Retroviruses have been of great importance to biomedical science for the past half century. Initially, studies on oncogenic animal retroviruses provided important insights into molecular processes in carcinogenesis – most notably the existence and mechanisms of action of oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. Moreover, several human diseases are caused by retroviruses, including AIDS, adult T-cell leukemia and the neurological disease HAM/TSP. The topic of this volume is a relatively unknown animal retrovirus, jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, the causative agent of transmissible lung cancer in sheep –ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The disease was first documented in South Africa in the 1800s, it has a wide geographical distribution, and it is of economic importance in high endemic regions. However, until very recently the nature of the etiologic agent was unclear, and relatively few laboratories actively studied the disease.

Principles of Insect Pathology, a text written from a pathological viewpoint, is intended for graduate-level students and researchers with a limited background in microbiology and in insect diseases. The book explains the importance of insect diseases and illuminates the complexity and diversity of insect-microbe relationships. Separate sections are devoted to the major insect pathogens, their characteristics, and their life cycles the homology that exists among invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant pathogens the humoral and cellular defense systems of the host insect as well as the evasive and suppressive activities of insect disease agents the structure and function of passive barriers the heterogeneity in host susceptibility to insect diseases and associated toxins the mechanisms regulating the spread and persistence of diseases in insects. Principles of Insect Pathology combines the disciplines of microbiology (virology, bacteriology, mycology, protozoology), pathology, and immunology within the context of the insect host, providing a format which is understandable to entomologists, microbiologists, and comparative pathologists.

This second edition of the only reference devoted to diseases of wild waterfowl has been completely revised to include several new viral agents and toxins. The entire text reflects an increased emphasis on the relationships among habitat, management, and the occurrence of disease. Chapter format is consistent throughout, with the cause ecology, clinical and pathologic features, diagnostic techniques, significance, and remedial management of each disease described. Among the highlights are a chapter on diagnostic techniques (which includes the necropsy procedure) and an extensive reference list.

This series presents reviews covering all aspects of haemodynamics and haemorheology. Topics covered include the complexities of microcirculation, the rheology of blood and blood vessels, and the mechanics of blood flow in arteries and veins. The contributions aim to reflect the advances being made in experimental techniques and instrumentation for laboratory and clinical measurements and in numerical and mathematical modelling. Emphasis is placed on the scientific and engineering principles involved, but particular attention is also given to the clinical significance of this area of research. Topics covered by this volume include viscoelastic properties of blood and blood analogues; blood flow through narrow tubes; and numerical modelling of blood flow.

WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS & ANCA-ASSOCIATED DISEASES: THE STORY CONTINUES The disease now designated as Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) was first described in 1931 by Heinz Klinger, who considered it to be a special form of polyarteritis nodosa. Klinger's friend, Friedrich Wegener, expanded on the first observations and interpreted the pathological and clinical fmdings to represent a distinct disease entity (Wegener, 1939). He described this entity as a "peculiar rhinogenous granulomatosis with a unique participation of the arterial system and the kidneys". Later, Godman and Churg (1954) established the classical diagnostic criteria (the "WG triad"): granuloma, vasculitis, and glomerulonephritis. In 1958 Walton pointed out the poor prognosis of WG based on a small number of published cases (mean survival time: 5 months). In 1966 Carrington and Liebow reported "limited forms" of WG with a defmitely more favorable prognosis. Since then positive results have been reported with cyclophosphamide therapy. In addition, a retrospective study of combined low-dose cyclophosphamide and prednisolone in 85 WG patients over a period of 21 years found a similarly encouraging outcome. The*latter experience led to the current "standard" treatment protocol (FAUCI et al. , 1973 and 1983). More recently, strong evidence has emerged that some of the morbidity and mortality ofWG - and other types of systemic vasculitis - may be a consequence of this treatment (Hoffman et al. , 1992).

to the Animal Models Volumes This and several other volumes in the Neuromethods series will describe a number of animal models of neu- psychiatric disorders. Because of increasing public concern over the ethical treatment of animals in research, we felt it incumbent upon us to include this general preface to these volumes in order to indicate why we think further research using animals is necessary and why animal models of psychi- ric and neurologic disorders, in particular, are so important. We recognize that animals should only be used when suitable alternatives are not available. We think it self-e- dent, however, that humans can only be experimented upon in severely proscribed circumstances and alternative pro- dures using cell or tissue culture are inadequate in any models requiring assessments of behavioral change or of complex in vivo processes. However, when the distress, discomfort, or pain to the animals outweighs the anticipated gains for human welfare, then the research is not ethical and should not be carried out.

