The Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology series deals with the aspects of neurosciences that have the most direct and immediate bearing on behavior. It presents the most current research available in the specific areas of sensory modalities. This volume explores circadian rhythms.

A presentation of the most elementary form of pulsatile flow as an important prerequisite for the study of other flow applications in biological systems. The book provides in a single source a complete treatment of the fluid dynamics of flow with the required mathematics and emphasis on the basis mechanics. The style and level of this book make it accessible to students and researchers in biophysics, biology, medicine, bioengineering and applied mathematics working in theoretical and clinical work on the cardiovascular system, as well as in the design of new instrumentation, medical imaging systems, and artificial organs. With problems and exercises.

Aquaculture is now recognized as a viable and profitable enterprise worldwide. As aquaculture technology has evolved, the push toward higher yields and faster growth has involved the enhancement or replacement of natural foods with prepared diets. In many aquaculture operations today, feed accounts for more than one-half the variable operating cost. Therefore, knowledge of nutrition and practical feeding of fish is essential to successful aquaculture. This book is not written exclusively for scientists but also for students, practicing nutritionists, and aquaculturists. It covers the known nutrient requirements and deficiency effects for different fishes, and digestion and metabolism of nutrients and energy. It discusses nutrient sources and preparation of practical and research feeds. It gives directions for conducting fish nutrition and feeding experiments. Feeding practices for salmonids, channel catfish, tilapias, shrimps and hybrid striped bass are presented. Since the first edition of this book was printed, the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences has revised the nutrient requirements for fish. These revisions are in the present edition. Other additions to this revised edition are chapters on nutrition and fish health, and bioavailability of nutrients. Each original chapter has been meticulously revised and updated with new information. Aquaculture is a dynamic area and new technologies are being introduced continuously; therefore, some of the material discussed in this revised edition may become obsolete quickly. Nonetheless, the material presented has been thoughtfully selected and updated to make it of maximum use to persons whose interests range from general aquaculture to animal nutrition to feed manufacture.

Extremely diverse and complicated bacterial and protozoan populations inhabit the rumen and intestinal tract of animals, and there is a delicate balance among the individual populations within this complex microbial community. This authoritative edited volume, the first in a two-volume set, reviews the gut environment and the fermentations taking place in animal digestive tracts. It is an essential source of reference for microbial ecologists and physiologists, medical microbiologists and gastroenterologists, biochemists, nutritionists, veterinarians and animal scientists, and wildlife ecologists.

This monograph evolved from years of research into the auditory pathway and hearing of many species of marsupials. Its function is to give biologists, in par ticular neurobiologists, a broad description and review of what is known of the auditory sensory capacities and processing mechanisms in this large order of mammals. My initial interest in marsupials developed from collaborative work with Dr. Richard Gates at Monash and Melbourne Universities in the 1970s and by curiosity as to whether concepts about the auditory system was stimulated stemming from experiments mainly on domestic cats could be extended to mam mals of other orders. My subsequent interest in Australian marsupials, aroused by collaboration with Dr. John Nelson at Monash University in the 1980s and 1990s, concerned their auditory systems and behavior per se and not as primitive cousins of eutherians. More recently, I have collaborated with Dr. Bruce Masterton at Florida State University in studies of New World marsupials. His sad death in 1996 has robbed neurobiologists of one of our most provocative thinkers and hypothesis testers. I would like to thank the Department of Physiology at Monash University for making many facilities available to me, the National Health and Medical Research of Australia and the Australian Research Council for providing funds for Council research, and Jill Poynton and Michelle Mulholland, who illustrated this volume."

The International Scientific Symposium on Fibrinogen, Thrombosis, Coagulation, and Fibrinolysis was held in Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, on August 30 - September 1, 1989. This Symposium has provided a forum for the free exchange of information in this important and rapidly advancing research field. This proceedings volume provides a published record of 46 papers presented at the Symposium. The sponsors have exerted no influence on the scientific opinions or positions of the participants in the Symposium. It is hoped that this Symposium will stimulate further worldwide cooperation and collaboration in these vital fields for the benefit of all human kind. This volume is composed of four parts. The first part consists of 8 papers on Fibrinogen and Fibrin: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Physiology. The second part contains 16 papers on Coagulation and Fibrinolysis: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Physiology. The third part has 10 papers on Cardiovascular Cell Biology: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Physiology. The fourth part comprises 12 papers on Clinical Studies of the Cardiovascular System: Thrombotic and Bleeding Disorders and Thrombolytic Therapy. The Author Index with addresses of all contributors and the Subject Index of all 46 papers are arranged at the end of this volume.

