The quantum statistical properties of the light wave generated in a semiconductor laser or a light-emitting diode (LED) has been a field of intense research for more than a decade. This research monograph discusses recent research activities in nonclassical light generation based on semiconductor devices. This volume is composed of four major parts. The first discusses the generation of sub-shot-noise light in macroscopic pn junction light-emitting devices, including semiconductor laser and light-emitting diodes. The second part discusses the application of squeezed light in high-precision measurement, including spectroscopy and interferometry. The third part addresses the Coulomb blockade effect in a mesoscopic pn junction and the generation of single photon states. The last part covers the detection of single photons using a visible light photon counter.

This book covers the physics, technology and applications of short pulse laser sources that generate pulses with durations of only a few optical cycles. The basic design considerations for the different systems such as lasers, parametric amplifiers and external compression techniques which have emerged over the last decade are discussed to give researchers and graduate students a thorough introduction to this field. The existence of these sources has opened many new fields of research that were not possible before. These are UV and EUV generation from table-top systems using high-harmonic generation, frequency metrology enabling optical frequency counting, high-resolution optical coherence tomography, strong-field ultrafast solid-state processes and ultrafast spectroscopy, to mention only a few. Many new applications will follow. The book attempts to give a comprehensive, while not excessive, introduction to this exciting new field that serves both experienced researchers and graduate students entering the field.

The first half of the book covers the current physical principles, processes and design guidelines to generate pulses in the optical range comprising only a few cycles of light. Such as the generation of relatively low energy pulses at high repetition rates directly from the laser, parametric generation of medium energy pulses and high-energy pulses at low repetition rates using external compression in hollow fibers. The applications cover the revolution in frequency metrology and high-resolution laser spectroscopy to electric field synthesis in the optical range as well as the emerging field of high-harmonic generation and attosecond science, high-resolution optical imaging and novel ultrafast dynamics in semiconductors. These fields benefit from the strong electric fields accompanying these pulses in solids and gases during events comprising only a few cycles of light.

This book presents posits a solution to the current limitations in global connectivity by introducing a global laser/optical communication system using constellation satellites, UAVs, HAPs and Balloons. The author outlines how this will help to satisfy the tremendous increasing demand for data exchange and information between end-users worldwide including in remote locations. The book provides both fundamentals and the advanced technology development in establishing worldwide communication and global connectivity using, (I) All-Optical technology, and (ii) Laser/Optical Communication Constellation Satellites (of different types, sizes and at different orbits), UAVs, HAPs (High Altitude Platforms) and Balloons. The book discusses step-by-step methods to develop a satellite backbone in order to interconnect a number of ground nodes clustered within a few SD-WAN (software-defined networking) in a wide area network (WAN) around the world in order to provide a fully-meshed communication network. This book pertains to anyone in optical communications, telecommunications, and system engineers, as well as technical managers in the aerospace industry and the graduate students, and researchers in academia and research laboratory. Proposed a solution to the limitations in global connectivity through a global laser/optical communication system using constellation satellites, UAVs, HAPs and Balloons; Provides both fundamentals and the advanced technology development in establishing global communication connectivity using optical technology and communication constellation satellites; Includes in-depth coverage of the basics of laser/optical communication constellation satellites.

This book presents the design requirements of antenna integration for modern commercial devices such as smartphones, dongles, and access points. Practical use-case scenarios of smartphone and the design process of the antenna system for the same are highlighted. The feasibility of scaling up sub-6GHz to mmWave antennas is also discussed in detail followed by a plethora of design examples which could be panel mounted to modern-day commercial smartphones. The unique requirement of gain switchability is introduced with feasible practical antenna designs. High efficiency antennas for 5G base stations is introduced along with a design example on planar all-metallic antenna. Beam switchability requirement for base station is illustrated with a couple of compact antenna system examples. Variety of feeding techniques for mmWave antennas is elaborated in this book. Finally, low-cost antenna designs for future wireless devices are illustrated.

The book features selected high-quality papers presented at International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE 2022), jointly organized by University of Malaya and Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research India during January 8-9, 2022, at NCR New Delhi, India. The book focuses on current development in the fields of electrical and electronics engineering. The book covers electrical engineering topics-power and energy including renewable energy, power electronics and applications, control, and automation and instrumentation-and covers the areas of robotics, artificial intelligence and IoT, electronics devices, circuits and systems, wireless and optical communication, RF and microwaves, VLSI, and signal processing. The book is beneficial for readers from both academia and industry.

