Recent advances in theory and observations using passive microwave remote sensing have hightlighted the potential of spaceborne sensors for contributing to the required land surface measurements of soils, vegetation, snow cover and precipitation. Furthermore, the spatial resolution of passive microwave observations matches the special scales of large-scale models of land-atmosphere interactions both for data assimilation and validation. In order to stimulate and focus this research a workshop, sponsored by ESA and NASA, was organized to review the state-of-the-art in microwave radiometry related to land applications and to exchange ideas leading into new directions for future research. This volume contains the refereed papers from the aforementioned ESA/NASA workshop, which are arranged by topic, as well as the (edited) working group reports.

Intelligent Machine Vision: Techniques, Implementations & Applications brings together the central issues involved in this exciting and topical subject.Drawing on half a century of combined experience, the authors describe state of the art and the latest developments in the field, including:- fundamentals of 'intelligent' image processing, specifically intended for Machine Vision systems;- algorithm optimization;- implementation in high-speed electronic digital hardware;- implementation in an integrated high-level software environment;- applications for industrial product quality and process control.There are hundreds of illustrations in the book, most of them created using the author's 'PIP' software - a sophisticated intelligent image processing package.A demonstration version of this software, as well as numerous examples from the book, are available at the authors' Web site: http://bruce.cs.cf.ac.uk/bruce/index.html

In this thesis, Matthias Heydt applies digital in-line holography to achieve for the first time a complete three dimensional and real time motion analysis of Ulva zoospores, both in solution and in the vicinity of different surfaces. These results provide previously unknown information about the behavior and mechanism spores use to select a suitable site for settlement. This work gives deeper insight into biofouling algae and stimulates new design strategies for antifouling coatings. Furthermore, the tracking system developed during this research could be used as a new system for assessing the antifouling performance on different surfaces at very early points in time, allowing disentanglement of surface conditioning and interaction of spores with pristine chemistries.

Dead-Reckoning aided with Doppler velocity measurement has been the most common method for underwater navigation for small vehicles. Unfortunately DR requires frequent position recalibrations and underwater vehicle navigation systems are limited to periodic position update when they surface. Finally standard Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers are unable to provide the rate or precision required when used on a small vessel. To overcome this, a low cost high rate motion measurement system for an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) with underwater and oceanographic purposes is proposed. The proposed onboard system for the USV consists of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) with accelerometers and rate gyros, a GPS receiver, a flux-gate compass, a roll and tilt sensor and an ADCP. Interfacing all the sensors proved rather challenging because of their different characteristics. The proposed data fusion technique integrates the sensors and develops an embeddable software package, using real time data fusion methods, for a USV to aid in navigation and control as well as controlling an onboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). While ADCPs non-intrusively measure water flow, the vessel motion needs to be removed to analyze the data and the system developed provides the motion measurements and processing to accomplish this task.