Two techniques were used to estimate the L/M cone ratio, best-fit linear sum of the L- and M-cone spectral sensitivities to heterochromatic flicker photometric spectral sensitivity and psychometric function shape for point source detection of lights of varying wavelength. Data from five color-normal observers run on both paradigms all are consistent with a preponderance of L-cones relative to M-cones though there are individual differences in the estimates of L/M cone ratio. The observers showed congruence in their individual results across technique. In a separate study, the perceptual consequences of individual variation in L/M cone populations were evaluated by looking for a relation between flicker photometric spectral sensitivity and the spectral locus of equilibrium yellow. No significant relation was found, suggesting that receptor populations do not play a major role in the normalization of the perceptual red/green opponent channel. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Supported in part by USPH NEI grant EY00901. REFERENCES Adam, A. (1969) Foveal red-green ra. C10S c:,f normals, colorblinds and heterozygotes. Proceedings Tel-Hasrcomer Hospital (Tel-Aviv). 8: 2-6. Ahnelt, P. , H. Kolb and R. Pflug. (1987). Identification of a subtype of cone photoreceptor, likely to be blue sensitive, in the human retina. Journal of Compa:cative Neurology. 255: 18-34. Alpern, M. and E. Pugh. (1977). variation in the action spectrum of erythrolabe among deuteranopes. Journal of Physiology (London). 266: 613-646. Boynton, R. (1979). Human Color Vision. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Brindley, G. (1954) The summation areas of human colour-receptive mechanisms at increment threshold.

Intraspecific communication involves the activation of chemoreceptors and subsequent activation of different central areas that coordinate the responses of the entire organism-ranging from behavioral modification to modulation of hormones release. Animals emit intraspecific chemical signals, often referred to as pheromones, to advertise their presence to members of the same species and to regulate interactions aimed at establishing and regulating social and reproductive bonds. In the last two decades, scientists have developed a greater understanding of the neural processing of these chemical signals. Neurobiology of Chemical Communication explores the role of the chemical senses in mediating intraspecific communication. Providing an up-to-date outline of the most recent advances in the field, it presents data from laboratory and wild species, ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates, from insects to humans. The book examines the structure, anatomy, electrophysiology, and molecular biology of pheromones. It discusses how chemical signals work on different mammalian and non-mammalian species and includes chapters on insects, Drosophila, honey bees, amphibians, mice, tigers, and cattle. It also explores the controversial topic of human pheromones. An essential reference for students and researchers in the field of pheromones, this is also an ideal resource for those working on behavioral phenotyping of animal models and persons interested in the biology/ecology of wild and domestic species.

Acute lung injury, respiratory failure, and acute respiratorydistresssyndrome associ- ated with sepsis and multiorgan dysfunction isbecoming more common in hospitals through- out the world. Although new classesofantimicrobial medications have been introduced and aggressive intensive life support systems are in use in many hospitals, mortality remains in the range of35 to 65 percent in even the best equipped medical facilities. However, with new technologies inphysiology and cellularand molecularbiology, wonderful opportunities now exist for scientists to explore more effective approaches to identificationofpatients at risk, to develop better insights to pathogenic mechanisms, to use new tools to follow the progression and natural history ofdisease, and to develop better modes oftherapies. The NATOAdvanced Study Institute on Acute RespiratoryDistress Syndrome: Cel- lularandMolecularMechanisms and ClinicalManagement was an outstanding opportunity for laboratory scientists and clinical investigators to discuss their own research approaches, explore opportunities for bringing newdimensions to their laboratories, and work together to identify possible clinical applications. The conference brought together investigators who have worked with patients ofall ages, including those who have so successfully treated in- fants with respiratory distress syndrome. There is no doubt that this stimulating conference will bring new dimensions, new technologies, and new investigators into the scientific labo- ratoriesofeach participant. This provides hope that new therapeutic approaches will eventu- ally be available.

