List of Participants 1 Hypoxia-Induced Intermitochondrial Junctions in the Rabbit Carotid-Body : An Ultrastructural and Experimental Study. A. VERNA. N. TALIB and A. BARETS. 11 Ultrastructural Studies of the Cat Carotid Body Perfused for Short Periods with Physiological Saline Solutions. R.G. O'REGAN. M. KENNEDY. D. COTTELL and S. FEELY. Morphological and Biochemical 19 Characteristics of the Laryngeal Nerve paraganglia. A. DAHLQVIST. S. HELLSTROM. B. CARLSOO. J.M. PEGUIGNOT and S. DOMEIJ. 29 Central Terminations of Carotid Body Chemoreceptor Afferents. D. JORDAN. S. DONOGHUE. R.B. FELDER and K.M. SPYER. 39 Vascular Geometry of Arterial Chemoreceptors: Learning about the Caritud Body by Studying paraganglia of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve D. M. McDONALD and AMY HASKELL. Altered Function of Cat Carotid Body 50 Chemoreceptors in Prolonged Hyperoxia. S. LAHIRI. E. MULLIGAN. A. MORASHI. S. ADNRONIKOU and M. SHIRAHATA. 59 Glycolysis as a Link for Chemoreception? MARCO A. DELPIANO. Spectrophotometric Studies on Carotid 69 Body Tissue. H. ACKER. C. EYZAGUIRRE. ATP Content in the Cat Carotid Body 78 under Different Experimental Conditions. Support for the Metabolic Hypothesis. A. onESO. L. AL~ffiRAZ and C. GONZALEZ. 91 pathways for Calcium Entry into Type I Cells: Significance for the Secretory Response. A. OBESO. S. FIDONE and C. GONZALEZ. Effects of Cyanide and Acetylcholine on 99 Extracellular K+ and Ca++ Activities in the Cat Carotid Body. R.G. O'REGAN and H. ACKER. Application of the Chemiluminescent 108 Method to Carotid Body for Detecting Choline and Acetylcholine. ARCADI GUAL and JORDI HARSAL.

Indonesia possesses the second largest primate population in the world, with over 33 different primate species. Although Brazil possesses more primate species, Indonesia outranks it in terms of its diversity of primates, ranging from prosimians (slow lorises and tarsiers), to a multitude of Old World Monkey species (macaques, langurs, proboscis moneys) to lesser apes (siamangs, gibbons) and great apes (orangutans). The primates of Indonesia are distributed throughout the archipelago. Partly in response to the number of primates distributed throughout the Indonesian archipelago, Indonesia is classified as the home of two biodiversity hotspots (Wallacea and Sundaland). In order to be classified as a hotspot, an area must have a large proportion of endemic species coupled with a high degree of threat including having lost more than 70% of its original habitat. Two areas within Indonesia meet these criteria. The tremendous diversity of primates in Indonesia, in conjunction with the conservation issues facing the primates of this region, created a need for this volume.

Phoridae are probably the insect family with the greatest diversity of larval habits, but the least studied of the large families of flies due to identification difficulties. This book collates what is known about the natural history of the Phoridae world. It reviews eggs and oviposition, larval habits (including saprophages, kleptoparasites, fungus breeders, plant feeders, predator, parasitoids, parasites and enemies), pupae and their enemies, development, adult habits (including feeding, special associations, courtship, mating, phoretic mites and enemies) and ecological aspects. There follows a new user-friendly and extensively illustrated key to world genera and a review of the identification literature for each of the 229 genera recognized. A review of methods and an extensive bibliography complete the work.

In March 1996 the Society of Experimental Biology (UK) together with two other international scientific societies, the Australian and New Zealand Society for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry and the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (formally the American Society for Zoology) joined forces with Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg to produce one of the first fully electronic online, peer-reviewed biological journals, Experimental Biology Online. The present product represents the fruits of this joint venture and encapsulates Volumes 1 and 2 of the journal. This will be an ongoing series such that an archival version of the journal will be available to all libraries as well as the on-line version. At the outset this was "new land" for all concerned but the launching of a journal which would cover experimental biology in terms of Animal, Cell and Plant topics was daunting but we all felt that the use of electronic media and the internet would be ideally suited to this purpose.

