Advancements in digital sensor technology, digital image analysis techniques, as well as computer software and hardware have brought together the fields of computer vision and photogrammetry, which are now converging towards sharing, to a great extent, objectives and algorithms. The potential for mutual benefits by the close collaboration and interaction of these two disciplines is great, as photogrammetric know-how can be aided by the most recent image analysis developments in computer vision, while modern quantitative photogrammetric approaches can support computer vision activities. Devising methodologies for automating the extraction of man-made objects (e.g. buildings, roads) from digital aerial or satellite imagery is an application where this cooperation and mutual support is already reaping benefits. The valuable spatial information collected using these interdisciplinary techniques is of improved qualitative and quantitative accuracy. This book offers a comprehensive selection of high-quality and in-depth contributions from world-wide leading research institutions, treating theoretical as well as implementational issues, and representing the state-of-the-art on this subject among the photogrammetric and computer vision communities.

Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a remarkable technique for recording low-level light signals with extremely high precision and picosecond-time resolution. TCSPC has developed from an intrinsically time-consuming and one-dimensional technique into a fast, multi-dimensional technique to record light signals. So this reference and text describes how advanced TCSPC techniques work and demonstrates their application to time-resolved laser scanning microscopy, single molecule spectroscopy, photon correlation experiments, and diffuse optical tomography of biological tissue. It gives practical hints about constructing suitable optical systems, choosing and using detectors, detector safety, preamplifiers, and using the control features and optimising the operating conditions of TCSPC devices. Advanced TCSPC Techniques is an indispensable tool for everyone in research and development who is confronted with the task of recording low-intensity light signals in the picosecond and nanosecond range.

"The monograph by Dr Wolfgang Becker is a complete and lucid summary of both the basic principles and the state-of-the-art of TCSPC. This book contains descriptions that are only available from the primary literature or specialized web sites. An understanding of the present technology will allow the reader to make effective use of the multi-dimensional capabilities of modern time-resolved fluorescence instruments."
Joseph R. Lakowicz, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,

Following on from "Optical Fiber Sensors", Volumes 1 and 2, this third volume discusses the significance and applications of recent fibre optic development, including: Fiber Bragg grating and its impact on the basis of sensing technology; optical fibre amplifiers and their emergence as an important optical source when configured as a laser and as a broadband photoluminescent device; and the developments of distributed sensing.

'Data acquisition' is concerned with taking one or more analogue signals and converting them to digital form with sufficient accu racy and speed to be ready for processing by a computer. The increasing use of computers makes this an expanding field, and it is important that the conversion process is done correctly because information lost at this stage can never be regained, no matter how good the computation. The old saying - garbage in, garbage out - is very relevant to data acquisition, and so every part of the book contains a discussion of errors: where do they come from, how large are they, and what can be done to reduce them? The book aims to treat the data acquisition process in depth with less detailed chapters on the fundamental principles of measure ment, sensors and signal conditioning. There is also a chapter on software packages, which are becoming increasingly popular. This is such a rapidly changing topic that any review of available pro grams is bound to be out of date before the book reaches the read ers. For this reason, I have described the data handling which is available in various types of program and left it to the reader to select from whatever is on the market at the time."

It is a great pleasure to be asked to write the Preface for this book on trellis decoding of error correcting block codes. The subject is extremely significant both theoretically and practically, and is very timely because of recent devel opments in the microelectronic implementation and range of application of error-control coding systems based on block codes. The authors have been notably active in signal processing and coding research and development for several years, and therefore very well placed to contribute to the state of the art on the subject of trellis decoding. In particular, the book represents a unique approach to many practical aspects of the topic. As the authors point out, there are two main classes of error control codes: block codes and convolutinal codes. Block codes came first historically and have a well-developed mathematical structure. Convolutional codes come later, and have developed heuristically, though a more formal treatment has emerged via recent developments in the theory of symbolic dynamics. Max imum likelihood (ML) decoding of powerful codes in both these classes is computationally complex in the general case; that is, ML decoding fails into the class of NP-hard computational problems. This arieses because the de coding complexity is an exponential function of key parameters of the code."

