This volume provides universal methodologies accompanied by Matlab software to manipulate numerous signal and image processing applications. It is done with discrete and polynomial periodic splines. Various contributions of splines to signal and image processing from a unified perspective are presented. This presentation is based on Zak transform and on Spline Harmonic Analysis (SHA) methodology. SHA combines approximation capabilities of splines with the computational efficiency of the Fast Fourier transform. SHA reduces the design of different spline types such as splines, spline wavelets (SW), wavelet frames (SWF) and wavelet packets (SWP) and their manipulations by simple operations. Digital filters, produced by wavelets design process, give birth to subdivision schemes. Subdivision schemes enable to perform fast explicit computation of splines' values at dyadic and triadic rational points. This is used for signals and images up sampling. In addition to the design of a diverse library of splines, SW, SWP and SWF, this book describes their applications to practical problems. The applications include up sampling, image denoising, recovery from blurred images, hydro-acoustic target detection, to name a few. The SWF are utilized for image restoration that was degraded by noise, blurring and loss of significant number of pixels. The book is accompanied by Matlab based software that demonstrates and implements all the presented algorithms. The book combines extensive theoretical exposure with detailed description of algorithms, applications and software. The Matlab software can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com

As the demand for data reliability increases, coding for error control becomes increasingly important in data transmission systems and has become an integral part of almost all data communication system designs. In recent years, various trellis-based soft-decoding algorithms for linear block codes have been devised. New ideas developed in the study of trellis structure of block codes can be used for improving decoding and analyzing the trellis complexity of convolutional codes. These recent developments provide practicing communication engineers with more choices when designing error control systems. Trellises and Trellis-based Decoding Algorithms for Linear Block Codes combines trellises and trellis-based decoding algorithms for linear codes together in a simple and unified form. The approach is to explain the material in an easily understood manner with minimal mathematical rigor. Trellises and Trellis-based Decoding Algorithms for Linear Block Codes is intended for practicing communication engineers who want to have a fast grasp and understanding of the subject. Only material considered essential and useful for practical applications is included. This book can also be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.

In the last decade, optically functionalized materials have developed rapidly, from bulk matters to structured forms. Now we have a rich variety of attractive advanced materials. They are applied to optical and electrical devices that support the information communication technology in the mid 21-th century. Accordingly, it is quite important to have a broad knowledge of the optical properties of advanced materials for students, scientists and engineers working in optics and related fields. This book is designed to teach fundamental optical properties of such advanced materials effectively. These materials have their own peculiarities which are very interesting in modern optical physics and also for applications because the concepts of optical properties are quite different from those in conventional optical materials. Hence each chapter starts to review the basic concepts of the materials briefly and proceeds to the practical use. The important topics covered in this book include: quantum structures of semiconductors, spintronics, photonic crystals, surface plasmons in metallic nanostructures, photonic metamaterials, liquid crystal materials, organic LED materials and magnet-optics.

Although it has long been possible to make organic materials emit light, it has only recently become possible to do so at the level and with the efficiency and control necessary to make the materials a useful basis for illumination or displays. The early electroluminescent devices provided reasonably bright light, but required high operating voltages, produced only a narrow range of colors, and had severely limited lifetimes. Recent developments, however, make it possible to manufacture organic light-emitting devices that are thin, bright, efficient, and stable and that produce a broad range of colors. This book surveys the current status of the field. It begins with an overview of the physics and chemistry of organic light emitting devices by J. Shinar and V. Savvateev. Subsequenbt chapters discuss the design of molecular materials for high performance devices (C. Adachi and T. Tsutsui) and chemical degradation and physical aging (K. Higginson, D. L. Thomsen, B. Yang, and F. Papadimitrakopoulos). A. Dodabalapur describes microcavity OLEDs, and Y. Shi, J. Liu, and Y. Yang discuss polymer morphology and device performance. Various aspects of devices based on polyparaphenylene vinylenes are discussed in chapters by N.C. Greenham and R.H. Friend and by H. Chayet, V. Savvateeyv, D. Davidov and R. Neumann. Chapters by S. Tasch, W. Graupner, and G. Leising and by Y. Z. Wang, D. Gebler, and A. J. Epstein describe OLEDs based on poly(paraphenylene) and poly(pyridine), respectively. The book concludes with a chapter on polyfluorene-based devices, which show great promise for producing light in all colors from blue to red.

This book describes an ECG processing architecture that guides biomedical SoC developers, from theory to implementation and testing. The authors provide complete coverage of the digital circuit implementation of an ultra-low power biomedical SoC, comprised of a detailed description of an ECG processor implemented and fabricated on chip. Coverage also includes the challenges and tradeoffs of designing ECG processors. Describes digital circuit architecture for implementing ECG processing algorithms on chip; Includes coverage of signal processing techniques for ECG processing; Features ultra-low power circuit design techniques; Enables design of ECG processing architectures and their respective on-chip implementation.

