Well structured training, based on sound theoretical principles, can transform the system in which high performance is essential and in turn, the organisation. Yet the strategic role of cost-effective training provision is often less well understood than it might be in all branches of aviation - whether civil or regional, general, business or military. This book analyzes the cycle of training design from the identification of requirement through to measurement of effectiveness. Key issues in training design and management are illustrated with examples and learning is consolidated through case studies. The book provides advice, tools, procedures and examples of best practice - both recent and well-established - to assist aviation training personnel who aim to guarantee cost-effective training. The approach is highly practical, but does not avoid covering the theory when needed. An informative guide to the process of training analysis and course design, the book examines each stage of the training design cycle in some depth. In addition, it looks at the application of quality management and of project management to training design. Each chapter contains advice and techniques, as well as examples drawn from the author's wealth of experience of training in aviation.

This edited volume applies the excellent work done in Crew Resource Management (CRM) in the aviation industry to training teams in other organizations. CRM is not only a design for training, but it also has been evaluated over time and shown great success. This lesson should be transferred to other nonaviation settings, and this book was written with that goal in mind.
This book has two purposes. First, it provides those interested in designing and delivering resource management training with useful and practical information containing the latest thinking and guidance available. Second, it launches CRM training as a viable intervention that can be used to enhance teamwork and organizational effectiveness, as well as minimize human error in a wide variety of industries and organizations.
Written from experts in the field of training, this volume is organized into four sections that:
*address the foundation of resource management training;
*focus on the tools needed for design and delivery of resource management training;
*apply resource management training to several industries and domains (i.e., medical, naval, airlines); and
*look at the global issues, such as culture of organizations, national issues, and error in training.

Globalization is a pervasive feature of recent industrial and commercial developments, not least in the airline business with concomitant effects on human resource management. This book focuses on the organization and human resource changes that have taken place in the international airline industry in recent years. It provides an extensive analysis of airline organization and external relations, airline organization and internal relations, changes in industrial relations and human resource management and also, the integration of human resource management and other management functions. The authoritative second edition of an already established work that covers both theory and practice, this book will be of great interest to managers in all areas of the airline industry, as well as to students of air transport and personnel/human resource management.

Safety is more than the absence of accidents. Safety has the goal of transforming the levels of risk that are inherent in all human activity, while its interdisciplinary nature extends its influence far into most corporate management and government regulatory actions. Yet few engineers have attended a safety course, conference or even a lecture in the area, suggesting that those responsible for the safe construction and operation of complex high-risk socio-technical systems are inadequately prepared. This book is designed to meet the expressed needs of aviation safety management trainees for a practical and concise education supplement to the safety literature. Written in a highly readable and accessible style, its features include: c detailed analysis of the forward-looking System Safety approach, with its focus on accident prevention; c classification of transportation safety literature into distinct schools of thought (Tort Law, Reliability Engineering, System Safety Engineering); c real world, practical, illustrations of the theory; c the history, theory and practice of safety management ; c inter-disciplinary thinking about safety . The flying public is faced with a bewildering array of aviation safety data from a diverse and ever increasing number of sources. This book is an essential guide to the available information, and a major contribution to the international public debate on aviation safety.

Aircraft building is a major industry for many developed countries. This book, first published in 1986, provides a comprehensive survey of the state of the world aircraft industry. It looks at how the industry developed, and at its problems. It examines the role of governments, showing how this differs from country to country. It concludes by assessing the prospects for the future shape of the industry, particularly as newly industrialised countries become more involved.

"Aircrew Training and Assessment" is designed for professionals in the aviation psychology, human factors, assessment and evaluation, vocational, technical, educational psychology, and educational technology communities. It explores the state of the art in the training and assessment of aircrews and includes a review and description of the use of simulations in the area of aircrew training and assessment.
An aircrew consists of one or more persons who are responsible for achieving a mission goal through use of an aircraft. Depending on one's point of view, an aircrew can be as small as one pilot flying a single-seat aircraft, or as large as a full crew operating an airliner. Despite advances in aircrew selection and human factors engineering techniques, the need for better aircrew training is still readily apparent. For example, in the military, the missions requiring aircrews keep getting more complex. Simulation is used extensively in both military and civilian training to deal with this complexity.
The book is organized into two major sections: models and tools for training of aircrews and models and tools for assessment of aircrew training. Both military and civilian environments are covered, as well as individual and team training.