Vertival-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are one of the most promising new developments in laser physics. Covering such a wide range of topics such as operation principles, design considerations and performance measurements, this book is the first of its kind in that it provides readers with a comprehensive account of the latest technological developments in VCSEL devices. In fact, all the chapters are written by pioneers and key experts who have exclusive access to the most up-to-date innovations in the respective fields. Readers will come to appreciate to all the crucial aspects of VCSEL devices. Theories and simulations as well as experiments are discussed in the book.

This monograph explores Intrabody communication (IBC) as a novel non-RF wireless data communication technique using the human body itself as the communication channel or transmission medium. In particular, the book investigates Intrabody Communication considering limb joint effects within the transmission frequency range 0.3-200 MHz. Based on in-vivo experiments which determine the effects of size, situations, and locations of joints on the IBC, the book proposes a new IBC circuit model explaining elbow joint effects. This model not only takes the limb joint effects of the body into account but also considers the influence of measurement equipment in higher frequency band thus predicting signal attenuation behavior over wider frequency ranges. Finally, this work proposes transmitter and receiver architectures for intrabody communication. A carrier-free scheme based on impulse radio for the IBC is implemented on a FPGA.

This book is a compendium of the finest research in nanoplasmonic sensing done around the world in the last decade. It describes basic theoretical considerations of nanoplasmons in the dielectric environment, gives examples of the multitude of applications of nanoplasmonics in biomedical and chemical sensing, and provides an overview of future trends in optical and non-optical nanoplasmonic sensing. Specifically, readers are guided through both the fundamentals and the latest research in the two major fields nanoplasmonic sensing is applied to - bio- and chemo-sensing - then given the state-of-the-art recipes used in nanoplasmonic sensing research.

Traditional Pattern Recognition (PR) and Computer Vision (CV) technologies have mainly focused on full automation, even though full automation often proves elusive or unnatural in many applications, where the technology is expected to assist rather than replace the human agents. However, not all the problems can be automatically solved being the human interaction the only way to tackle those applications. Recently, multimodal human interaction has become an important field of increasing interest in the research community. Advanced man-machine interfaces with high cognitive capabilities are a hot research topic that aims at solving challenging problems in image and video applications. Actually, the idea of computer interactive systems was already proposed on the early stages of computer science. Nowadays, the ubiquity of image sensors together with the ever-increasing computing performance has open new and challenging opportunities for research in multimodal human interaction. This book aims to show how existing PR and CV technologies can naturally evolve using this new paradigm. The chapters of this book show different successful case studies of multimodal interactive technologies for both image and video applications. They cover a wide spectrum of applications, ranging from interactive handwriting transcriptions to human-robot interactions in real environments.

This book presents advances in matrix and tensor data processing in the domain of signal, image and information processing. The theoretical mathematical approaches are discusses in the context of potential applications in sensor and cognitive systems engineering.
The topics and application include Information Geometry, Differential Geometry of structured Matrix, Positive Definite Matrix, Covariance Matrix, Sensors (Electromagnetic Fields, Acoustic sensors) and Applications in Cognitive systems, in particular Data Mining."

This book highlights the rapidly developing field of advanced optical methods for structural and functional brain imaging. As is known, the brain is the most poorly understood organ of a living body. It is indeed the most complex structure in the known universe and, thus, mapping of the brain has become one of the most exciting frontlines of contemporary research. Starting from the fundamentals of the brain, neurons and synapses, this book presents a streamlined and focused coverage of the core principles, theoretical and experimental approaches, and state-of-the-art applications of most of the currently used imaging methods in brain research. It presents contributions from international leaders on different photonics-based brain imaging modalities and techniques. Included are comprehensive descriptions of many of the technology driven spectacular advances made over the past few years that have allowed novel insights of the structural and functional details of neurons. The book is targeted at researchers, engineers and scientists who are working in the field of brain imaging, neuroscience and connectomics. Although this book is not intended to serve as a textbook, it will appeal to undergraduate students engaged in the specialization of brain imaging.