Session 1 Elementary Excitations and Excitation Transport.- Picosecond Resolved Optically Driven Phonon Dynamics.- Relaxation and Propagation of High Frequency Phonons in Thin Crystalline Plates After Intense Laser Pumping.- Evolution in Real Time and Space of Short Polariton Pulses in Crystals.- Quasielastic Electronic Light Scattering in Semiconductors at Low Concentrations of Current Carriers.- Condensed Matter Science With Far Infra Red Free Electron Lasers (Abstract).- Nonequilibrium Terahertz Range Acoustic Phonons and Luminescence of Excitons in Semiconductors.- Session II Optical Properties of Surfaces and Interfaces.- Nonlinear Optical Studies of Molecular Adsorbates.- Enhancement of Exciton Transition Probabilities in Ultrathin Films of Cadmium Telluride.- Studies of Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces by Three Wave Mixing Spectroscopy (Abstract).- Time-Resolved Resonant Reflection of Light.- Femtosecond Photoemission Studies of Image Potential and Electron Dynamics in Metals.- High Intensity, Ultrashort Pulse Laser Heated Solids.- Session III Optical Studies of Growth, Instabilities and Pattern Formation.- Control of Transversal Interactions in Nonlinear Optics: New Spatio-Temporal Effects in Nonlinear Wave Dynamics (Abstract).- Synchronization of Atomic Quantum Transitions by Light Pulses.- Chaos in Nonlinear Optics.- Self-Organizaiton and Spatio-Temporal Chaos in Phase-Locked Semiconductor Laser Arrays (Abstract).- Competitive and Cooperative Dynamics in Optical Neural Networks (Abstract).- Transitions Between Ordered and Disordered Solid-Melt Patterns Formed on Silicon by Continuous Laser Beams: Competition Between Electrodynamics and Thermodynamics.- Session IV Elementary Excitations and Excitation Transport.- Light Scattering in Oxide Superconductors.- Raman Scattering in High-Tc Superconductors YBa2Cu3Ox With Different Oxygen Contents.- Raman Scattering from High Temperature Superconductors.- Decay of Exciton Gratings in Anthracene: Anisotropy of Lowest Exciton Bands and Coexistence of Longpath and Shortpath Waveguide Modes.- Excitation Transport in Polymeric Solids.- Vibron Lifetimes in Molecular Crystals.- Session V Optical Properties of Critical Phenomena Random Systems, and Coherent Phenomena.- Anomalies of the Elastic Light Scattering at Phase Transitions in Crystals with Point Defects.- Dynamical Fluctuations in a Dipolar Glass.- Localization of Light in Random Media (Abstract).- Quantum Optic and Transient Effects of Excitonic Polaritons, and Properties of Phonoritons.- Nonclassical Field Correlations in Quantum Optics (Abstract).- Phase-Conjugated Wave Enhanced by Weak Localization of Exciton-Polaritons.- Session VI Nonlinear Optical Properties of Semiconductors Organics and Fibers.- The Historical Relationship Between Nonlinear Optics and Condensed Matter (Abstract).- Optical Nonlinearities Enhanced by Carrier Transport.- Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials and Devices for Optoelectronics (Abstract).- Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities of Surface Layers of Metals and Super- and Semiconductors Related to Electronic Structure and Crystal Symmetry.- Second Harmonic Generation in Optical Fibers.- Nonlinear Optical Probes of Glassy Polymers.- Session VII Quantum Wells.- Photoluminescence of Hot Electrons and Scattering Processes in Quantum-Well Structures.- High Resolution Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy Measurements of Exciton Dynamics in GaAs Quantum Well Structures.- Optical Spectroscopy in the Regime of the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect.- Geminate Recombination in MQW Structures in a Magnetic Field.- Investigation of Two-Electron-Hole Pair Resonances in Semiconductor Quantum Dots.- Many Body Effects in Homogeneous Quasi 2D Electron-Hole Plasma in Undoped and Modulation Doped InGaAs Single Quantum Wells.- Session VIII Recent Significant Developments.- Pulsed Diffusing-Wave Spectroscopy in Dense Colloids.- Waves on Corrugated Surfaces: K-Gaps and Enhanced Backscattering.- Black Hole Radiation: Can Vir...

This book provides detailed and current information on using fullerenes (bucky-balls) in photodynamic therapy (PDT), one of the most actively studied applications of photonic science in healthcare. This will serve as a useful source for researchers working in photomedicine and nanomedicine, especially those who are investigating PDT for cancer treatment and infectious disease treatment. The book runs the gamut from an introduction to the history and chemistry of fullerenes and some basic photochemistry, to the application of fullerenes as photosensitizers for cancer and antimicrobial inactivation.

This book presents Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Networks (ICISN 2022), held at Hanoi in Vietnam. It includes peer reviewed high quality articles on Intelligent System and Networks. It brings together professionals and researchers in the area and presents a platform for exchange of ideas and to foster future collaboration. The topics covered in this book include- Foundations of Computer Science; Computational Intelligence Language and speech processing; Software Engineering Software development methods; Wireless Communications Signal Processing for Communications; Electronics track IoT and Sensor Systems Embedded Systems; etc.