A decade ago, for most scientists investigating various issues in life sciences the word "NO" was used in a negative context. It is astounding to observe how recently researchers are addressing the issue of NO, namely, nitric oxide, in over fifty publications weekly. Science journal, while naming nitric oxide: "Molecule of the Year" (December 1992), said it all: "NO news is good news. " For a long period of time NO was considered as a pollutant and every ecology minded person tried to eliminate it. It was the discovery of NO involvement in the process of host killing by macrophages and several years later the finding that EDRF is none else but NO, that promoted this field. Nitric oxide's major role in the control of blood pressure is merely one factor of an extensive list of effects and functions attributed to it. NO is implicated in long-term potentiation (LPT), a principal process involved in memory consolidation and it is considered as the main biochemical substance responsible for penile erection. It should be noted that additional roles for NO are discovered continuously as many laboratories join the quest for the mystery of this small molecule. The observation that NO is involved in various biological processes is not unique, as other second messengers (i. e., cyclic AMP), participate in a diverse set of functions."

The International Society for Arterial Chemoreception (ISAC) was founded in August 1988 during the 9th International Symposium on Arterial Chemoreception which was held at Park City, Utah, USA. ISAC was established with the aim of providing a framework to support the increasing number of investigators from a wide variety of disciplines (anatomists, pathologists, respiratory physiologists and clinicians, high altitude physiologists, biochemists, biophysicists, physiologists and pharmacologists) who share a common interest in arterial chemoreception. ISAC took over the co-ordination of the international chemoreceptor meetings, with the membership deciding the venue for forthcoming meetings. During the Park City symposium Dublin was selected to host the 1993 meeting, under the Presidency of Professor Ronan O'Regan. The 12th International Meeting on Arterial Chemoreception, which was held in Dublin in August 1993, was acclaimed as a great success by all those present. The delegates not only shared in a wide-ranging feast of chemoreceptor based science, they had plenty of opportunity during the meeting for renewing acquaintances and establishing new friendships. The location for the meeting at University College Dublin's modem Belfield campus helped to promote such interaction, and the social programme was outstanding.

A review of our understanding of this area of the brain, showing how it fits into the general picture of those areas concerned with modulating mammalian behavior. The chapters, all written by leading figures in behavioral neuroscience, discuss the anatomy, neurochemistry, physiology, and behavioral relations in the septal area. Due to the great deal of current research shown in the related areas of hippocampus and the amygdala, this book will be of great interest to all those who research the hippocampus and the amygdala in addition to the septum itself.

Studies have identified important families of proteins (denoted: heat shock or stress proteins, Hsps) which display an enhanced expression in response to heat shock or other physiological stresses. Besides the characterization of the genes encoding Hsp and the mechanisms of their induction, recent studies have concentrated on the function of these proteins. It was shown that the expression of Hsp protects the cell against different types of aggressions. In addition,Hsp can regulate essential biochemical processes in unstressed cells. For example, members of the Hsp60 and Hsp70 families act as ATP-binding proteins allowing the folding of nascent or denatured proteins as well as the assembly or disassembly of protein complexes. These observations have led to the discovery of the molecular chaperone concept (Ellis and Hemmingsen 1989). Amongst the proteins whose expression is up-regulated by heat shock or other types of stresses are the small stress proteins also denoted (sHsps, sHsp or sHSP). Small stress proteins encompass a large numbers of related proteins which are represented in virtually all organisms, including prokary- otes. These polypeptides share a structural domain, often referred to as the a-crystallin domain, common to the lens protein alpha-crystallin (Ingolia and Craig 1982;Wistow 1985). In addition to being increased in response to several types of stresses, the Hsp level is also upregulated during development and correlates with the differentiation and oncogenic status of the cell. In spite of the fact that sHsp can confer cellular protection against stresses,their molecular function has remained enigmatic for years.

Biological sensors are usually remarkably small, sensitive and efficient. It is highly desirable to design corresponding artificial sensors for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes.This book is designed to fill an urgent need for interdisciplinary exchange between biologists studying sensors in the natural world and engineers and physical scientists developing artificial sensors. Contributions from leading scientists in this area, whether engineers or biologists, are written to be accessible to readers from these and other disciplines. The main topics cover mechanical sensors, visual sensors and vision and chemosensors. Readers will obtain a fuller understanding of the nature and performance of natural sensors as well as enhanced appreciation for the current status and the potential applicability of artificial microsensors. Friedrich G. Barth was awarded the "Karl-Ritter-von-Frisch-Medaille at the 2003 Annual Conference of the German Zoological Society in Halle, Germany."