This book serves as a hands-on guide to RF tunable devices, circuits and subsystems. An innovative of modeling for tunable devices and networks is described, along with a new tuning algorithm, adaptive matching network control approach, and novel filter frequency automatic control loop. The author provides readers with the necessary background and methods for designing and developing tunable RF networks/circuits and tunable RF font-ends, with an emphasis on applications to cellular communications.

There is currently a high level of interest in the field of nonlinear guided wave optics with the availability of nonlinear materials and their use in new areas of application. This is particularly the case for solitons and other types of nonlinear pulses in optical fibers, high capacity dispersion-free communications. Further, soliton-like beams in highly nonlinear materials, such as organic polymers, are being studied with a view to using them for fast-switching purposes in devices where the light creates its own guiding channel. Written by two authors who are at the forefront of this research, Solitons provides a thorough treatment of the applications of switching devices. It presents the results of the most up to date research on the subject in an accessible manner and adopts a unified approach to solitons in fibers and the devices which use them. The book is an essential reference work for both professional engineers working in optoelectronics and telecommunications companies and graduate students and researchers in the area.

Optical Fiber Sensor Technology, Advanced Applications - Bragg Gratings and Distributed Sensors, builds upon the foundations of the subject in the preceding four volumes of this series, concentrating as they do upon both applications and the technology of advanced optical fiber sensors. Previous volumes have covered the fundamentals of the field, devices and systems and chemical and environmental monitoring. This volume deals with a range of highly topical sensor devices and commercial systems, with considerable emphasis upon one of the most important areas, Bragg gratings in fibers, their fabrication and applications in advanced sensor systems and the principles and use of distributed fiber optic sensors. The volume is well illustrated and referenced, pointing to hundreds of key publications accessible in the open literature. It draws upon a group of authors with an international reputation for their work in the area, carefully edited into a coherent and logical text by the editors, based on their considerable experience in the field. This book series will provide an invaluable source for researchers, engineers and advanced students in the field of optical fibers, optoelectronics and measurement and sensing.

This book covers the theoretical background, experimental methods and implementation details to engineer for communication and imaging application, terahertz devices using metamaterials, in mainstream semiconductor foundry processes. This book will provide engineers and physicists an authoritative reference to construct such devices with minimal background. The authors describe the design and construction of electromagnetic (EM) devices for terahertz frequencies (108-1010 cycles/sec) using artificial materials that are a fraction of the wavelength of the incident EM wave, resulting in an effective electric and magnetic properties (permittivity and permeability) that are unavailable in natural materials.

"...provides the full, exciting story of optical modulators. ... a comprehensive review, from the fundamental science to the material and processing technology to the optimized device design to the multitude of applications for which broadband optical modulators bring great value. ... Especially valuable in my view is that the authors are internationally known researchers, developers, and systems people who are experts in their field, writing now, with the perspective that time offers, about their groundbreaking work. " -Dr. Rodney C. Alferness, Senior Vice President of Optical Networking Research at Lucent Technologies' Bell Labs Considered the most comprehensive book yet published on this critical subject, Broadband Optical Modulators: Science, Technology, and Applications offers an incredibly wide-ranging yet in-depth overview of the state of the art in the design and use of optical modulators. A compilation of expert insights, this book covers fundamental and practical aspects, from materials to systems, addressing historical and more recent developments. Coverage includes: Optical and electro-optic properties of traditional single crystalline lithium niobate, silicon, and III-V compound semiconductors, as well as emerging electro-optic polymers and organic nonlinear optic crystals Discussion of factors important to modulator design, fabrication, and performance Fundamental topics, such as electro-optic effect in nonlinear optic crystals and semiconductors Leaders in the field created this invaluable reference for scientific researchers involved in high-speed device research and development, especially in the areas of optical transmitters and optical modulators for fiber-optics communication systems. Helping readers master optical modulation techniques, this book will be invaluable to engineers (system/subsystem designers, product developers, and technical and project managers) and other professionals in the telecommunications and defense industries. It offers the audience-which includes graduate students-an in-depth understanding of the new modulator architectures and technologies now available, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, advantages, and trade-offs associated with each.

As we approach the end of the present century, the elementary particles of light (photons) are seen to be competing increasingly with the elementary particles of charge (electrons/holes) in the task of transmitting and processing the insatiable amounts of infonnation needed by society. The massive enhancements in electronic signal processing that have taken place since the discovery of the transistor, elegantly demonstrate how we have learned to make use of the strong interactions that exist between assemblages of electrons and holes, disposed in suitably designed geometries, and replicated on an increasingly fine scale. On the other hand, photons interact extremely weakly amongst themselves and all-photonic active circuit elements, where photons control photons, are presently very difficult to realise, particularly in small volumes. Fortunately rapid developments in the design and understanding of semiconductor injection lasers coupled with newly recognized quantum phenomena, that arise when device dimensions become comparable with electronic wavelengths, have clearly demonstrated how efficient and fast the interaction between electrons and photons can be. This latter situation has therefore provided a strong incentive to devise and study monolithic integrated circuits which involve both electrons and photons in their operation. As chapter I notes, it is barely fifteen years ago since the first demonstration of simple optoelectronic integrated circuits were realised using m-V compound semiconductors; these combined either a laser/driver or photodetector/preamplifier combination.