Canine parvovirus (CPV), a new virus of the Canidae first appeared during the 1970s, but disease caused by this virus was not reported until 1978. Then within a few months the virus crossed national and continental boundaries causing high fatality in domestic dog populations. A similar pattern of transmission was seen in sylvatic canines but infection was largely subclinical. Between 1979 and 1981 CPV was replaced worldwide by an antigenic variant designated CPV-2a. The epidemiological advantage of this variant over CPV is not understood. CPV is a new pathogen of dogs that has attracted an impressive body of research. However aspects of the biology of this virus remain unclear, not least of which is the questionof its possible origin. This book presents an up to date and comprehensive review of the natural history of CPV and its control by prophylactic vaccination. Particular attention is paid to the techniques used to examine the relationship between CPV and other parvoviruses. CPV is thought to be a variant of the virulent cat virus FPV (feline parvovirus) and at least one other variant is known MEV (mink enteritis virus). Theories on the genesis of CPV are discussed. An attempt to correlate the evidence and an hypothetical mechanism by which such a variant could have been selected is offered. This hypothesis is complemented by serological evidenceof CPV seroconversion in clinically normal dogs some years prior to the virulent pandemic. Many animal parvoviruses are known and in 1989/1990, no less than 6 new viruses were described. CPV may have arisen from an FPV vaccine strain. The use of modified live vaccines for the control of these viruses is questioned and alternative strategies discussed. A consise chapter on human parvoviruses describes the ever increasing role of B19 in human disease, including that of an opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients.

Just like humans, animals and plants suffer from infectious diseases, which can critically threaten biodiversity. This book describes key studies that have driven our understanding of the ecology and evolution of wildlife diseases. Each chapter introduces the host and disease, and explains how that system has aided our general understanding of the evolution and spread of wildlife diseases, through the development and testing of important epidemiological and evolutionary theories. Questions addressed include: How do hosts and parasites co-evolve? What determines how fast a disease spreads through a population? How do co-infecting parasites interact? Why do hosts vary in parasite burden? Which factors determine parasite virulence and host resistance? How do parasites influence the spread of invasive species? How do we control infectious diseases in wildlife? This book will provide a valuable introduction to students new to the topic, and novel insights to researchers, professionals and policymakers working in the field.

Essential Ornithology provides the reader with a concise but comprehensive introduction to the biology of birds, one of the most widely studied taxonomic groups. The book begins by considering the dinosaur origins of birds and their subsequent evolution. Development, anatomy, and physiology are then discussed followed by chapters devoted to avian reproduction, migration, ecology, and conservation. Sections dealing with aspects of bird/human relationships and bird conservation give the book an applied context. This new edition has been thoroughly updated, providing new information from rapidly-developing fields including the avian fossil record, urban and agricultural ecology, responses to climate change, invasive species biology, technologies to track movement, avian disease, and the role of citizen scientists. There is also a greater focus on North American ornithology. Drawing extensively upon the wider scientific literature, this engaging text places the results of classical studies of avian biology alongside the most recent scientific breakthroughs. Useful case studies are presented in a concise and engaging style with the student reader foremost in mind. Key points are highlighted and suggestions for guided reading and key references are included throughout. Essential Ornithology is a companion textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in avian science, as well as a useful reference for professional researchers and consultants. Amateur ornithologists will also find this book offers a scientifically rigorous and accessible overview for a more general readership.

La souche hautement pathogene de l'influenza aviaire H5N1 s'est propagee de la volaille domestique vers un grand nombre d'especes d'oiseaux sauvages en liberte, y compris les oiseaux non-migrateurs et les oiseaux migrateurs pouvant parcourir des milliers de kilometres par an. Le contact regulier et l'interaction entre la volaille et les oiseaux sauvages a augmente le besoin urgent de la comprehension des maladies d'oiseaux sauvages et des mecanismes de transmission qui existent entre le secteur avicole et les oiseaux sauvages avec une importance particuliere accordee a l'influenza aviaire. Ce manuel contient des chapitres sur l'ecologie de base de l'influenza aviaire et des oiseaux sauvages, les techniques de capture et de marquage (baguage, marquage de couleur et telemetrie par satellite), les procedures d'echantillonnage epidemiologique, et les procedures d'etudes sur le terrain et de suivi. Egalement disponible en anglais et en russe."

