Enamel, the shiny material covering the teeth of vertebrates is the hardest tissue the vertebrate body can produce and one of the most impressive products of biomineralization. This hard tissue is closely related to feeding, the first part in the energy intake process so basic to vertebrate life. Enamel has a complex internal microstructure full of phylogenetic and biomechanic information.
Topics covered: Ontogeny; Crystallite level; Prism level; Enamel type level; Schmelzmuster level; Dentition level; Evolution; Biomechanical level; Glossary.

Multimodal Management of Canine Osteoarthritis, Second Edition takes an evidence-based approach to the canine patient with osteoarthritis, pursuing the objective of the best available medicine by a variety of means: multiple drugs, agents, adjuncts and delivery methods. Appreciating that surgical intervention may initially be required, particularly for stabilizing a joint, the major focus in this work is the conservative management of osteoarthritis. A clear and visual approach is taken with the overlapping of two three-pointed triangles of management: medical and non-medical. The completely updated new edition offers a major new chapter on Regenerative Medicine in collaboration with Drs Sherman Canapp and Brittany Jean Carr. It is recommended for any small animal veterinary practitioner, as well as researchers and students of the RCVS CertAVP.

Intravenous infusion is a necessary mode of delivery for many pharmaceuticals currently on the market or undergoing clinical trials. The technique of prolonged intravenous delivery in conscious, free-moving animal models has broadened the opportunity to study and evaluate the safety and efficacy of these therapeutic products. For the first time, the collective sciences involved in the understanding of this mode of drug delivery are brought together in one publication. Non-Clinical Vascular Infusion Technology, Volume I: The Science covers the scientific principles behind the delivery systems, from both physical and physiological standpoints. The book addresses body fluid dynamics, describes the scientific processes necessary to understand the various aspects of the physico-chemical issues relating to vascular infusion delivery, and discusses vascular infusion dynamics. It also considers all the essential elements of the preparation of a formulation intended for vascular delivery as well as assessment of compatibility of the formulation with the dosing apparatus. This volume, along with Volume II: The Techniques, provides a foundation of knowledge on infusion technology and its importance for safe clinical use of substances via this route of delivery. Features Identifies and shares best practices for non-clinical vascular infusion Presents modern practices and procedures in line with up-to-date equipment development Offers recommendations for in-life assessments in order to monitor the success or problems with the vascular infusion delivery Makes comparisons with human data in many areas

Intravenous infusion is a necessary mode of delivery for many pharmaceuticals currently on the market or undergoing clinical trials. The technique of prolonged intravenous delivery in conscious, free-moving animal models has broadened the opportunity to study and evaluate the safety and efficacy of these therapeutic products. With contributions from an international selection of authors who are leaders in commercial infusion technology, Non-Clinical Vascular Infusion Technology, Volume II: The Techniques provides a current account of the techniques involved in all the major laboratory animal species for conducting successful vascular infusion studies with xenobiotics. Following in the footsteps of the highly praised Handbook of Pre-Clinical Continuous Intravenous Infusion, this new volume covers both up-to-date procedures and equipment. It is organized by species, including all those commonly used in pre-clinical studies: rat, mouse, dog, minipig, large primate, and marmoset. There are also chapters on juvenile studies and reproductive toxicity studies. Each section addresses the selection of the best model, surgical and non-surgical best practices, practical techniques, equipment selection, and commonly encountered background pathologies. Using a fresh approach, the authors identify best practices to be shared across the industry, and provide guidance on choices for the most acceptable methodologies from an animal welfare perspective. This volume, along with Volume I: The Science, provides a foundation of knowledge on infusion technology and its importance for safe clinical use of substances via this route of delivery. Features: Emphasizes best practices in accordance with the 3Rs-reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal usage in laboratories Presents step-by-step procedures and practical tips covering a wide range of common animal models, augmented by the liberal use of illustrations Covers modern practices and procedures in accordance with up-to-date equipment development

Nutrient management is an important aspect of feeding livestock and poultry. Today, there is more attention directed toward this issue in animal production than ever before. The heightened awareness of the environmental impacts associated with animal production has caused animal nutritionists to refocus their thoughts, practices, and expectations regarding how nutrients are supplied to animals. In addition, the increase in the size and intensity of modern production units demands new technologies for enhancing nutrient utilization and for reducing the amount of nutrients excreted. Covering these issues and more, Nutrient Management of Food Animals to Enhance and Protect the Environment is a reference tool for agricultural industry leaders, private practitioners, government agencies, and researchers.

Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases of the Dog and Cat is the ultimate reference for veterinarians and other professionals trying to diagnose and treat both common and less frequently diagnosed diseases and conditions of the ear, nose and throat. The book is divided into four sections: The Ear, The Nose, The Throat and Surgery of the Ear, Nose and Throat. Each of the first three sections begins by discussing anatomy and physiology and then reviews a wide variety of diagnostic procedures including video-endoscopic examination of the external ear canal, nose and throat, radiography and advanced imaging, and histopathological examination of biopsy samples. Chapters in each of the three sections then provide a detailed and extensive review of the diseases of the pinna, external ear canal, middle ear and inner ear - nasal planum, nasal cavities and sinuses and nasopharynx - pharynx and larynx. The final section opens with a chapter on perioperative management with subsequent chapters that cover surgery of the ear, nose and throat. Extensively referenced, and including nearly 500 color illustrations to assist in diagnosis and treatment, the book is an invaluable resource for both veterinarians in training and in practice for the accurate diagnosis and management of diseases of the ear, nose and throat.

This work offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of cytokine biology in veterinary and agricultural species, describing the role of cytokines in physiological and pathological processes. It addresses recent advances and new information on the function of cytokines in reproduction, detoxification of xenobiotics, growth modulation and other areas, and discusses the approaches to and pitfalls of studying cytokines in animals.

This book is focused on the principals and methods of using growth layers formed in teeth and bones of mammals and to make a judgement on essential traits of the animal's life history. Nearly in all mammalian species including man, the age of individuals can be determined from the number of growth layers and, at least in some of them, it is possible to estimate the season of an animal's birth and death, the age of sexual maturation, periodicity of reproduction, certain feeding habits and other aspects of the individual's biology. It is also possible, from tooth enamel analysis, to assess dose of radiation accumulated by animals and human beings during their lifetime. The book is intended mainly for zoologists, wild-game biologists, and zoo-archaeologists, but some of the sections can also be of interest for anthropologists, radio-ecologists and conservation biologists.

This updated monograph deals with methanogenic endosymbionts of anaerobic protists, in particular ciliates and termite flagellates, and with methanogens in the gastrointestinal tracts of vertebrates and arthropods. Further chapters discuss the genomic consequences of living together in symbiotic associations, the role of methanogens in syntrophic degradation, and the function and evolution of hydrogenosomes, hydrogen-producing organelles of certain anaerobic protists. Methanogens are prokaryotic microorganisms that produce methane as an end-product of a complex biochemical pathway. They are strictly anaerobic archaea and occupy a wide variety of anoxic environments. Methanogens also thrive in the cytoplasm of anaerobic unicellular eukaryotes and in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. The symbiotic methanogens in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants and other "methanogenic" mammals contribute significantly to the global methane budget; especially the rumen hosts an impressive diversity of methanogens. This makes this updated volume an interesting read for scientists and students in Microbiology and Physiology.

This book presents a comprehensive and coherent picture of how molecules diffuse across a liquid that is, on average, only two molecules thick. It begins by characterizing bilayers structurally, using X-ray diffraction, and then mechanically by measuring elastic moduli and mechanisms of failure. Emphasis is placed on the stability and mechanical properties of plant membranes that are subject to very large osmotic and thermal stresses. Using this information, the transport of molecules of increasing complexity across bilayers is analyzed.

William Harvey (1578-1657) was a rebel in medical science: Contrary to contemporary practice, he began his epoch-making investigation into the action of the heart and the blood's circulation by minutely observing their action in live animals and by a lengthy series of dissections, rather than by mere reliance on the anatomical lessons of ancient medicine and philosophy. "On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals", including explanations of heart valves and arterial pulse, stands as a triumph of true scientific inquiry, and is still regarded as one of the greatest discoveries in physiology.