Throughout the 1950s, methods of experimental analysis led to a great increase in knowledge of the machinery of insect flight. In this 1957 monograph, Dr Pringle brings together the results of his investigations of the mechanics of wing motion, the structure and physiology of flight muscle, aerodynamics, sense organs and nervous co-ordination, and shows how a common structural plan has been perfected during the course of evolution to produce the variety of form and function found in the different insect orders. Of particular interest is the special type of muscle found only in the higher insects and responsible for the very high wing-beat frequencies of some flies and bees. Many different lines of approach have contributed to the understanding of insect flight, and the subject is of great interest to entomologists, comparative physiologists and biological engineers.

In the mid-sixties, John Robson and Christina Enroth-Cugell, without realizing what they were doing, set off a virtual revolution in the study of the visual system. They were trying to apply the methods of linear systems analysis (which were already being used to describe the optics of the eye and the psychophysical performance of the human visual system) to the properties of retinal ganglion cells in the cat. Their idea was to stimulate the retina with patterns of stripes and to look at the way that the signals from the center and the antagonistic surround of the respective field of each ganglion cell (first described by Stephen Kuffier) interact to generate the cell's responses. Many of the ganglion cells behaved themselves very nicely and John and Christina got into the habit (they now say) of calling them I (interesting) cells. However. to their annoyance, the majority of neurons they recorded had nasty, nonlinear properties that couldn't be predicted on the basis of simple summ4tion of light within the center and the surround. These uncoop erative ganglion cells, which Enroth-Cugell and Robson at first called D (dull) cells, produced transient bursts of impulses every time the distribution of light falling on the receptive field was changed, even if the total light flux was unaltered."

Present knowledge of the mechanisms underlying any single sensory modality is so massive as to discourage effort directed towards completeness. The idea underlying the structure of this volume on "Sensory transduction" was to select just a few topics of general interest, which are currently being investigated and for which a reasonably clear picture is now available. During the last five years there has been a revolution in the way sensory physi ologists think about transduction, and a series of exciting advances have been made in understanding the basic processes of photo transduction, chemotransduction and mechan otransduction. It is clear that in many cases the fundamental processes by which nature attains optimization of performance are similar, and that they have much in common with more general processes of signal recognition by living structures. The molecular events underlying the detection of photons by visual cells, the recognition of a given molecule by a chemoreceptor, or the level of a hormone in the extracellular fluid by a target cell, are all very similar, and involve the activation of a sequence of events leading to a secon d messenger. The 20 papers that form the present volume cover various topics in the field of sensory transduction. They originate from the lectures, seminars and discussions which made up the XVIII Course of the International School of Biophysics held in Erice, 9th - 19th June 1988.

Among the different types of receptors for neurotransmitters, nicotinic acetyl choline receptors were the first to be studied systematically; at present they are very well characterized. This is due to the discovery of two very convenient objects that are endowed with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors - the skeletal muscle and the electric organ. The large size of skeletal muscle fibers, which simplifies the intra cellular recording of transmembrane potentials and currents, played a crucial role in obtaining the fIrst quantitative estimates of the activity of acetylcholine receptors and the kinetics of their interaction with ligands. On the other hand, the extremely high content of receptor protein in the electric organ tissue - two orders higher than in muscle tissue - rendered it highly suitable for studying the biochemistry of recep tors. The combination of pharmacological, electrophysiological, and biochemical approaches resulted in rapid progress in the investigation of acetylcholine receptors. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are also present in the neurons of autonomic ganglia, in the central nervous system of vertebrates, and in the ganglion neurons of invertebrates. Although each of these three types of receptors has its own pharma cological specificity, some of their properties are common and differ from those in the acetylcholine receptors of skeletal muscle and electric organ. One of these differences is that neuronal nicotinic receptors usually coexist in the same nerve cell with other receptors, e. g., muscarinic, serotoninergic, or peptidergic."