Ambroise Pare, born in France around 1510, was chief surgeon to both Charles IX and Henri III. In one of the first attempts to explain birth defects, Pare produced "On Monsters and Marvels," an illustrated encyclopedia of curiosities, of monstrous human and animal births, bizarre beasts, and natural phenomena. Janice Pallister's acclaimed English translation offers a glimpse of the natural world as seen by an extraordinary Renaissance natural philosopher.

Reflecting the enormous advances made in the field over the past ten years, this text synthesizes the latest developments in the ecology and evolution of animal parasites against a backdrop of parallel advances in parasite systematics, biodiversity and life cycles. This second edition has been thoroughly revised to meet the needs of a new generation of parasitology students. Balancing traditional approaches in parasitology with modern studies in parasite ecology and evolution, the authors present basic ecological principles as a unifying framework to help students understand the complex phenomenon of parasitism. Richly illustrated with over 250 figures, the text is accompanied by case study boxes designed to help students appreciate the complexity and diversity of parasites and the scientists who study them. This unique approach, presented clearly and with a minimum of jargon and mathematical detail, encourages students from diverse backgrounds to think generally and conceptually about parasites and parasitism.

This book puts emphasis on the isolation, taxonomy, diagnosis (phenotypic, serology and molecular biology), epizootiology, pathogenicity mechanisms, and methods of disease control (by vaccination, immunostimulation, probiotics, prebiotics, plant products, and antimicrobial compounds. Co-infections, which are attributed to more than one microbial species have been discussed. Shortcomings in knowledge have been highlighted. This sixth edition is the successor to the original version, first published in 1987, and which fills the need for an up-to-date comprehensive text on the biological aspects of the bacterial taxa which cause disease in finfish. The book is primarily targeted at researcher workers, including postgraduate students, and diagnosticians. It is anticipated that the readership will include veterinary microbiologists, public health scientists and microbial ecologists.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases are among the major stumbling blocks to the development of livestock industry and entail heavy economic loses particularly in the tropics and subtropics. Ticks serve as vectors of several diseases and pose health hazards to animals and humans throughout the world. Attempts to control ticks and tick-borne diseases using different methods have been going on for several generations; however, ticks still cause insurmountable problems to the livestock industry and human and animal health. This book enlightens the reader on research and field experiences obtained from different parts of the world on the various chemical and biological approaches used in the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. This book would serve as a valuable reference and guide for students, and researchers in biological and biomedical sciences and tick control authorities aimed at devising a sound tick control strategy.

Safeguarding U.S. agriculture from foreign animal diseases and protecting our food system require cutting-edge research and diagnostic capabilities. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) have embarked on an important mission to replace the aging Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) with a new facility, the National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF). When operational, this new facility would be the world's fourth biosafety level-4 laboratory capable of large animal research. It would serve as a critical world reference laboratory for identifying emerging and unknown disease threats, and would thus be a critical asset in securing the future health, wealth, and security of the nation. DHS selected Manhattan, Kansas, as the site for the new NBAF after an extensive site-selection process that involved an environmental impact statement. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) raised concerns about DHS's analysis of the potential spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDv), one of the most serious foreign animal disease threats. Congress directed DHS to conduct a site-specific risk assessment (SSRA) for the NBAF, instructed the National Research Council (NRC) to independently evaluate the SSRA, and prohibited obligation of NBAF construction funds until the NRC review was complete. Congress mandated that DHS revise its SSRA to address shortcomings of the 2010 SSRA, directed the NRC to evaluate the updated SSRA (uSSRA), and again prohibited obligation of construction funds until the completion of the second review. The scope for both of these SSRA reports addressed accidental release of pathogens from the NBAF in Manhattan, Kansas and excluded terrorist acts and malicious threats from its risk assessments. Evaluation of the Updated Site-Specific Risk Assessment for the National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas is the evaluation of the final uSSRA. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Evaluation of Design, Operations, and Response Planning as Related to the Risk Assessment 3 Evaluation of Risk Approach and Calculations 4 Evaluation of Accident Event Modeling 5 Evaluation of Fate and Transport Modeling 6 Evaluation of Epidemic Modeling 7 Evaluation of Economic Modeling 8 Evaluation of Biosafety Level 4 Assessment 9 Overall Assessment, Findings, and Conclusions Appendixes Appendix A: Committee Biosketches Appendix B: Meeting Agendas and Lists of Public Participants