This volume focuses exclusively on those endocytic processes that sequester proteins by a selective, receptor-mediated mechanism. In such an endocytic process, cell surface receptors specifically bind protein ligands and localize them to specialized invaginations of the plasma membrane. These regions are coated pits, so named because they are lined on the cytoplasmic face with an ordered array of the protein, clathrin. It is this 'coat' which provides their characteristic electron microscopic image. Subsequently, these regions pinch off to form coated vesicles which rapidly lose their 'coat' and then fuse with other organelles or the plasma membrane. The hallmarks of, this process are the specific receptors, coated pits, coated vesicles and an ordered sequence of transit events leading to delivery to selected locations. Receptor recognition, specific disposition of the endocytosed ligand and the existence of recep tor-ligand complexes at highest density in coated pits define the process as selective and concentrative. This topic has received ever increasing attention during the past few years. The evolving mechanisms are especially exciting because they come at a time when the conventional views based on thermodynamic arguments suggest that proteins should not be able to cross into the cell. Receptor-mediated endocytosis, however, reconciles the view that biological membranes should be impervious to macromolecules with the evidence that certain mac romolecules do gain entrance into the cell. During the last few years this field has been stimulated by studies on the uptake and processing of low density lipoproteins (LDL) by cells."

How can industry profit from the biochemical tricks of cold-adapted organisms? This book covers a range of aspects in this fascinating field, from genetic tools to environmental biotechnology.

Over the course of the past decade, there has been an enormous augmentation in the amount of information available on the lemurs of Madagascar. These advances are closely coupled with an increase in the number of national and international researchers working on these animals. As a result, Madagascar has emerged as one of the principal sites of primatological studies in the world. Furthermore, the conserva tion community has a massive interest in the preservation of the natural habitats of the island, and lemurs serve as one of the symbols of this cause. Between 10 and 14 August 1998, the XVIIth International Primatology Society (IPS) Congress was held in Antananarivo, Madagascar. For a country that about a decade ago was largely closed to foreign visitors, this Congress constituted a massive event for the Malagasy scientific community and was assisted by about 550 primatolo gists from 35 different countries. Naturally, given the venue and context of the Con gress, many of the presentations dealt with lemurs and covered a very wide breadth of subjects.

This conference and monograph were the result of many collective efforts. The whole concept was formulated one early Wednesday morning at our weekly research meeting at Children's Hospital in our division of urology. We have been most fortunate to have a close collaboration with Bob Levin, Ed Macarak, and Pam Howard who have helped steer the course of our division's growing interest in basic science. At our weekly meetings our laboratory fellow will summarize their current work. Other ongoing areas of investigation in our labs and elsewhere are discussed. We have always made an effort to try and understand what other groups are doing who are working in the area of bladder smooth muscle research. It occurred to us that the best way to really know what everyone working in this field was doing would be to sponsor a 2-day meeting where we could all gather to discuss our ongoing work. A major limitation of the annual meeting of the American Urologic Association or the urology section of the American Academy of Pediatrics is that the scientfic sessions are limited as these are meant to be primarily clinical meetings (as they should be). For this reason the idea of a meeting devoted solely to research about the urinary bladder had great appeal. In addition to allowing for longer presentations than the standard 5 to 7 minutes, every effort would be made to encourage a dialogue amongst the presenters and the audience.

Animals and plants live in changing environmental conditions which require adaptation in order to cope with this. Some of these environmental changes serve as signals which have to be "sensed" and interpreted correctly by the organisms to initiate the adaptation. This signal processing is based on biochemical, molecular and neuronal processes which are discussed in this book. All examples given underline that continuous adjustment of physiological functions is an essential requirement for life and survival in complex changing environments.

Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction is the only comprehensive textbook covering major topics in the reproductive biology of vertebrates, from sexuality and gametogenesis to reproductive ecology and life history tactics. The work draws heavily on recent reviews and papers while placing topics in a historical context and conceptual framework. In addition, the author provides detailed comparative surveys of each of the major topics discussed. Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction has been written as a textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate-level students in biology, zoology, physiology, animal science, and veterinary medicine. The work also serves as an excellent reference for researchers in medical and veterinary schools working in reproductive medicine.