This book presents lectures given at the 8th International Workshop on Spoken Dialog Systems. As agents evolve in terms of their ability to carry on a dialog with users, several qualities are emerging as essential components of a successful system. Users do not carry on long conversations on only one topic-they tend to switch between several topics. Thus the authors are observing the emergence of multi-domain systems that enable users to seamlessly hop from one domain to another. The systems have become active social partners. Accordingly, work on social dialog has become crucial to active and engaging human-robot/agent interaction. These new systems call for a coherent framework that guides their actions as chatbots and conversational agents. Human-Robot/Agent assessment mechanisms naturally lend themselves to this task. As these systems increasingly assist humans in a multitude of tasks, the ethics of their existence, their design and their interaction with users are becoming crucial issues. This book discusses the essential players and features involved, such as chat-based agents, multi-domain dialog systems, human-robot interaction, social dialog policy, and advanced dialog system architectures.

Nonlinearities and optics, optoelectronics and fiber communications are discussed systematically in this book. In a unified theoretical treatment, the book addresses the three categories of materials: fibers, semiconductors, and nonlinear crystals. In each case emphasis is placed on the nonlinear character of their refractive indices and optical absorption. The text also gives an in-depth analysis of the uses and limitations of phontonic nonlinearities with regard to wavelength division multiplexing and high-speed fiber communications. It will be of interest to graduate students as well as researchers and engineers in the fields of nonlinear optics and optical communications.

An image or video sequence is a series of two-dimensional (2-D) images sequen tially ordered in time. Image sequences can be acquired, for instance, by video, motion picture, X-ray, or acoustic cameras, or they can be synthetically gen erated by sequentially ordering 2-D still images as in computer graphics and animation. The use of image sequences in areas such as entertainment, visual communications, multimedia, education, medicine, surveillance, remote control, and scientific research is constantly growing as the use of television and video systems are becoming more and more common. The boosted interest in digital video for both consumer and professional products, along with the availability of fast processors and memory at reasonable costs, has been a major driving force behind this growth. Before we elaborate on the two major terms that appear in the title of this book, namely motion analysis and image sequence processing, we like to place them in their proper contexts within the range of possible operations that involve image sequences. In this book, we choose to classify these operations into three major categories, namely (i) image sequence processing, (ii) image sequence analysis, and (iii) visualization. The interrelationship among these three categories is pictorially described in Figure 1 below in the form of an "image sequence triangle.""

This book presents the design of modular architecture flight simulators. Safe transportation of people and goods is one of the main directions for the development of the world economy. At the same time, in conditions of constantly increasing intensity of air traffic, the actions of people, responsible for piloting aircraft and air traffic control are of particular importance. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the process of training such specialists. This book describes various flight simulators of an aircraft, as well as to assess the impact of various characteristics of aviation simulators on the quality of skills of aviation specialists. The book discusses the following issues: 1) method of setting dynamic parameters; 2) methods of correction of simulator parameters, according to expert opinions of operating organizations; 3) modules of simulators of operation of various aircraft units and flight conditions; 4) prospects for the development of aviation simulators; 5) collection and evaluation of information in the process of training on aviation simulators.

Provides a comprehensive guide to measurements with lasers Examines the design of optical and laser-based instruments Reviews the development of measurement strategies Includes two new chapters on self-mixing interferometry and quantum sensing Includes end of chapter problems

This book gives an overview of the latest progress in the domain of quantum imaging. It reflects three and a half years of research carried out by leading specialists in the area within the Quantum Imaging network, a research programme of the European Community.

Quantum Imaging is a newly born branch of quantum optics that investigates the ultimate performance limits of optical imaging allowed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Using the methods and techniques from quantum optics, quantum imaging addresses the questions of image formation, processing and detection with sensitivity and resolution exceeding the limits of classical imaging.