This book, first published in 1965, illustrates the world of management in the airline industry. It examines the external relations with customers, government, investors, suppliers and competitors, as well as internal relations within the business such as organization and industrial relations.

This volume looks at the operational standards and obligations in civil aviation, and the consequences of failure to comply with them. It covers a wide range of topics both international and complex in measure.

The end of the twentieth century saw remarkable changes in the way that economic regulation was viewed. There occurred a liberalization of attitude and something of a withdrawal of the state from its interventionist role. These changes were particularly pronounced in the context of transport, where the long-standing tradition had been one of market intervention by the government. The aim of this book, first published in 1991, is to examine the outcomes of deregulation on the international airline industry, and to consider whether the experiences of market liberalization reveal any common threads. In particular, whether they reveal any universal indications of how underlying transport markets function; how management responds to new stimuli; the degree of protection needed by transport users; and nature of the transition process from regulation to liberalization.

This book is a guide that addressees social science research issues within the aviation industry. Studies involving human factors, personality, training systems evaluation, decision-making, crew resource management and situation awareness are used to illustrate not only the process, but also the outcomes that can emerge from social science research. The book describes the principles involved in conceptualising a research problem, obtaining management support, developing an appropriate timeframe, obtaining ethics approval and collecting and managing data. It also provides useful guidelines concerning the publication of research in magazines, academic journals and conference presentations. The topics are illustrated with aviation examples and the principles are deliberately broad. This book will be a useful guide for both novice and experienced researchers, especially pilots, air traffic controllers, maintenance personnel, aviation management, aviation researchers, safety personnel and undergraduate and postgraduate university students.

Based on groundbreaking research on the working conditions of airport check-in workers in two countries, a previously unstudied category of predominantly women workers, Ellen Rosskam describes a form of work characterized as modern-day Taylorism. An occupation greatly affected by new forms of work organization and management practices-caught in the throes of rapid change due to international competition, alliances, mergers, and the application of cost-efficiency strategies-check-in work has been undermined in recent years by the adverse effects of liberalization and technological change.By peeling away the veneer of glamour associated with airport check-in work, Rosskam reveals how changes in work organization in this sector have de-skilled, disempowered, and ultimately demoralized workers. In "Excess Baggage", weaving through the psychological distress, physical pain from musculoskeletal disorders, strain, and violence that check-in workers experience and describe in their own words, a picture emerges of a job perceived to be "safe," "clean," "glamour girl" work, but which is comparable to industrial workplaces that require heavy manual lifting, obligingly performed in skirts, dresses, and pretty little shoes.

The authors believe that a systematic organizational approach to aviation safety must replace the piecemeal approaches largely favoured in the past, but this change needs to be preceded by information to explain why a new approach is necessary. Accident records show a flattening of the safety curve since the early Seventies: instead of new kinds of accident, similar safety deficiencies have become recurrent features in accident reports. This suggests the need to review traditional accident prevention strategies, focused almost exclusively on the action or inaction's of front-line operational personnel. The organizational model proposed by the authors is one alternative means to pursue safety and prevention strategies in contemporary aviation; it is also applicable to other production systems. The model argues for a broadened approach, which considers the influence of all organizations (the blunt end ) involved in aviation operations, in addition to individual human performance (the sharp end ). If the concepts of systems safety and organizational accidents are to be advanced, aviation management at all levels must be aware of them. This book is intended to provide a bridge from the academic knowledge gained from research, to the needs of practitioners in aviation. It comprises six chapters: the fundamentals, background and justification for an organizational accident causation model to the flight deck, maintenance and air traffic control environments. The last chapter suggest different ways to apply the model as a prevention tool which furthermore enhances organizational effectiveness. The value of the organizational framework pioneered by Professor Reason in analyzing safety in high-technology production systems is felt by his co-authors to have an enduring role to play, both now and in coming decades. Applied now in this book, it has been adopted by ICAO, IFATCA, IMO, the US National Transportation Safety Board, the Transportation Safety B

Airline pilots in various countries around the world have made determined use of industrial action. The use of strike action by the pilots challenges the view that militant trade unionism is confined to lower-paid workers and is associated with a left-wing political orientation. This phenomenon provides the author with an opportunity for singling out the basic factors underlying attitudes and behaviour in industrial relations. His starting point is a 'systems model' of industrial relations which is submitted to critical examination and refined, enhancing its usefulness as a research methodology. In particular he stresses the importance of personality elements in the parties to the disputes. The book, first published in 1972, also provides an analysis of the development of the airlines and their institutions.