The renin-angiotensin system and the mechanisms regulating this system developed during the adaptive evolution of verte brates, along with many other systems involved in the in tegrated survival of the organism. Because animal species have evolved from common ancestral populations, a basis for the comparison of body structures and physiological processes ex ists among animal groups belonging to different classifications. The comparative approach provides a better understanding of the structure and function of adaptive systems and facilitates the development of general principles governing these systems among animal groups; further, this approach reveals significant characteristics specific to certain animal groups. As the evolu tion of adaptation of animals to environmental conditions is explored, directions for future research are suggested. In this book, advances in research on the renin-angiotensin system are described with emphasis on the comparative aspects. However, since studies on the renin-angiotensin system of birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes are limited compared with those con ducted in mammals, in some chapters descriptions are con cerned primarily with mammals. It has taken a long time to write this volume, and the topic is a broad one, with new data always emerging; therefore, certain aspects, and sometimes the most recent information, may not be included. Chapters 1-3 and sections 8. 1-8. 4,8. 6, 8. 7 were written by H. K. ; Chapters 4-7 and Section 8. 5 by Y. T. ; Chapter 9 was written by both authors. H. Uemura, M. Nozaki, Y. Okawara, We are indebted to Drs.

Recent advances in the understanding of the major events that shape the immune recog nition system have been remarkable. The analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene organization and Ig repertoire diversification in lower vertebrates has provided new insight into this process in mammals. Similarly, the understanding of the early development of lymphocytes and of the acquisition of immunological tolerance has been aided by elegant studies in quail/chicken chimeras, using the power of the distinctive markers of the constitutive cells of these birds. Great strides have been made in understanding the role played by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in antigen presentation and in repertoire selec tion within the thymus. The use of transgenic mice expressing specific T-cell receptor (TCR) genes has elucidated the process of both positive and negative selection. In parallel, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of tolerance, based in part on the use of markers for the V fJ genes of T-cell receptors and in part on the analysis of the behavior of long term T-cell lines. This has led to the realization that both clonal deletion and clonal anergy may play critical roles in the maintenance of unresponsiveness to self antigen. Molecular analysis of the requirements for expression of membrane immunoglobulin molecules has revealed the existence of a complex that appears to be of critical importance in mediating signalling through Ig receptors. In addition, major insights have been obtained into the regulation of expression of genes of immunologic interest.

In 1974 when I published my book, Biological Mechanism of Attachment, not many pages were required to report on the attachment devices of insect cuticles. As in most fields of research, our knowledge on this specific subject has simply exploded. Dr. Stanislav N. Gorb now describes the present day level of our knowledge, to which he has personally contributed so much, and a research team working on biological microtribology has gradually developed, also. With modern methods of measurement it is possible to enter the structure - function relationship much more deeply, even down to a molecular level, which was not possible two and a half decades ago. It is a well known fact that, in biology, the more sophisticated the measuring method, the greater the achievement of biological fundamental research, and its resulting evidence. Our knowledge remains at a certain level until new methods once more permit a forward leap. Biological knowledge develops in the form of a stepped curve rather than linear, as reflected in the studies carried out on the attachment devices of insect cuticles.

Recent years have seen great strides in research on the pathogenesis of thromboses, unmatched by progress in other branches of hemostasiology. The orthodox concepts of the mechanisms of thrombus formation described by Virchow have come down to us as a "classical triad" of factors. Now, due to developments in molecular biology, pharmacology, and patho- physiology, they appear in a basically new light. The fruits of modern research, currently being tested or already imple- mented in clinical practice, have opened up the possibility of controlling the hemostatic process and developing effec- tive antithrombotic drugs. Much progress has been achieved in the past years, but much more remains to be achieved in such areas as the patho- genesis of venous and arterial thromboses, early diagnosis, therapy, and control of disorders. Many scientists in the U.S.S.R. are involved in studying these problems. Their data, from years of research carried out in leading laboratories and clinics in the U.S.S.R., are summarized in this monograph. This work is written by experts in various fields of biology and medicine. It deals with new and original con- cepts on the structure and function of the fibrinolytic sys- tem, the role of nonenzymatic fibrinolysis in regulating physiological hemostasis, the heterogeneous and discrete pat- terns of the system regulating blood coagulation, the molecu- lar mechanisms of fibrin polymerization, and the anticoagu- lating effects of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products.