Covers principles, applications, and issues pertaining to all major elecro-optical displays presently in use, with discussion of display evaluation characteristics and human factor topics. Coverage includes: liquid crystal (LC) display properties, matrix addressing, and photoaddressing issues; time-

In the past few decades, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has become an indispensable tool in modern medicine, with MRI systems now available at every major hospital in the developed world. But for all its utility and prevalence, it is much less commonly understood and less readily explained than other common medical imaging techniques. Unlike optical, ultrasonic, X-ray (including CT), and nuclear medicine-based imaging, MRI does not rely primarily on simple transmission and/or reflection of energy, and the highest achievable resolution in MRI is orders of magnitude smaller that the smallest wavelength involved. In this book, MRI will be explained with emphasis on the magnetic fields required, their generation, their concomitant electric fields, the various interactions of all these fields with the subject being imaged, and the implications of these interactions to image quality and patient safety. Classical electromagnetics will be used to describe aspects from the fundamental phenomenon of nuclear precession through signal detection and MRI safety. Simple explanations and Illustrations combined with pertinent equations are designed to help the reader rapidly gain a fundamental understanding and an appreciation of this technology as it is used today, as well as ongoing advances that will increase its value in the future. Numerous references are included to facilitate further study with an emphasis on areas most directly related to electromagnetics.

This book presents the proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Signal Processing and Information Communications (ICSPIC)), which was held in Paris, France on March 14-16, 2022. The conference solicits papers on all aspects of signal processing and information communications, which includes mixed signal processing, multimedia signal processing, nonlinear signal processing, communication theory and techniques, optical communications, and wireless networks. The conference is made up of theorists and experts in advanced characterization techniques in the fields of signal processing and information communications, which brings researchers, practitioners, and scientists in discussion of the latest methods, research developments, and future opportunities.

The authors of this book provide the first review of haptic optical tweezers, a new technique which brings together force feedback teleoperation and optical tweezers. This technique allows users to explore the microworld by sensing and exerting piconewton-scale forces with trapped microspheres. The design of optical tweezers for high-quality haptic feedback is challenging, given the requirements for very high sensitivity and dynamic stability. The concept, design process and specification of optical tweezers reviewed throughout this book focus on those intended for haptic teleoperation. The authors provide two new specific designs as well as the current state of the art. Furthermore, the remaining important issues are identified for further developments. Haptic optical tweezers will soon become an invaluable tool for force feedback micromanipulation of biological samples and nano- and micro-assembly parts.

The imaging of moving organs such as the heart, in particular, is a real challenge because of its movement. This book presents current and emerging methods developed for the acquisition of images of moving organs in the five main medical imaging modalities: conventional X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear imaging and ultrasound. The availability of dynamic image sequences allows for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of an organ s dynamics, which is often linked to pathologies.

Starting from fundamentals and moving through a thorough discussion of equipment, methods, and techniques, the Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy provides a unique reference source that will be of value for many years to come for this important new analysis method. The authors, with a total of over 60 years of experience in the LIBS method, use a combination of tutorial discussions ranging from basic principles up to more advanced descriptions along with extensive figures and photographs to clearly explain topics addressed in the text. In this second edition, chapters on the use of statistical analysis and advances in detection of weapons of mass destruction have been added. Tables of data related to analysis with LIBS have been updated. The Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Second Edition: * provides a thorough but understandable discussion of the basic principles of the method based on atomic emission spectroscopy, including recently available data leading to better characterization of the LIBS plasma; * presents a discussion of the many advantages of the method along with limitations, to provide the reader a balanced overview of capabilities of the method; * describes LIBS instrumentation ranging from basic set-ups to more advanced configurations; * presents a comprehensive discussion of the different types of components (laser, spectrometers, detectors) that can be used for LIBS apparatuses along with suggestions for their use, as well as an up-to-date treatment of the newest advances and capabilities of LIBS instruments; * presents the analytical capabilities of the method in terms of detection limits, accuracy, and precision of measurements for a variety of different sample types; * discusses methods of sampling different media such as gases, liquids, and solids; * presents an overview of some real-world applications of the method, with new emphasis on sampling of biologically and physically dangerous materials; * provides an up-to-date list of references to LIBS literature along with the latest detection limits and a unique list of element detection limits using a uniform analysis method; * provides annotated examples of LIBS spectra which can serve as references for the general reader and will be especially useful for those starting out in the field.