This book, first published in 1946, deals with the question of the history, development and likely future of the civil air industry. It is full of fascinating information from the infancy of the industry, and its romantic heyday.

The increase in practical problems generated by the intensive growth in air transport has necessitated the development of specialised operations research methods and modern computer technology. By combining operational research data from both scientific publications and airline companies, this book, first published in 1988, provides a unique source of information for those working on the development and application of operations research analysis in air transportation. Topics include air transport analysis, flight frequency determination, the scheduling of flights and personnel, and the problems of airline overbooking.

The author begins with a general survey of British aircraft manufacturing in the inter-war period, focusing on the technical and productive capacity of the industry prior to rearmament and on government thinking on wartime expansion. Subsequent chapters examine Air Ministry production policy, airframe and aero-engine production, manpower supply and utilization, finance and investment and contractual relations between state and industry. The final chapter is concerned with the mobilization of the aircraft industry on the outbreak of hostilities in 1939, the revision of pre-war development and production programmes, the emergency measures of 1940 and the formulation of longer-term plans for the remainder of the war.

Aerospace is a major world industry. This handbook, first published in 1987, provides a world survey of the industry in statistical form. The first part covers production and distribution by sector - airframes (aircraft), aeroengines, avionics, systems, missiles / spacecraft - and by country. It includes a summary for each country of the degree of government intervention, which is a crucial factor as state involvement is essential for the aerospace sector. The second part covers technological change, and here graphical representations of trends in product and process technologies are given.

This book seeks to extend the boundaries of aviation psychology in two interrelated ways: by broadening the focus of aviation psychology beyond the flight deck to the whole aviation system; and by discussing new theoretical developments which are shaping this applied discipline. A key feature of these theoretical advances is that they are grounded in a more developed, ecologically valid, understanding of practice. Among the issues addressed in this new integration of theory and practice are the following: what goes on in the flight deck is dependent on the wider organisational context; human factors issues in aircraft maintenance and grounding are critical to aviation safety; our capacity to learn from aviation accidents and incidents needs to be supported by more systematic human factors investigation and research; we must also develop our understanding of the human factors of accident survival as well as accident prevention; theories of crew coordination and decision making must be supported by an analysis of how decisions are actually made in the real world with all its stresses and constraints; training should be grounded in a thoroughgoing analysis of the complexity of the job and a full understanding of the training process itself. The text will be of interest to human factors researchers and practitioners in aviation and related areas. It will be of particular relevance to those who have a role in training, management or regulation throughout the aviation system.

Due to the requirements of automatic system design, and new needs for the training of complex tasks, Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) has been used with increasing frequency in recent years by the airline industry and air traffic control community. Its power is reflected in the literature on professional training and systems design, where CTA is often cited as one of the most promising new technologies, especially for the complex cognitive tasks now confronting those working in aviation. The objective of this book is to bridge the gap between research and practice, to make what we know about CTA available to practitioners in the field. The book focuses on cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence analyses of aviation tasks. It is designed to help readers identify and solve specific design and training problems, in the flight deck, air traffic control and operations contexts. Distilling experience and guidelines from the best aviation cognitive analyses in accessible form, it is the first comprehensive volume on CTA, and is written for practitioners of cognitive analysis in aviation. It provides an overview of analyses to date; methods of data collection; and recommendations for designing and conducting CTA for use in instructional design, systems development, and evaluation. The first part of the book provides the principles and foundations of CTA, describing traditional approaches to task analysis and ways that cognitive analyses can be integrated with the analysis and development processes. The next part details how to: select the appropriate method or methods; determine job tasks that can be trained for automatic performance; extract knowledge structures; analyse mental models; and identify the decision-making and problem-solving strategies associated with experienced job performance. The authors also describe when to use and how to design and conduct a cognitive task analysis; how to use CTA along with traditional task analysis and ISD; and how to use CTA in training program development and systems design, as well as in personnel selection and evaluation. The current demand for cognitive analyses makes this a timely volume for those in aviation and, more generally, the industrial development and training communities. Readers will find this a thorough presentation of cognitive analyses in aviation and a highly usable guide in the design, implementation and interpretation of CTA. The book will be useful to instructional developers, aviation equipment and systems designers, researchers, government regulatory personnel, human resource managers, instructors, pilots, air traffic controllers, and operations staff.