This book focuses on the use of animal models to study various human defects. It summarizes our current understanding of a variety of common human birth defects and the essential role of animal models in shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of these disorders. Birth defects are the leading cause of infant deaths, and cost billions of dollars in care for those affected. Unfortunately, the lack of a clear understanding of the mechanisms leading to many of these developmental disorders has hindered effective prevention and early intervention strategies. Studies using animal models have provided essential insights into several human birth defects. This book serves as a valuable reference resource for researchers and graduate students who are interested in learning the basic principles as well as the latest advances in the study of the mechanisms of human birth defects.

This book is aimed at generating an updated reservoir of scientific endeavors undertaken to unravel the complicated yet intriguing topic of neurodegeneration. Scientists from Europe, USA and India who are experts in the field of neurodegenerative diseases have contributed to this book. This book will help readers gain insight into the recent knowledge obtained from Drosophila model, in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders and also unravel novel scopes for therapeutic interventions. Different methodologies available to create humanized fly models that faithfully reflects the pathogenicities associated with particular disorders have been described here. It also includes information on the exciting area of neural stem cells. A brief discussion on neurofibrillary tangles, precedes the elaborate description of lessons learnt from Drosophila about Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Spinomuscular Atrophy, Huntington's diseases, RNA expansion disorders and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. We have concluded the book with the use of Drosophila for identifying pharmacological therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. The wide range of topics covered here will not only be relevant for beginners who are new to the concept of the extensive utility of Drosophila as a model to study human disorders; but will also be an important contribution to the scientific community, with an insight into the paradigm shift in our understanding of neurodegenerative disorders. Completed with informative tables and communicative illustrations this book will keep the readers glued and intrigued. We have comprehensively anthologized the lessons learnt on neurodegeneration from Drosophila and have thus provided an insight into the multidimensional aspects of pathogenicities of majority of the neurodegenerative disorders.

This new volume gives a concise overview covering the most basic and exciting chapters of comparative medicine with regards to physiology and function in healthy individuals. The book includes core concepts in anatomy and physiology in human and model animals which one needs to understand to make independent contributions inthe research area of comparative medicine. During the writing process of the book the authors were in constant interdisciplinary dialogue. Theyaim to contribute to the improvement of quality of life for human and animal patients.

"Perspectives in Inflammation Biology" outlines detailed studies using preclinical murine models in Inflammation. The book is meant for academicians, industry persons, research scholars and students alike. The detailed perspective for a beginner and the exhaustive methodologies and analyses outlined, for the veteran researcher, makes this book a unique link between someone who is thinking of embarking on a study of inflammation and one who is delving deep into this area of specialization. The book deals with asthma and allergy as specific disease areas of inflammation of the lung, aseptic peritonitis as a disease of systemic inflammation and details how each role player in its pathophysiology has a unique niche of activity. Data acquisition, sequentiality and analyses in context demonstrate how each role player is validated systematically to become a target for drug discovery. Methods and models used in the course of my work and their relevance will demonstrate to the researcher how a study can be developed from an idea. Further into a researcher's ongoing work, this book is meant to stimulate new questions and pave ways for better dissection of a phenomenon. The highlights of this book are the detailed tables tabulating sub species of immune cells, their inflammatory recruitment indices, their translation into tissue-to-tissue traffic of the inflammatory stimulus and the delicate interplay of resident structural cells, cells recruited from circulation, their feedback poiesis in bone marrow, their instruction in the lymphoid organs and tissues as well as the non-cellular mediators synthesized from corresponding genetic instruction. The book shall definitely help students and researchers how a disease can be simplified from its complex ramifications and network of implications and put back into perspective and the whole thing falls into place without an intimate understanding of the mechanism and the compelling circumstances that causes a disease, a drug hunter cannot hope to begin her quest. To find the "Achilles' heel" and effectively neutralize the enemy!