This volume includes proceedings articles presented at the Workshop on Paralinguistic Information and its Integration in Spoken Dialogue Systems held in Granada, Spain. The material focuses on the three broad areas of spoken dialogue systems for robotics, emotions and spoken dialogue systems, and Spoken dialogue systems for real-world applications

The workshop proceedings are part of the 3rd Annual International Workshop on Spoken Dialogue Systems, which brings together researchers from all over the world working in the field of spoken dialogue systems. It provides an international forum for the presentation of research and applications, and for lively discussions among researchers as well as industrialists.

Deals with both the ultrashort laser-pulse technology in the few- to mono-cycle region and the laser-surface-controlled scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM) extending into the spatiotemporal extreme technology. The former covers the theory of nonlinear pulse propagation beyond the slowly-varing-envelope approximation, the generation and active chirp compensation of ultrabroadband optical pulses, the amplitude and phase characterization of few- to mono-cycle pulses, and the feedback field control for the mono-cycle-like pulse generation. In addition, the wavelength-multiplex shaping of ultrabroadband pulses, and the carrier-phase measurement and control of few-cycle pulses are described. The latter covers the CW-laser-excitation STM, the femtosecond-time-resolved STM and atomic-level surface phenomena controlled by femtosecond pulses.

This graduate-level text presents the fundamental physics of solid-state lasers, including the basis of laser action and the optical and electronic properties of laser materials. After an overview of the topic, the first part begins with a review of quantum mechanics and solid-state physics, spectroscopy, and crystal field theory; it then treats the quantum theory of radiation, the emission and absorption of radiation, and nonlinear optics; concluding with discussions of lattice vibrations and ion-ion interactions, and their effects on optical properties and laser action. The second part treats specific solid-state laser materials, the prototypical ruby and Nd-YAG systems being treated in greatest detail; and the book concludes with a discussion of novel and non-standard materials. Some knowledge of quantum mechanics and solid-state physics is assumed, but the discussion is as self-contained as possible, making this an excellent reference, as well as useful for independent study.

The thesis presents experimental and theoretical results about the surface dynamics and the surface Dirac fermion (DF) spectral function of the strong topological insulators Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3. The experimental results reveal the presence of a strong Kohn anomaly in the measured surface phonon dispersion of a low-lying optical mode, and the absence of surface Rayleigh acoustic phonons. Fitting the experimental data to theoretical models employing phonon Matsubara functions allowed the extraction of the matrix elements of the coupling Hamiltonian and the modifications to the surface phonon propagator that are encoded in the phonon self-energy. This allowed, for the first time, calculation of phonon mode-specific DF coupling (q) from experimental data, with average coupling significantly higher than typical values for metals, underscoring the strong coupling between optical surface phonons and surface DFs in topological insulators. Finally, to connect to experimental results obtained from photoemission spectroscopies, an electronic (DF) Matsubara function was constructed using the determined electron-phonon matrix elements and the optical phonon dispersion. This allowed calculation of the DF spectral function and density of states, allowing for comparison with photoemission and scanning tunneling spectroscopies. The results set the necessary energy resolution and extraction methodology for calculating from the DF perspective.

This book describes breath signal processing technologies and their applications in medical sample classification and diagnosis. First, it provides a comprehensive introduction to breath signal acquisition methods, based on different kinds of chemical sensors, together with the optimized selection and fusion acquisition scheme. It then presents preprocessing techniques, such as drift removing and feature extraction methods, and uses case studies to explore the classification methods. Lastly it discusses promising research directions and potential medical applications of computerized breath diagnosis. It is a valuable interdisciplinary resource for researchers, professionals and postgraduate students working in various fields, including breath diagnosis, signal processing, pattern recognition, and biometrics.