The numerous anecdotes alone are worth the price of the book . . . most readers will find themselves asking why everyone doesn't run a business as preached by the chief executive of Continental Airlines.—The Washington Post Book World

. . . in an age where managing seems increasingly complicated, some of Bethune's prescriptions are refreshingly straightforward.—Business Week

From Worst to First outlines Gordon Bethune's triumphs . . . about the turnaround he's led at Continental, a perennial basket case that's become an industry darling.—The Atlanta Journal-Constitution

From Worst to First is [Gordon Bethune's] story of Continental Airlines' turnaround under his command . . . The blueprint has worked . . . Fortune magazine named Continental the company that has 'raised its overall marks more than any other in the 1990s.'—The Seattle Post-Intelligencer

All of Gordon Bethune's proceeds from this book will be donated to the We Care Trust, a nonprofit organization that assists Continental Airlines' employees and their families in times of need.

Each volume in this new series is a collection of seminal articles on a theme of central importance in the study of transport history, selected from the leading journal in the field. Each contains between ten and a dozen articles selected by a distinguished scholar, as well as an authoritative new introduction by the volume editor. Individually they will form an essential foundation to the study of the history of a mode of transport; together they will make an incomparable library of the best modern research in the field.

Given the potential size of some of the markets involved and the comparative advantages in serving them, it is surprising to see a relative sparsity of airline activity in developing countries. Lack of suitable data, limited interest, and the comparatively small scale of aviation markets in many of these countries provide some of the explanations for this relative neglect. Airlines and Developing Countries works to address some of the key challenges that are confronting airlines and public policy makers, helping to fill a number of voids in our knowledge. The approaches of the various expert contributors offer a range of technical, empirical, historical, and institutional analyses that consider long-term patterns of economic development and look at how airlines have influenced this going back as far as the 1930s.

In this book the author applies contemporary error theory to the needs of investigators and of anyone attempting to understand why someone made a critical error, how that error led to an incident or accident, and how to prevent such errors in the future. Students and investigators of human error will gain an appreciation of the literature on error, with numerous references to both scientific research and investigative reports in a wide variety of applications, from airplane accidents, to bus accidents, to bonfire disasters. Features include: - an easy to follow step by step approach to conducting error investigations that even those new to the field can readily apply. - summaries of recent transportation accidents and human factors literature and relates them to the cause of human error in accidents. - an approach to investigating human error that will be of interest to both human factors psychology and industrial engineering students and instructors, as well as investigators of accidents in aviation, mass transportation, nuclear power, or any industry that is to the adverse effects of error. Based on the author's over 18 years of experience as an accident investigator and instructor of both aircraft accident investigation techniques and human factors psychology, it reviews recent human factors literature, summarizes major transportation accidents, and shows how to investigate the types of errors that typically occur in high risk industries. It presents a model of human error causation influenced largely by James Reason and Neville Moray, and relates it to error investigations with step by step guidelines for data collection and analysis that investigators can readily apply as needed.

The late Captain Frank H Hawkins FRAes, M Phil, was Human Factors Consultant to KLM, for whom he had flown for over 30 years as line captain and R & D pilot, designing the flight decks for all KLM aircraft from the Viscount to the Boeing 747. In this period he developed and applied his specialization in Human Factors. His perception of lack of knowledge of Human Factors and its disastrous consequences led him to initiate both an annual course on Human Factors in Transport Aircraft Operation at Loughborough and Aston Universities, and the KLM Human Factors Awareness Course (KHUFAC). A consultant member of SAE S-7 committee, he was also a member of the Human Factors Society and a Liveryman of the Guild of Air Pilots. He was keynote speaker at the ICAO Human Factors Seminar held in St Petersburg, Russia in April 1990. About the Editor The late Captain Harry W Orlady was an Aviation Human Factors Consultant and a former Senior Research Scientist for the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS); he also worked with NASA/Ames, with private research firms and the FAA in its certification of the Boeing 747-400 and the McDonnell-Douglas MK-11. As a pilot with United Airlines he flew 10 types of aircraft ranging from the DC-3 to the Boeing 747. He conducted studies in ground and flight training, Human Factors, aviation safety and aeromedical fields, and received several major awards and presented nearly 100 papers or lectures. He was an elected fellow of the Aerospace Medical Association; a member of the Human Factors Society, of ICE Flight Safety and Human Factors Study Group, and the SAE Human Behavioural Technology and G-10 Committees.

Starting from the premise that airports can be run as commercial successes, The Airport Business aims to place the business as a whole within a conceptual framework. The author examines the major issues facing airports throughout the world, and offers an insight into how to deal with the major economic and financial difficulties that are likely to arise in the next decade.