falls to a range of different specialists and groups including AMEs (authorised aviation medical examiners), GPs and physicians, airline human resources departments, psychologists, human factor specialists and pilots themselves. Extending and developing the ideas of Aviation Mental Health (2006), which described a range of psychological issues and problems that may affect pilots and the consequences of these, this book presents an authoritative, comprehensive and practical guide to modern, evidence-based practice in the field of mental health assessment, treatment and care. It features contributions from experts in the field drawn from several countries, professions and representing a range of aviation-related organisations, displaying a range of different skills and methods that can be used for the clinical assessment of pilots and in relation to specific mental-health problems and syndromes.

This book is a guide that addressees social science research issues within the aviation industry. Studies involving human factors, personality, training systems evaluation, decision-making, crew resource management and situation awareness are used to illustrate not only the process, but also the outcomes that can emerge from social science research. The book describes the principles involved in conceptualising a research problem, obtaining management support, developing an appropriate timeframe, obtaining ethics approval and collecting and managing data. It also provides useful guidelines concerning the publication of research in magazines, academic journals and conference presentations. The topics are illustrated with aviation examples and the principles are deliberately broad. This book will be a useful guide for both novice and experienced researchers, especially pilots, air traffic controllers, maintenance personnel, aviation management, aviation researchers, safety personnel and undergraduate and postgraduate university students.

Written by a range of international industry practitioners, this book offers a comprehensive overview of the essence and nature of airline operations in terms of an operational and regulatory framework, the myriad of planning activities leading up to the current day, and the nature of intense activity that typifies both normal and disrupted airline operations. The first part outlines the importance of the regulatory framework underpinning airline operations, exploring how airlines structure themselves in terms of network and business model. The second part draws attention to the operational environment, explaining the framework of the air traffic system and processes instigated by operational departments within airlines. The third part presents a comprehensive breakdown of the activities that occur on the actual operating day. The fourth part provides an eye-opener into events that typically go wrong on the operating day and then the means by which airlines try to mitigate these problems. Finally, a glimpse is provided of future systems, processes, and technologies likely to be significant in airline operations. Airline Operations: A Practical Guide offers valuable knowledge to industry and academia alike by providing readers with a well-informed and interesting dialogue on critical functions that occur every day within airlines.

Within the developed world, airlines have responded to the advice of advocates for corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSER) to use the intertwined dimensions of economics, society and environment to guide their business activities. However, disingenuously, the advocates and regulators frequently pay insufficient attention to the economics which are critical to airlines' sustainability and profits. This omission pushes airlines into the unprofitable domain of CSERplus. The author identifies alleged market inefficiencies and failures, examines CSERplus impacts on international competition and assesses the unintended consequences of the regulations. She also provides innovative ideas for future-proofing airlines. Clipped Wings is a treatise for business professionals featuring academic research as well as industry anecdotes. It is written for airlines (including their owners, employees, passengers and suppliers), airports, trade associations, policy makers, educators, students, consultants, CSERplus specialists and anyone who is concerned about the future of competitive airlines.