This book is instrumental to building a bridge between scientists and clinicians in the field of spine imaging by introducing state-of-the-art computational methods in the context of clinical applications. Spine imaging via computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other radiologic imaging modalities, is essential for noninvasively visualizing and assessing spinal pathology. Computational methods support and enhance the physician's ability to utilize these imaging techniques for diagnosis, non-invasive treatment, and intervention in clinical practice. Chapters cover a broad range of topics encompassing radiological imaging modalities, clinical imaging applications for common spine diseases, image processing, computer-aided diagnosis, quantitative analysis, data reconstruction and visualization, statistical modeling, image-guided spine intervention, and robotic surgery. This volume serves a broad audience as contributions were written by both clinicians and researchers, which reflects the intended readership as well, being a potentially comprehensive book for all spine related clinicians, technicians, scientists, and graduate students.

This book presents how to apply recent machine learning (deep learning) methods for the task of speech quality prediction. The author shows how recent advancements in machine learning can be leveraged for the task of speech quality prediction and provides an in-depth analysis of the suitability of different deep learning architectures for this task. The author then shows how the resulting model outperforms traditional speech quality models and provides additional information about the cause of a quality impairment through the prediction of the speech quality dimensions of noisiness, coloration, discontinuity, and loudness.

This book brings together papers presented at The 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in China (ChinaAI) 2020, which provides a venue to disseminate the latest developments and to discuss the interactions and links between these multidisciplinary fields. Spanning topics covering all topics in artificial intelligence with new development in China, this book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, researchers and engineers from academia and industry as well as government employees (such as NSF, DOD and DOE).

This book introduces readers to the polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) system, its information processing, and imaging applications. The content is divided into three main parts: Part I, on the research scope of PolSAR, addresses the underlying theory and system design, polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR), compact PolSAR, and calibration of PolSAR. Part II, which focuses on information processing, highlights the new theories and methods used in PolSAR, such as statistical properties analysis for images, speckle reduction, image enhancement, polarimetric target decomposition, and classification of PolSAR target detection. In turn, Part III, on the applications of polarimetric SAR, discusses the geophysical parameter retrieval of PolSAR data, polarimetric interferometric SAR information processing, compact polarimetric interferometric SAR information processing, and the effects of terrain tilt in azimuth direction on PolSAR data. The book provides a comprehensive and systematic guide to the system, integrating theory and practice, and has a highly application-oriented focus. Presenting new theories, methods and achievements made in polarimetric microwave imaging in recent years, it offers a valuable asset for researchers, engineers and scientists in the area of remote sensing and radar imaging. It can also be used as a reference book for university educators and graduate students.

This book describes synergetic innovation opportunities offered by combining the field of power conversion with the field of integrated circuit (IC) design. The authors demonstrate how integrating circuits enables increased operation frequency, which can be exploited in power converters to reduce drastically the size of the discrete passive components. The authors introduce multiple power converter circuits, which are very compact as result of their high level of integration. First, the limits of high-power-density low-voltage monolithic switched-capacitor DC-DC conversion are investigated to enable on-chip power granularization. AC-DC conversion from the mains to a low voltage DC is discussed, enabling an efficient and compact, lower-power auxiliary power supply to take over the power delivery during the standby mode of mains-connected appliances, allowing the main power converter of these devices to be shut down fully.

The semiconductor laser, invented over 50 years ago, has had an enormous impact on the digital technologies that now dominate so many applications in business, commerce and the home. The laser is used in all types of optical fibre communication networks that enable the operation of the internet, e-mail, voice and skype transmission. Approximately one billion are produced each year for a market valued at around $5 billion. Nearly all semiconductor lasers now use extremely thin layers of light emitting materials (quantum well lasers). Increasingly smaller nanostructures are used in the form of quantum dots. The impact of the semiconductor laser is surprising in the light of the complexity of the physical processes that determine the operation of every device. This text takes the reader from the fundamental optical gain and carrier recombination processes in quantum wells and quantum dots, through descriptions of common device structures to an understanding of their operating characteristics. It has a consistent treatment of both quantum dot and quantum well structures taking full account of their dimensionality, which provides the reader with a complete account of contemporary quantum confined laser diodes. It includes plenty of illustrations from both model calculations and experimental observations. There are numerous exercises, many designed to give a feel for values of key parameters and experience obtaining quantitative results from equations. Some challenging concepts, previously the subject matter of research monographs, are treated here at this level for the first time.

This book describes techniques for time-interleaving a number of analog-to-digital data converters to achieve demanding bandwidth requirements. Readers will benefit from the presentation of a low-power solution that can be used in actual products, while alleviating the time-varying signal artifacts that typically arise when implementing such a system architecture.