Mechanisms of Taste Transduction introduces a number of topics essential to a complete understanding of taste. These topics range from the control of food intake to the biophysical mechanisms of transduction and the design of food flavors in the food industry. The responses and organization of special sensory pathways are described in regard to their development, morphology, composition, electrophysiological and biochemical responses. Details are presented at several levels to appeal to researchers in molecular biology, membrane biophysics, human psychophysics, neuroanatomy, and chemistry. Current research is described in the context of what preceding studies have revealed, and the chapter authors are among today's most active and highly respected researchers in the field of chemical senses.

Presented in an easy-to-ready format, Small Animal Imaging: Self-Assessment Color Review offers a case-based approach to reviewing and interpreting images and developing a differential diagnosis when necessary. Each case begins with the patient's age, gender, breed, and species. The reason the patient was brought to the clinic is discussed along with preliminary examination and diagnostic test findings. The book Covers nearly 200 cases with supporting high-quality images for each case Provides detailed answers for each case, including radiographic findings and diagnosis Is written by well-respected experts in the field. A separate section presents detailed answers for each case including information on the radiographic findings. Also included are the radiographic diagnosis, comments, and notes on whether further imaging or evaluation is needed. This guide helps practitioners to develop a systematic approach to reviewing images. The easily-navigable text reminds practitioners of the basics in radiography and ultrasound interpretation and diagnosis, making it a quick and convenient reference.

Not since the early 1970s has there been an attempt to describe and illustrate the anatomy of the developing mouse embryo. More than ever such material is needed by biologists as they begin to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying development and differentiation. After more than ten years of painstaking work, Matt Kaufman has completed The Atlas of Mouse Development--the definitive account of mouse embryology and development.
For all those researching or studying mammalian development, The Atlas of Mouse Development will be the standard reference work for many years to come.
Key Features
* Provides a comprehensive sequential account of the development of the mouse from pre-implantation to term
* Contains clear and concise descriptions of the anatomical features relevant to each stage of development
* Large format for easy use
* Contains explanatory notes and legends, and more than 180 meticulously labeled plates, 1,300 photographs of individual histological sections, and 200 electron micrographs, illustrating:
* Intermittent serial histological sections through embryos throughout embryogenesis and organogenesis
* Differentiation of specific organs and organ systems, including the spinal cord, eyes, gonads, kidneys, lungs and skeletal system
* External appearance of intact embryos throughout development

Structure and Function of Domestic Animals provides a solid introduction to the functional anatomy of domestic animals. The author covers general principles, phenomena, and mechanisms and then supports this information by providing concrete examples, giving you a working understanding of the biology of animals. Line drawings, tables, and text boxes provide supplemental information. The author examines the functions of animals from the basic to the complex. The pragmatic application of these principles allows for the raising and caring for animals with the appropriate regard for their welfare. He covers morphology, myology, electrophysiology, endocrinology, comparative anatomy, metabolism, cell growth and development, and reproductive mechanisms. The mechanism and phenomena described in this book will introduce you to the flexibility or plasticity of normal animal function. The author's pedagogical writing style clearly delineates normal function and abnormal function. Structure and Function of Domestic Animals explores many of the seemingly endless examples of the ways in which animals apply the fundamental principles of chemistry and physics to preserve their integrity. It gives you an insightful overview to a very broad subject.

A major problem with vampire bats is that whatever information exists is scattered throughout the literature or is not recorded. There are some excellent books on the ecology and biology of bats with very little on vampire bats. This volume fills that gap to provide an in-depth presentation of these unique animals.

These volumes provide information which will be helpful to comparative pathologists, veterinarians, and all marine scientists and other individuals who are interested in the study of marine mammals, and the diseases they develop in both their feral and captive environment.This publication is a reflection of the observations of the various authors, some of whom have pioneered in this field, and is an attempt to update the available information concerning the natural diseases, and the corresponding pathologic changes in marine mammals.

The objective of this multi-authored compendium is, therefore, to bring together the state of arts reported in one place. Written by specialists by specialists in various fields of rondentology, and to suggest future lines of research. It is also felt that this work on rodent pest management will trigger more research effort for the benefit of mankind and help certain countries and organizations in revitalizing serious work in this field which, it appears, has dampened during the last few years.