The unprecedented growth in the range of multimedia services offered these days by modern telecommunication systems has been made possible only because of the advancements in signal processing technologies and algorithms. In the area of telecommunications, application of signal processing allows for new generations of systems to achieve performance close to theoretical limits, while in the area of multimedia, signal processing the underlying technology making possible realization of such applications that not so long ago were considered just a science fiction or were not even dreamed about. We all learnt to adopt those achievements very quickly, but often the research enabling their introduction takes many years and a lot of efforts. This book presents a group of invited contributions, some of which have been based on the papers presented at the International Symposium on DSP for Communication Systems held in Coolangatta on the Gold Coast, Australia, in December 2003. Part 1 of the book deals with applications of signal processing to transform what we hear or see to the form that is most suitable for transmission or storage for a future retrieval. The first three chapters in this part are devoted to processing of speech and other audio signals. The next two chapters consider image coding and compression, while the last chapter of this part describes classification of video sequences in the MPEG domain.

This book addresses challenges faced by both the algorithm designer and the chip designer, who need to deal with the ongoing increase of algorithmic complexity and required data throughput for today s mobile applications. The focus is on implementation aspects and implementation constraints of individual components that are needed in transceivers for current standards, such as UMTS, LTE, WiMAX and DVB-S2. The application domain is the so called outer receiver, which comprises the channel coding, interleaving stages, modulator, and multiple antenna transmission. Throughout the book, the focus is on advanced algorithms that are actually in use
in modern communications systems. Their basic principles are always derived with a focus on the resulting communications and implementation performance. As a result, this book serves as a valuable reference for two, typically disparate audiences in communication systems and hardware design."

The photorefractive effect is now firmly established as one of the highest-sensitivity nonlinear optical effects, making it an attractive choice for use in many optical holographic processing applications. As with all technologies based on advanced materials, the rate of progress in the development of photorefractive applications has been principally limited by the rate at which breakthroughs in materials science have supplied better photorefractive materials. The last ten years have seen an upsurge of interest in photorefractive applications because of several advances in the synthesis and growth of new and sensitive materials. This book is a collection of many of the most important recent developments in photorefractive effects and materials. The introductory chapter, which provides the necessary tools for understanding a wide variety of photorefractive phenomena, is followed by seven contributed chapters that offer views of the state-of-the-art in several different material systems. The second chapter represents the most detailed study to date on the growth and photorefractive performance of BaTi03, one of the most important photorefractive ferroelectrlcs. The third chapter describes the process of permanently fixing holographic gratings in ferroelectrics, important for volumetric data storage with ultra-high data densities. The fourth chapter describes the discovery and theory of photorefractive spatial solitons. Photorefractive polymers are an exciting new class of photo refractive materials, described in the fifth chapter. Polymers have many advantages, primarily related to fabrication, that could promise a breakthrough to the marketplace because of ease and low-cost of manufacturing.

Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Sensor Technology The field of optical fiber sensors continues to expand and develop, being increasingly influenced by new applications of the technologies that have been the topics of research for some years. In this way, the subject continues to mature and reach into new areas of engineering. This text in the series on Optical Fiber Sensor Technology provides a foundation for a better understanding of those developments in the basic science and its applications in fiber sensors, underpinning the subject today. This book builds upon the work in an earlier single volume which covered a broad area of the subject, but which now, in this, volume 1 of the series, focuses upon the fundamentals and essentials of the technology. Material which is included has been carefully reviewed and in most cases thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the current state of the subject, and provide an essential background for the more applications-oriented content of the subsequent volumes of the series. This volume opens with a status paper on optical fiber sensor technology, by Kenneth Grattan and Tong Sun providing in it a flavor of the main topics in the field and giving an essential overview at the sort of systems which are discussed in more detail in the other chapters in the whole series. An extensive publication list of readily accessible papers reflecting these topics is included.