This book is a compilation of the lectures and oral and poster communications presented at the Advanced Study. Institute on "Vascular Endothelium: Physiological Basis of Clinical Problems II," which took place between June 20 and 30, 1992 in Rhodes, Greece. This third in a series of ASIs on vascular endothelium continued on the theme of the first (1988) ASI on "Receptors and Transduction Mechanisms" and particularly expanded that of the 1990 conference on ''Physiological Basis of Clinical Problems. " We continued the successful practice of bringing together clinicians and scientists: this was reflected equally well in the composition of the organizing committee as in the background of the particiJ?ants. Endothelial cell functions and dysfunctions present as many challenges to the mvestigator as they do to the curious clinical practitioner. As these problems are necessarily different, this unique ten-day co-habitation of these individuals continued to offer fresh outlooks to each, stimulated potential collaborative efforts and, most importantly, advanced --ever so slightly--our knowledge of vascular biology. This year's conference was further enriched by the presence of several of our colleagues from Eastern Europe whom we are delighted to welcome as officially sponsored participants to this and future NATO-supported meetings. It is never superfluous to remind readers and participants that those signing at the bottom of this page, while responsible for many of the ASI's and the book's deficiencies, are but three of the many contributors to the successes.

How do vertebrates get the oxygen they need, or even manage without it for shorter or longer periods of time? How do they sense oxygen, how do they take it up from water or air, and how do they transport it to their tissues? Respiratory system adaptations allow numerous vertebrates to thrive in extreme environments where oxygen availability is limited or where there is no oxygen at all. Written for students and researchers in comparative physiology, this authoritative summary of vertebrate respiratory physiology begins by exploring the fundamentals of oxygen sensing, uptake and transport in a textbook style. Subsequently, the reader is shown important examples of extreme respiratory performance, like diving and high altitude survival in mammals and birds, air breathing in fish, and those few vertebrates that can survive without any oxygen at all for several months, showing how evolution has solved the problem of life without oxygen.

How do vertebrates get the oxygen they need, or even manage without it for shorter or longer periods of time? How do they sense oxygen, how do they take it up from water or air, and how do they transport it to their tissues? Respiratory system adaptations allow numerous vertebrates to thrive in extreme environments where oxygen availability is limited or where there is no oxygen at all. Written for students and researchers in comparative physiology, this authoritative summary of vertebrate respiratory physiology begins by exploring the fundamentals of oxygen sensing, uptake and transport in a textbook style. Subsequently, the reader is shown important examples of extreme respiratory performance, like diving and high altitude survival in mammals and birds, air breathing in fish, and those few vertebrates that can survive without any oxygen at all for several months, showing how evolution has solved the problem of life without oxygen.

If this were a traditional textbook of neuroanatomy, many pages would be devoted to a description of the ascending and descending pathways of the spinal cord and several chapters to the organization of the sensory and motor systems, and, perhaps, a detailed discussion of the neurological deficits that follow various types of damage to the nervous system would also be included. But in the first draft of this book, the spinal cord was mentioned only once (in a figure caption of Chapter 2) in order to illustrate the meaning of longitudinal and cross sections. Later, it was decided that even this cursory treatment of the spinal cord went beyond the scope of this text, and a carrot was substituted as the model. The organization of the sensory and motor systems and of the peripheral nervous system have received similar coverage. Thus, this is not a traditional text, and as a potential reader, you may be led to ask, "What's in this book for me?" This book is directed primarily toward those students of behavior who are either bored or frightened by the medically oriented texts that are replete with clinical signs, confusing terminology, and prolix descriptions of the human brain, an organ which is never actually seen in their laboratories. I should hasten to add, however, that this text may also serve some purpose for those who read and perhaps even enjoy the traditional texts.