The study of primate locomotion is a unique discipline that by its nature is interdis ciplinary, drawing on and integrating research from ethology, ecology, comparative anat omy, physiology, biomechanics, paleontology, etc. When combined and focused on particular problems this diversity of approaches permits unparalleled insight into critical aspects of our evolutionary past and into a major component of the behavioral repertoire of all animals. Unfortunately, because of the structure of academia, integration of these different approaches is a rare phenomenon. For instance, papers on primate behavior tend to be published in separate specialist journals and read by subgroups of anthropologists and zoologists, thus precluding critical syntheses. In the spring of 1995 we overcame this compartmentalization by organizing a con ference that brought together experts with many different perspectives on primate locomo tion to address the current state of the field and to consider where we go from here. The conference, Primate Locomotion-1995, took place thirty years after the pioneering confer ence on the same topic that was convened by the late Warren G. Kinzey at Davis in 1965."

The Office of Health and Environmental Research (OHER) has supported and continues to support development of computational approaches in biology and medicine. OHER's Radiological and Chemical Physics Program initiated development of computational approaches to determine the effects produced by radiation of different quality (such as high energy electrons, protons, helium and other heavy ions, etc. ) in a variety of materials of biological interest-such as water, polymers and DNA; these include molecular excitations and sub-excitations and the production of ionization and their spatial and temporal distribution. In the past several years, significant advances have been made in computational methods for this purpose. In particular, codes based on Monte Carlo techniques have .been developed that provide a realistic description of track-structure produced by charged particles. In addition, the codes have become sufficiently sophisticated so that it is now possible to calculate the spatial and temporal distribution of energy deposition patterns in small volumes of subnanometer and nanometer dimensions. These dimensions or resolution levels are relevant for our understanding of mechanisms at the molecular level by which radiations affect biological systems. Since the Monte Carlo track structure codes for use in radiation chemistry and radiation biology are still in the developmental stage, a number of investigators have been exploring different strategies for improving these codes."

Among the fishes, a remarkably wide range of biological adaptations to diverse habitats has evolved. As well as living in the conventional habitats of lakes, ponds, rivers, rock pools and the open sea, fish have solved the problems of life in deserts, in the deep sea, in the cold Antarctic, and in warm waters of high alkalinity or of low oxygen. Along with these adaptations, we find the most impressive specializations of morphology, physiology and behaviour. For example we can marvel at the high-speed swimming of the marlins, sailfish and warm-blooded tunas, air breathing in catfish and lungfish, parental care in the mouth-brooding cichlids and viviparity in many sharks and toothcarps. Moreover, fish are ofconsiderable importance to the survival ofthe human species in the form of nutritious and delicious food of numerous kinds. Rational exploitation and management of our global stocks of fishes must rely upon a detailed and precise insight of their biology. The Chapman and Hall Fish and Fisheries Series aims to present timely volumes reviewing important aspects of fish biology. Most volumes will be of interest to research workers in biology, zoology, ecology and physiology, but an additional aim is for the books to be accessible to a wide spectrum ofnon specialist readers ranging from undergraduates and postgraduates to those with an interest in industrial and commercial aspects of fish and fisheries."

To humans, cold has a distinctly positive quality. 'Frostbite', 'a nip in the air', 'biting cold', all express the concept of cold as an entity which attacks the body, numbing and damaging it in the process. Probably the richness of descriptive English in this area stems from the early experiences of a group of essentially tropical apes, making their living on a cold and windswept island group half way between the Equator and the Arctic. During a scientific education we soon learn that there is no such thing as cold, only an absence of heat. Cold does not invade us; heat simply deserts. Later still we come to appreciate that temperature is a reflection of kinetic energy, and that the quantity of kinetic energy in a system is determined by the speed of molecular movement. Despite this realization, it is difficult to abandon the sensible prejudices of palaeolithic Homo sapiens shivering in his huts and caves. For example; appreciating that a polar bear is probably as comfortable when swimming from ice floe to ice floe as we are when swimming in the summer Mediterranean is not easy; understanding the thermal sensa tions of a 'cold-blooded' earthworm virtually impossible. We must always be wary of an anthropocentric attitude when considering the effects of cold on other species."