This book covers the diagnosis and assessment of the various faults which can occur in a three phase induction motor, namely rotor broken-bar faults, rotor-mass unbalance faults, stator winding faults, single phasing faults and crawling. Following a brief introduction, the second chapter describes the construction and operation of an induction motor, then reviews the range of known motor faults, some existing techniques for fault analysis, and some useful signal processing techniques. It includes an extensive literature survey to establish the research trends in induction motor fault analysis. Chapters three to seven describe the assessment of each of the five primary fault types. In the third chapter the rotor broken-bar fault is discussed and then two methods of diagnosis are described; (i) diagnosis of the fault through Radar analysis of stator current Concordia and (ii) diagnosis through envelope analysis of motor startup current using Hilbert and Wavelet Transforms. In chapter four, rotor-mass unbalance faults are assessed, and diagnosis of both transient and steady state stator current has been analyzed using different techniques. If both rotor broken-bar and rotor-mass unbalance faults occur simultaneously then for identification an algorithm is provided in this chapter. Chapter five considers stator winding faults and five different analysis techniques, chapter six covers diagnosis of single phasing faults, and chapter seven describes crawling and its diagnosis. Finally, chapter eight focuses on fault assessment, and presents a summary of the book together with a discussion of prospects for future research on fault diagnosis.

In the thirty years since the invention of the CO2 gas laser, the major design issue has shifted from how to obtain the desired power level to how to achieve reliable operation. At the same time, the opening of many laser development facilities in the Former Soviet Union has allowed their achievements and design approaches to be understood and appreciated for the first time. Further, the industrial laser user community has identified a number of emerging applications at higher power levels (15-20 kW) than are attainable by most commercial devices. In High Power Lasers - Science and Engineering, the designers, developers and users of high-power gas laser systems discuss design approaches, methods of enhancing performance, new applications, and user requirements.

This timely resource guides novices and experts through the jungle of infrared (IR) technology and applications available today. It explains contempoary technologies with enough detail for engineers or scientists, and with appropriate clarity and conciseness for managers.

Practical methods for the optimal analysis of multispectral and hyperspectral image data

The field of remote sensing is a cross-disciplinary one, involving professionals ranging from signal processing engineers to earth science researchers to private and public sector practitioners, in nearly every region of the globe. The Signal Theory Approach offers powerful methods for analyzing the complex data involved in this field–methods which may not be familiar to many in non-engineering fields. In contrast to previous broad surveys of the subject, Signal Theory Methods in Multispectral Remote Sensing focuses on the practical knowledge data users of all types must have to optimally analyze multispectral and hyperspectral image data.

Both a textbook and self-teaching reference for professionals in the field, this book covers the fundamentals of the analysis of multispectral and hyperspectral image data from the point of view of signal processing engineering. Avoiding topics common to general treatments of remote sensing but not germane to practical applications, it offers concise discussions of:

• Pattern recognition methods as applied to the analysis of multivariate remotely sensed data
• The scene and sensor parts of a passive optical remote sensing system
• The statistical approach, including first-and second-order decision boundaries, error estimation, feature selection, and clustering
• Spectral feature design, the incorporation of spatial variations, noise in remote sensing systems, and other methods necessary for hyperspectral analysis

As hyperspectral data becomes more widely available, the need for practical ways to analyze the very large volume of hyperspectral data on a personal computer makes this an extremely timely and useful reference for all professionals and researchers involved in remote sensing.

This work presents an introduction, by leading experts in the field, to optical designs for handling the efficient routing of photonic information. This book fully explains electrical versus optical issues, the promise and diversity of optical interconnection, and the advantages, costs and tradeoffs. The reproducability, manufacturability, testability, and reliability are discussed at length for each design approach given. The text rigorously examines the real optical interconnection issues.