The sampling lattice used to digitize continuous image data is a signi?cant determinant of the quality of the resulting digital image, and therefore, of the e?cacy of its processing. The nature of sampling lattices is intimately tied to the tessellations of the underlying continuous image plane. To allow uniform sampling of arbitrary size images, the lattice needs to correspond to a regular - spatially repeatable - tessellation. Although drawings and paintings from many ancient civilisations made ample use of regular triangular, square and hexagonal tessellations, and Euler later proved that these three are indeed the only three regular planar tessellations possible, sampling along only the square lattice has found use in forming digital images. The reasons for these are varied, including extensibility to higher dimensions, but the literature on the rami?cations of this commitment to the square lattice for the dominant case of planar data is relatively limited. There seems to be neither a book nor a survey paper on the subject of alternatives. This book on hexagonal image processing is therefore quite appropriate. Lee Middleton and Jayanthi Sivaswamy well motivate the need for a c- certedstudyofhexagonallatticeandimageprocessingintermsoftheirknown uses in biological systems, as well as computational and other theoretical and practicaladvantagesthataccruefromthisapproach. Theypresentthestateof the art of hexagonal image processing and a comparative study of processing images sampled using hexagonal and square grids.

Lasers are relatively recent additions to the analytical scientist's arsenal. Because of this, many analysts-whether their concern is research or some range of applications-are in need of a tutorial introduction not only to the principles of lasers, their optics, and radiation, but also to their already diverse and burgeoning applications. The artic1es presented in this volume, carefully enhanced and edited from lectures prepared for the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry 1979 Summer Symposium, are designed to provide just such a broad introduction to the subject. Thus, in addition to several excellent chapters on laser fundamentals, there are many practically oriented artic1es dealing with laser analytical methodology, inc1uding techniques based on the absorption oflaser radiation, on laser-induced fluorescence, and on some of the uses of lasers in chemical instru mentation. The first of these sections is pivotal and reflects in part our philosophy in organizing this collection. The authors of the initial chapters were invited not only because of their expertise in the field of lasers and analytical chemistry, but also because their didactic approach to writing and their c1arity of presentation were well known to us. It is our hope that individual readers with little knowledge of lasers will gain from these introductory chapters sufficient information to render the later, more detailed artic1es both useful and meaningful."

This book establishes a unified framework for dealing with typical engineering complications arising in modern, complex, large-scale networks such as parameter uncertainties, missing measurement and cyber-attack. Distributed Filtering, Control and Synchronization is a timely reflection on methods designed to handle a series of control and signal-processing issues in modern industrial engineering practice in areas like power grids and environmental monitoring. It exploits the latest techniques to handle the emerging mathematical and computational challenges arising from, among other things, the dynamic topologies of distributed systems and in the context of sensor networks and multi-agent systems. These techniques include recursive linear matrix inequalities, local-performance and stochastic analyses and techniques based on matrix theory. Readers interested in the theory and application of control and signal processing will find much to interest them in the new models and methods presented in this book. Academic researchers can find ideas for developing their own research, graduate and advanced undergraduate students will be made aware of the state of the art, and practicing engineers will find methods for addressing practical difficulties besetting modern networked systems

This book presents Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Networks (ICISN 2021), held at Hanoi in Vietnam. It includes peer-reviewed high-quality articles on intelligent system and networks. It brings together professionals and researchers in the area and presents a platform for exchange of ideas and to foster future collaboration. The topics covered in this book include-foundations of computer science; computational intelligence language and speech processing; software engineering software development methods; wireless communications signal processing for communications; electronics track IoT and sensor systems embedded systems; etc.

This book covers several aspects of the operational amplifier and includes theoretical explanations with simplified expressions and derivations. The book is designed to serve as a textbook for courses offered to undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled in electronics and communication engineering. The topics included are DC amplifier, AC/DC analysis of DC amplifier, relevant derivations, a block diagram of the operational amplifier, positive and negative feedbacks, amplitude modulator, current to voltage and voltage to current converters, DAC and ADC, integrator, differentiator, active filters, comparators, sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveform generators, phase lock loop (PLL), etc. This book contains two parts-sections A and B. Section A includes theory, methodology, circuit design and derivations. Section B explains the design and study of experiments for laboratory practice. Laboratory experiments enable students to perform a practical activity that demonstrates applications of the operational amplifier. A simplified description of the circuits, working principle and practical approach towards understanding the concept is a unique feature of this book. Simple methods and easy steps of the derivation and lucid presentation are some other traits of this book for readers that do not have any background information about electronics. This book is student-centric towards the basics of the operational amplifier and its applications. The detailed coverage and pedagogical tools make this an ideal textbook for students and researchers enrolled in senior undergraduate and beginning postgraduate electronics and communication engineering courses.