This timely publication updates and standardizes currently used diagnostic procedures for this widespread, economically costly livestock disease. It includes state-of-the-art technology, now in limited use, which will replace the conventional methodology in the near future. The volume covers research done on improved diagnostic techniques, vaccines, taxonomy, epidemiology, pathology, and basic immunology. It is an important literature review for those more established in this field and serves as a guide to researchers or diagnosticians becoming involved with this disease.

These volumes provide information which will be helpful to comparative pathologists, veterinarians, and all marine scientists and other individuals who are interested in the study of marine mammals, and the diseases they develop in both their feral and captive environment.This publication is a reflection of the observations of the various authors, some of whom have pioneered in this field, and is an attempt to update the available information concerning the natural diseases, and the corresponding pathologic changes in marine mammals.

The reviews in this collection are unique in their intent to provide a basis for understanding of the subject. They include historical, descriptive, and comparative information which is not always presented in state of the science reviews. Cholesterol is viewed in each chapter as part of a system structural, kinetic, or metabolic. The complex nature of the place of cholesterol in living systems is illustrated in each chapter.

This book is primarily a monograph of the reproductive diversity among animals, including protozoans. This diversity is listed for each group in Chapter 6; it is cross-listed by process in chapter 7.

Laboratory animals are becoming increasingly important for biomedical research. It is said that approximately 70% of biomedical research is associated with the use of experimental animals. Laboratory animal research not only expands our knowledge of science, but also greatly improves human and animal health. The field of laboratory animal science is ever-growing and changing as new experimental techniques are developed and new animal models are created. It is essential to know not only the biological features of each laboratory animal but also how to use and care for them responsibly in order to perform high-quality experiments. Courses in beginning Laboratory Animal Science are starting to be offered in many universities throughout the world. However, a practical introductory textbook that contains state-of-the-art techniques is still lacking. Fundamentals of Laboratory Animal Science provides comprehensive information on the principles and practices of using laboratory animals for biomedical research. Each individual chapter focuses on a key sub-discipline of laboratory animal science: animal welfare and best humane care practices in the laboratory; the quality control of laboratory animals; the anatomy, physiology, and husbandry of commonly used species; the principles of creating and using animal models for studying human diseases; practical techniques used for laboratory animal experiments; experimental design; and animal experimentation management. Knowledge of this broad spectrum of concepts and skills will ensure research goes smoothly while greatly reducing animal pain and distress. Well-illustrated and thoroughly referenced, this book will serve not only as a standard textbook but also as a handy guide for veterinarians, researchers, animal care staff, administrators, and other professionals who are involved in laboratory animal science.

Volume II features a variety of animal and human prion diseases, including the newly-identified atypical forms of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie in animals, and variably protease-sensitive prionopathy in humans, prions in the environment, Tau pathology in human prion disease, transmission of the disease by blood transfusion, mammalian and non-mammalian models, conventional and advanced diagnoses, prion-specific antibodies, as well as decontamination of prions and development of therapeutics of prion diseases, such as the application of immunomodulation. This volume provides up-to-date knowledge about the etiology, pathogenesis, classification, histopathological, and clinical aspects of the highly publicized animal and human prion diseases.

In the forensic context it is quite common for nonhuman bones to be confused with human remains and end up in the medical examiner or coroner system. It is also quite common for skeletal remains (both human and nonhuman) to be discovered in archaeological contexts. While the difference between human and nonhuman bones is often very striking, it can also be quite subtle. Fragmentation only compounds the problem. The ability to differentiate between human and nonhuman bones is dependent on the training of the analyst and the available reference and/or comparative material.

"Comparative Osteology" is a photographic atlas of common North American animal bones designed for use as a laboratory and field guide by the forensic scientist or archaeologist. The intent of the guide is not to be inclusive of all animals, but rather to present some of the most common species which also have the highest likelihood of being potentially confused with human remains.
* An affordably priced, compact laboratory/field manual, comparing human and nonhuman bones.
* Contains almost 600 high-quality black and white images and diagrams, including inch and centimeter scales with each photograph.
* Written by the foremost forensic scientists with decades of experience in the laboratory and as expert witnesses.
* An additional Companion Web site hosts images from the volume the reader can magnify and zoom into to see specific landmarks and features on bones http: //booksite.academicpress.com/9780123884374"