Aviation is an important global business and a signi?cant driver of the global economy. Itisvital,therefore,thatstringentmeasuresaretakentocounteractsof unlawfulinterferencewithcivilaviation. TheConventiononInternationalCivil AviationsignedatChicagoon7December1944,statesinitsPreamblethatwhereas thedevelopmentofcivilaviationmayhelppreservefriendshipandunderstanding amongthepeopleoftheworld,yet,itsabusecouldbecomeathreattogeneral security. Thegenealogyoftheterm"Terrorism"liesinLatinterminologymeaning"to causetotremble"(terrere). Sincethecatastrophiceventsof11September2001, we have seen stringent legal measures taken by the United States to attack terrorism,notjustcurbit. Thefamousphrase"waronterror"denotespre-emptive andpreventivestrikescarriedoutthroughapplicableprovisionsoflegitimately adoptedprovisionsoflegislation. TheearliestexampleistheAirTransportation Safety and System Stabilization Act (ATSAA)enactedbyPresidentBushless thantwomonthsafterthe9/11attacks. Then,twomonthsaftertheattacks,in November2001,CongresspassedtheAviationandTransportationSecurityAct (ATSA)withaviewtoimprovingsecurityandclosingthesecurityloopholes whichexistedonthatfatefuldayinSeptember2001. Thelegislationpavedthe wayforahugefederalbodycalledtheTransportationSecurityAdministration (TSA) which was established within the Department of Transportation. The HomelandSecurityActof2002whichfollowedeffectedasigni?cantreorga- zationoftheFederalGovernment. Allthisgoestoshowthatthelawplaysasigni?cantroleinensuringaviation security. Thisbookaddressesnewandemergingthreatstocivilaviation;evaluates securitytoolsnowinusesuchasthePublicKeyDirectory,AdvancePassenger Information,PassengerNameRecordandMachineReadabletraveldocumentsin the context of their legal and regulatory background; and discusses applicable securitytreatieswhileprovidinganinsightintotheprocessofthesecurityaudits conductedbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO). v vi Preface ThebookalsoexaminesissuesoflegalresponsibilityofStatesandindividuals forterroristactsofthirdpartiesagainstcivilaviationanddiscussesfromalegal perspectivethelatestliabilityConventionsadoptedatICAO. TheConclusionof thebookprovidesaninsightintotheapplicationoflegalprinciplesthroughrisk management. Sincethewritingofthisbook,theauthor publishedthreefeature articles entitled, The NW Flight 253 and the Global Framework of Aviation Security(AirandSpaceLaw,Volume35Issue2April2010167-Aviation is an important global business and a signi?cant driver of the global economy. Itisvital,therefore,thatstringentmeasuresaretakentocounteractsof unlawfulinterferencewithcivilaviation. TheConventiononInternationalCivil AviationsignedatChicagoon7December1944,statesinitsPreamblethatwhereas thedevelopmentofcivilaviationmayhelppreservefriendshipandunderstanding amongthepeopleoftheworld,yet,itsabusecouldbecomeathreattogeneral security. Thegenealogyoftheterm"Terrorism"liesinLatinterminologymeaning"to causetotremble"(terrere). Sincethecatastrophiceventsof11September2001, we have seen stringent legal measures taken by the United States to attack terrorism,notjustcurbit. Thefamousphrase"waronterror"denotespre-emptive andpreventivestrikescarriedoutthroughapplicableprovisionsoflegitimately adoptedprovisionsoflegislation. TheearliestexampleistheAirTransportation Safety and System Stabilization Act (ATSAA)enactedbyPresidentBushless thantwomonthsafterthe9/11attacks. Then,twomonthsaftertheattacks,in November2001,CongresspassedtheAviationandTransportationSecurityAct (ATSA)withaviewtoimprovingsecurityandclosingthesecurityloopholes whichexistedonthatfatefuldayinSeptember2001. Thelegislationpavedthe wayforahugefederalbodycalledtheTransportationSecurityAdministration (TSA) which was established within the Department of Transportation. The HomelandSecurityActof2002whichfollowedeffectedasigni?cantreorga- zationoftheFederalGovernment. Allthisgoestoshowthatthelawplaysasigni?cantroleinensuringaviation security. Thisbookaddressesnewandemergingthreatstocivilaviation;evaluates securitytoolsnowinusesuchasthePublicKeyDirectory,AdvancePassenger Information,PassengerNameRecordandMachineReadabletraveldocumentsin the context of their legal and regulatory background; and discusses applicable securitytreatieswhileprovidinganinsightintotheprocessofthesecurityaudits conductedbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO). v vi Preface ThebookalsoexaminesissuesoflegalresponsibilityofStatesandindividuals forterroristactsofthirdpartiesagainstcivilaviationanddiscussesfromalegal perspectivethelatestliabilityConventionsadoptedatICAO. TheConclusionof thebookprovidesaninsightintotheapplicationoflegalprinciplesthroughrisk management. Sincethewritingofthisbook,theauthor publishedthreefeature articles entitled, The NW Flight 253 and the Global Framework of Aviation Security(AirandSpaceLaw,Volume35Issue2April2010167-182);TheUse of Full Body Scanners and Their Legal Implications; and The Use of Forged PassportsforActsofCriminality(bothofwhichcouldbeaccessedthroughthe webpageoftheJournalofTransportationSecurity(Springer). Thesethreearticles formausefuladjuncttothisbook. Montreal,CA RuwantissaAbeyratne Contents 1 ASecurityCulture ...1 A. ARisk-BasedApproach ...1 B. TheICAOResponse ...2 I. TheICAOHigh-LevelMinisterialConference ...2 II. PostConferenceWork ...7 C. EmergingThreats ...9 I. Probability ...9 II. ReactingtoProbability ...10 III. Deterrence ...13 IV. ProblemsofDeterrence ...14 V. ThreatAssessmentinICAO ...16 VI. TheAVSECPanel ...19 VII. Bioterrorism ...21 VIII. Cyber-Terrorism ...24 IX. MANPADS ...25 X. TheDiverseNatureofMissileAttacks ...29 XI. InstallationofanAnti-missileSystem ...32 XII. ThePerimeterGuard ...32 XIII. InternationalAccord ...33 XIV. OtherCurrentThreats ...36 References ...3 6 2 PrinciplesofResponsibility ...39 A. StateResponsibility ...39 I. PrinciplesofStateResponsibility ...42 II. TheTheoryofComplicity ...42 III. MechanismsforExtraditionofOffenders: TheLockerbieCase ...43 IV. TheCondonationTheory ...48 V. TheRoleofKnowledge ...51 vii viii Contents VI. Pro?lingofPassengers ...54 VII. AirportPro?ling ...55 VIII. Pro?lingandtheRightofPrivacy ...58 B. OtherAspectsofResponsibility ...61 I. PreludetotheRomeConventionof1952 ...61 II. TheRomeConventionof1952 ...66 C. TheRomeConventionof1952 ...70 I. Background ...70 II. Insurance ...71 III. ProvisionsoftheConvention ...