This book includes a comprehensive presentation of the fundamental physics of optical matter, the definition of material physical properties, the listing and comparison of the physical properties of infrared optical materials, and the theory, design, and survey of infrared optical coatings.

Leyton's Process Grammar has been applied by scientists and engineers in many disciplines including medical diagnosis, geology, computer-aided design, meteorology, biological anatomy, neuroscience, chemical engineering, etc. This book demonstrates the following:

The Process Grammar invents several entirely new concepts in biological morphology and manufacturing design, and shows that these concepts are fundamentally important.

The Process Grammar has process-inference rules that give, to morphological transitions, powerful new "causal explanations."

Remarkably, the book gives a profound "unification" of "biological morphology" and "vehicle design."

The book invents over 30 new CAD operations that realize fundamentally important functions of a product.

A crucial fact is that the Process Grammar is an example of the laws in Leyton's Generative Theory of Shape which give the ability to recover the "design intents "for which the shape features of a CAD model were created. The book demonstrates that the Process Grammar recovers important design intents in biological morphology and manufacturing design. In large-scale manufacturing systems, the recovery of design intents is important for solving the interoperability problem and product lifecycle management.

This book is one of a series of books in Springer that elaborates Leyton's Generative Theory of Shape.

In this introduction to vision models and their use in image and video processing applications, prominent authors take on an engineering and signal processing approach. It is intended for an engineering audience that wants to use and become familiar with vision models.

Total coverage of photonics for students and engineers developing fiber and integrated optics systems

Elements of Photonics is a textbook and reference that treats the connection between photons and electrons. This second volume focuses specifically on photonics for fiber and integrated optics.

Topics essential to modern optical communication systems–including optical fibers, quantum electronics, optical amplifiers, lasers, and solitons, among others–are discussed in detail with abundant practical examples. A concluding chapter that applies the design skills developed throughout Volumes I and II to realistic problems in fiber optic communications makes this the ideal textbook and resource for engineers developing fiber optic communication systems as well as for students aspiring to this career.

Volume II of Elements of Photonics also includes detailed sections on the following topics:

• Planar optical guides for integrated optics
• Optical waveguides and devices for integrated optics
• Modes and dispersion in optical fibers
• Detecting light
• Transmitters
• Stationary and solitary solutions in a nonlinear medium

This book is the result of two decades of research work which started with an accidental observation. One of my students, Dipl. phys. Volkmar Lenz, - ticed that the speckle pattern of laser light scattered by a cuvette containing diluted milk performed a strange motion every time he came near the cuvette with his thumb. After thinkingabout this e?ect we came to the conclusion that this motion can only be caused by scatteringparticles with di?erent velocities, as in the case of the di?raction pattern of an optical grating: A linear motion of the grating does not change the pattern whereas a rotation of the grating does. The observed speckle motion could then be explained qualitatively as produced by the inhomogeneous velocity of the convection within the cuvette which was produced by the heat of the thumb. The theoretical treatment of this e?ect revealed that the velocity gradient of the light scattering medium is responsible for the speckle motion. The idea to use this e?ect for developingmeasurement techniques for velocity gradients arose almost immediately. For that purpose we had to develop not only experimental set-ups to measure the pattern velocity but also the theory which describes the connection between this velocity and the velocity gradient. The result of this work together with the description of a method developed by another group forms the contents of this book. I am indebted to the students who worked in my laboratory and developed the measurement techniques. These were, in temporal order, Dr.