In the last decade, research on platelet-activating factor (PAF) has expanded exponentially. Previous conferences on PAF in Paris, 1983, and the subsequent conferences in Gatlinburg, Ten nessee, Tokyo, Snowbird, Utah, and Berlin, at three-yearly intervals, have chronicled the devel opments in the field ofPAF. This volume records the proceedings of the Fifth International Con gress on PAF and Related Lipid Mediators, held at the Free University Medical Hospital Ben jamin Franklin in Berlin, from September 12-16, 1995. We are very much indebted to Free Uni versity Berlin for providing tremendous facilities and financial support. It was a great pleasure to have positive and generous input from the German Science Council (DFG), Bonn, Germany, and British.Biotech, Oxford, United Kingdom. Their support was crucial in making the congress a scientific success. Twenty other organizations provided additional financial support, for which we extend our deepest appreciation. The editors would like to thank all of those who participated in this congress and the authors for their contributions. The organization and planning of the Berlin Congress were carried out by an organizing committee. We gratefully acknowledge the support and assistance of the organizing commit tee members, especially Renate Nigam and Renate Roux for their untiring efforts to make the congress successful. Many colleagues also supported the congress with dedication, hard work, and expert input. We are grateful to them. We also wish to acknowledge the support of G. Sravan Kumar and Louis Kock for their efforts in producing this volume."

Fishes are very successful vertebrates and have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, from the deep ocean to the smallest brook or pond. The physiological background to these environmental adaptations is, obviously, far from clear, and provides fish physiologists with many challenges. The number of extant fish species has been estimated to be in excess of 20000, and only relatively few of these have been subject to physiological studies. Yet among these animals can be found many physiological systems different from those of the land-dwelling vertebrates, and also systems similar to those of the 'higher' vertebrates but at a different level of phylogenetic development. Apart from the rapidly increasing interest in basic fish physi ology, the last few years have seen a dramatic increase in applied research, aimed primarily in two directions: fish culture and envi ronmental toxicology. Physiological research is of vital importance in both these fields, and basic fish physiology is a necessary base for the applied research. This book is intended for a wide readership among senior undergraduate, postgraduate and research students, as well as uni versity teachers and researchers in zoology, physiology, aqua culture and biology generally. The book focuses on five major areas of basic and applied research: haemopoiesis, acid-base regu lation, circulation, gastro-intestinal functions and physiological toxicology. The chapters will serve as introductions to these fields, as well as up-to-date reviews of the most recent advances in the research areas."

A number of factors have come together in the last couple of decades to define the emerging interdisciplinary field of structural molecular biology. First, there has been the considerable growth in our ability to obtain atomic-resolution structural data for biological molecules in general, and proteins in particular. This is a result of advances in technique, both in x-ray crystallography, driven by the development of electronic detectors and of synchrotron radiation x-ray sources, and by the development ofNMR techniques which allow for inference of a three-dimensional structure of a protein in solution. Second, there has been the enormous development of techniques in DNA engineering which makes it possible to isolate and clone specific molecules of interest in sufficient quantities to enable structural measurements. In addition, the ability to mutate a given amino acid sequence at will has led to a new branch of biochemistry in which quantitative measurements can be made assessing the influence of a given amino acid on the function of a biological molecule. A third factor, resulting from the exponential increase in computing power available to researchers, has been the emergence of a growing body of people who can take the structural data and use it to build atomic-scale models of biomolecules in order to try and simulate their motions in an aqueous environment, thus helping to provide answers to one of the most basic questions of molecular biology: the relation of structure to function.

The present volume originated from the workshop "Transduction in Biological Sys tems," held at the Marine Biological Station of the Universidad de Valparaiso, Mon temar, Chile, May 23-30, 1988, and contains contributions from most of the partici pants in the workshop. The title of both the workshop and the book reflects accurately the central theme discussed during several days of intense debate and profound intellectual exchange in the peaceful environment offered by the central coast of Chile. It was apparent that the workshop was a great success-a sentiment expressed by many seasoned attendees, some of whom dared opinions as strong as "It was the best ever." There is no single reason to explain why this workshop was so successful. Certainly instrumental was the incredible effort displayed by the Chilean Organizing Committee in selecting adequate facilities and in organizing social events that supplemented the scien tific sessions and provided an authentic fraternal environment for the participants. Equally important were the foreign participants, who enthusiastically gave of their time to take part in the event, and the students, who came from Chile as well as from several other Latin American countries, and who applied the necessary pressure in their repeated demands for scientific clarity, accuracy, and sincerity."