This new edition?a must for all researchers who use these lab animals?provides practical suggestions for breeding, keeping, and identifying pathogen-free laboratory rodents. It contains three informative sections. The first, Principles of Rodent Disease Prevention, summarizes methods for eliminating infectious agents. It offers information on pathogen terminology; pathogen status of rodents; and breeding, transporting, isolating, testing, and diagnosing rodents. The second section, Individual Disease Agents and Their Effects on Research, describes the diagnosis and control of each infectious agent, and the last section, Diagnostic Indexes: Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Research Complications, contains informative tables covering all the diseases listed in the volume, arranged to help in the diagnosis of infected animals. Table of Contents Front Matter I. Principles of Rodent Disease Prevention 1. Objectives, Terminology, and Overview of Pathogen Status 2. Breeding, Transportation, and Use of Pathogen-Free Rodents 3. Barrier Programs 4. Health Surveillance Programs II. Individual Disease Agents and Their Effects on Research 5. Introduction 6. Respiratory System 7. Digestive System 8. Skin and Joints 9. Hemopoietic System 10. Central Nervous System 11. Genitourinary System 12. Multiple Systems III. Indexes to Diagnosis and Research Complications of Infectious Agents Introduction Clinical Signs Pathology Research Complications References Index

This volume presents techniques used by researchers from all branches of biology to study daily changes at a molecular level in many physiological systems. The chapters are organized into three parts and cover topics such as measuring and modeling physiological and behavioral rhythms; genome-wide analyses in circadian biology, and imaging and manipulating brain clocks. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and practical, Circadian Clocks: Methods and Protocols is a valuable tool for any researcher interested in learning more about this developing field.

Agriculture is often under the threat of invasive species of animal pests and pathogens that do harm to crops. It is essential to have the best methods and tools available to prevent this harm. Biosecurity is a mixture of institutions, policies, and science applications that attempts to prevent the spread of unhealthy pests. Tactical Sciences for Biosecurity in Animal and Plant Systems focuses on the tactical sciences needed to succeed in the biosecurity objectives of preventing plant and animal pathogens from entering or leaving the United States. This book explores a divergence of tactics between plant and animal exotic disease response. Covering topics such as animal pests and pathogens, tactical management, and early detection, this book is an essential resource for researchers, academicians, university faculty, government biosecurity practitioners, customs officers, clinical scientists, and students.

Fungal growths affect both human and animal well-being. Many natural pathogens of laboratory animals alter host physiology, rendering the host unsuitable for experimental uses. While the number and prevalence of few pathogens have declined considerably, many still turn up in laboratory animals and represent unwanted variables in research. Investigators using laboratory animals in biomedical experimentation should be aware of the profound effects that many of these agents can have on research. What does the future hold regarding the natural pathogens of laboratory animals? The selection of an animal model must carefully address issues of the type of human disease to mimic, the parameters to follow, and the collection of the appropriate data to answer those questions being asked. Overall, animal models of fungal infection will continue to deepen our understanding of how these infections occur. This book provides a valuable source of information to biological and biomedical scientists and to clinical and doctoral researchers working in the area of fungal infections and diseases of laboratory animal species.

This is the Second Edition of a well-received book that reflects a fresh, integrated coverage of the concepts and scientific measurement of stress and welfare of animals including humans. This book explains the basic biological principles of coping with many forms of adversity. The major part of this work is devoted to explaining scientifically usable concepts in stress and welfare. A wide range of welfare indicators are highlighted in detail with examples being drawn from man and other species. The necessity for combining information from disciplines is emphasized with a one-health, one-welfare approach. This information forms the basis for a synthesis of new ideas. Among the issues covered are: - How brain and body systems regulate using feelings, physiological responses, behaviour and responses to pathology - Limits to adaptation - Assessing positive and negative welfare during both short-term and long-term situations - Ethical problems and suggested solutions A proper assessment of animal welfare is essential to take informed decisions about what is morally acceptable in terms of practice and in the development of a more effective legislation. This work encapsulates a very wide body of literature on scientific aspects of animal welfare and will thus prove a valuable asset for animal welfare scientists, psychologists, students and teachers of all forms of biology, behaviour, medicine, veterinary medicine and animal usage.