Tensor is a natural representation for multi-dimensional data, and tensor computation can avoid possible multi-linear data structure loss in classical matrix computation-based data analysis. This book is intended to provide non-specialists an overall understanding of tensor computation and its applications in data analysis, and benefits researchers, engineers, and students with theoretical, computational, technical and experimental details. It presents a systematic and up-to-date overview of tensor decompositions from the engineer's point of view, and comprehensive coverage of tensor computation based data analysis techniques. In addition, some practical examples in machine learning, signal processing, data mining, computer vision, remote sensing, and biomedical engineering are also presented for easy understanding and implementation. These data analysis techniques may be further applied in other applications on neuroscience, communication, psychometrics, chemometrics, biometrics, quantum physics, quantum chemistry, etc. The discussion begins with basic coverage of notations, preliminary operations in tensor computations, main tensor decompositions and their properties. Based on them, a series of tensor-based data analysis techniques are presented as the tensor extensions of their classical matrix counterparts, including tensor dictionary learning, low rank tensor recovery, tensor completion, coupled tensor analysis, robust principal tensor component analysis, tensor regression, logistical tensor regression, support tensor machine, multilinear discriminate analysis, tensor subspace clustering, tensor-based deep learning, tensor graphical model and tensor sketch. The discussion also includes a number of typical applications with experimental results, such as image reconstruction, image enhancement, data fusion, signal recovery, recommendation system, knowledge graph acquisition, traffic flow prediction, link prediction, environmental prediction, weather forecasting, background extraction, human pose estimation, cognitive state classification from fMRI, infrared small target detection, heterogeneous information networks clustering, multi-view image clustering, and deep neural network compression.

This book includes original, peer-reviewed research papers from the 12th China Academic Conference on Printing and Packaging (CACPP 2021), held in Beijing, China on November 12-14, 2021. The proceedings cover the recent findings in color science and technology, image processing technology, digital media technology, mechanical and electronic engineering and numerical control, materials and detection, digital process management technology in printing and packaging, and other technologies. As such, the book is of interest to university researchers, R&D engineers and graduate students in the field of graphic arts, packaging, color science, image science, material science, computer science, digital media, network technology, and smart manufacturing technology.

This book serves as the first guideline of the integrative approach, optimal for our new and young generations. Recent technology advancements in computer vision, IoT sensors, and analytics open the door to highly impactful innovations and applications as a result of effective and efficient integration of those. Such integration has brought to scientists and engineers a new approach -the integrative approach. This offers far more rapid development and scalable architecting when comparing to the traditional hardcore developmental approach. Featuring biomedical and healthcare challenges including COVID-19, we present a collection of carefully selective cases with significant added- values as a result of integrations, e.g., sensing with AI, analytics with different data sources, and comprehensive monitoring with many different sensors, while sustaining its readability.

Femtosecond technology, with its ultrashort light pulses, forms an innovative laser technology which can be used for multiple technical applications. The book gives a comprehensive overview of the principles and applications of femtosecond lasers, especially applied to medicine and to production technology. The principles and features of such femtosecond technology are described. The lasers, systems and technologies that are required in these potential fields of application are investigated. The advantages and problems of ultrashort laser pulses are discussed in more detail in the context of applications in the micro-machining of technical materials such as drilling, surface structuring and cutting, in medical use like dental, ophthalmologic, neurological and otolaryngological applications, in metrology, and in the generation of x-rays. Safety aspects are also considered.

Focusing exclusively on Image-Based Rendering (IBR) this book examines the theory, practice, and applications associated with image-based rendering and modeling. Topics covered vary from IBR basic concepts and representations on the theory side to signal processing and data compression on the practical side. One of the only titles devoted exclusively to IBR this book is intended for researchers, professionals, and general readers interested in the topics of computer graphics, computer vision, image process, and video processing. With this book advanced-level students in EECS studying related disciplines will be able to seriously expand their knowledge about image-based rendering.

This book explains why the finite topological space known as abstract cell complex is important for successful image processing and presents image processing methods based on abstract cell complex, especially for tracing and encoding of boundaries of homogeneous regions. Many examples are provided in the book, some teach you how to trace and encode boundaries in binary, indexed and colour images. Other examples explain how to encode a boundary as a sequence of straight-line segments which is important for shape recognition. A new method of edge detection in two- and three-dimensional images is suggested. Also, a discussion problem is included in the book: A derivative is defined as the limit of the relation of the increment of the function to the increment of the argument as the latter tends to zero. Is it not better to estimate derivatives as the relation of the increment of the function to the optimal increment of the argument instead of taking exceedingly small increment which leads to errors? This book addresses all above questions and provide the answers.

The editors have drawn together an exceptional group of internationally known Japanese authorities to prepare the most comprehensive and detailed source of information available on this exciting area of optoelectronics. The book covers the entire area of optoelectronics, going from the theoretical background to advanced devices, materials processing details and specific applications from the standpoints of device physics and engineering.

The book highlights recent developments in human biometrics, covering a wide range of methods based on biological signals, image processing, and measurements of human characteristics such as fingerprints and iris or medical characteristics. Human Biometrics is becoming increasingly crucial in forensics security and medicine. They provide a solid basis for identifying individuals based on unique physical characteristics or diseases based on characteristic biomedical measurements. As such, the book offers an essential reference guide about biometry methods for students, engineers, designers, and technicians.