Writers on arthropod water relationships range from bio physicists and biochemists to population ecologists-a fact that gives cause to wonder whether the field is already too heterogeneous to be written about in a single book by a single author. I have partly avoided the problem by concentrating largely on physiological mechanisms and by omitting most aspects of behavioural regulation and most aspects of heat balance and body temperature, except when these impinge directly on water balance. Even within this limited field there has been a lot of work during the past twenty years, as a result of which some problems have been solved (or at least more clearly defined), and many others have been opened up. On the whole there has been a welcome change to a more rigorous experimental approach and it is now possible for water balance people to state their problems in physiological terms. Good progress has been made towards understanding the mechanisms involved in nearly all avenues of water uptake and loss, although problems indeed remain. The cuticle has yielded part of its secrets to electron micrography, but ex ploration by means oflipid biochemistry among other techniques is necessary for a real understanding of cuticle permeability."

During the past few decades, much research has been reported on the formation of insoluble monomolecular films of lipids and biopolymers (synthetic polymers and proteins) on the surface of water or at the oil-water interface. This interest arises from the fact that monomolecular film studies have been found to provide much useful information on a molecular scale, information that is useful for understanding many industrial and biological phenomena in chemical, agricultural, pharmaceutical, medical, and food science applications. For instance, information obtained from lipid monolayer studies has been useful in determining the forces that are known to stabilize emulsions and biological cell membranes. The current texts on surface chemistry generally devote a single chapter to the characteristics of spread monolayers of lipids and biopolymers on liquids, and a researcher may have to review several hundred references to determine the procedures needed to investigate or analyze a particular phenomenon. Furthermore, there is an urgent need at this stage for a text that discusses the state of the art regarding the surface pheqomena exhibited by lipids and biopolymers, as they are relevant to a wide variety of surface and interfacial processes.

Fluorescence microscopy images can be easily integrated into current video and computer image processing systems. People like visual observation; they like to watch a television or computer screen, and fluorescence techniques are thus becoming more and more popular. Since true in vivo experiments are simple to perform, samples can be directly seen and there is always the possibility of manipulating the samples during the experiments; it is an ideal technique for biology and medicine. Images are obtained by a classical (now called wide-field) fluorescence microscope, a confocal scanning microscope, upright or inverted, with epifluorescence or transmission. Computerized image processing may improve definition, and remove glare and scattered light signal. It also makes it possible to compute ratio images (ratio imaging both in excitation and in emission) or lifetime imaging. Image analysis programs may supply a great deal of additional data of various types, starting with calculations of the number of fluorescent objects, their shapes, brightness, etc. Fluorescence microscopy data may be complemented by classical measurement in the cuvette yr by flow cytometry.

Amino acid transport is a part of each of two larger subjects, amino acid metabolism and the biomembrane transport of various . small molecules and ions. Nevertheless in this volume we treat amino acid transport as more than a fragment of either of these two larger subjects. A more comprehensive approach is justified when we remember two historic and ongoing aspects of the title subject. First, amino acid transport had its beginning and acquired a distinct momentum (even if somewhat interrupted from 1913 until about 1945) as amino acid metabolism with the central and pioneer work of Van Slyke and Meyer in 1913. The reviews in this volume will show that it steadily becomes a larger aspect of amino acid metabolism, broadly perceived. These chapters will show for how many organelles, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, the transmembrane compartmentations and flows of amino acids play very large parts in their fundamental biological relations. The authors here are tending collectively to evaluate an understanding of amino acid flows across biomernbranes, and the regulation of these flows, as necessary to an ultimate understanding of the full range of development and metabolism. Such an understanding goes far beyond the purely substrate-destabilizing contributions by enzymes, which have often been arbitrarily limited to that conceptual entity, "the cell," and which for so long a splendid time had most of biochemical research attention.