An impulse for writing this book has originated from the effort to sum marize and publicise the acquired results of a research team at the De partment of Automation of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and In formatics, Slovak Technical University in Bratislava. The research team has been involved for a long time with control problems for machine production mechanisms and, in recent (approximately 15) years, its effort was aimed mostly at the control of electrical servosystems of robots. Within this scope, the members of the authors' staff solved the State Re search Task Ultrasonic sensing of the position of a robot hand, which was coordinated by the Institute of Technical Cybernetics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava. The problem was solved in a complex way, i.e. from a conceptual de sign of the measurement, through the measurement and evaluation sys tem, up to connection to the control system of a robot. Compensation of the atmospheric influence on the precision of measurement, as well as on the electroacoustical transducers, were important parts of the solution. The solution was aimed at using the ultrasonic pulse method which en ables the measurement of absolute 3D position coordinates, contrary to the relative position measurements by the incremental pick-ups which are standard robotic equipment."

A strong reference on the problem of signal and speech enhancement, describing the newest developments in this exciting field. The general emphasis is on noise reduction, because of the large number of applications that can benefit from this technology.

Photonic-based A/D conversion has received and continues to receive considerable attention as an alternative approach to providing enhanced resolution and speed in high-performance applications. Some of the potential advantages of using photonic technologies are high-speed clocking, broadband sampling, reduced mutual interference of signals, and compatibility with existing photonic-based systems. This book provides a comprehensive look at the application of photonic approaches to the problem of analog-to-digital conversion. It shows progress made, discusses present research, and gives a glimpse of potential future technologies.

This book describes the design of fully digital multistandard transmitter front-ends which can directly drive one or more switching power amplifiers, thus eliminating all other analog components. After reviewing different architectures, the authors focus on polar architectures using pulse width modulation (PWM), which are entirely based on unclocked delay lines and other continuous-time digital hardware. As a result, readers are enabled to shift accuracy concerns from the voltage domain to the time domain, to coincide with submicron CMOS technology scaling. The authors present different architectural options and compare them, based on their effect on the signal and spectrum quality. Next, a high-level theoretical analysis of two different PWM-based architectures - baseband PWM and RF PWM - is made. On the circuit level, traditional digital components and design techniques are revisited from the point of view of continuous-time digital circuits. Important design criteria are identified and different solutions are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, two chips designed in nanometer CMOS technologies are described, along with measurement results for validation.

Since their discovery, low dimensional materials have never stopped to intrigue scientists, whether they are physicists, chemists, or biochemists. Investigations of their nature and functions have always been and still are numerous and as soon as a solution is found for a given question, another one is raised. The coupling of nano-materials with photonics, i. e. nano-photonics, has produced a boiling pot of idea, problems, discovery and applications. This statement is abundantly illustrated in the present book. The interest in nano-optoelectronic materials and systems is very widespread, what gives a really international and multicultural flavour to nano-optoelectronic meetings. One of them was organized by our-self in May 2000 in Kiev as a NATO Advanced Research Workshop and EC-Spring School. The arrival of the new millennium provides an obvious transition point at which many aspects of nano-science and nano-engineering of nano photonic systems can be assessed with respect to the research progresses made in the pre ceding decades and to the challenges that lie ahead in the coming decades. This book was planed to mark this with the objective of presenting a collection of papers from experts, which provide broad perspectives on the state-of-the-art in the various disciplines of nano science and nano-engineering and on the directions for future research."

Over the last century, numerous optical techniques have been developed to characterize materials, giving insight into their optical, electronic, magnetic, and structural properties and elucidating such diverse phenomena as high-temperature superconductivity and protein folding. Optical Techniques for Solid-State Materials Characterization provides detailed descriptions of basic and advanced optical techniques commonly used to study materials, from the simple to the complex. The book explains how to use these techniques to acquire, analyze, and interpret data for gaining insight into material properties. With chapters written by pioneering experts in various optical techniques, the text first provides background on light-matter interactions, semiconductors, and metals before discussing linear, time-integrated optical experiments for measuring basic material properties, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and Raman scattering. The next section begins with a description of ultrashort pulse generation and carrier dynamics in semiconductors and metals. The book then discusses time-resolved optical techniques, such as pump-probe spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, and magneto-optical spectroscopy. The subsequent section describes spatially resolved optical spectroscopy, including conventional optical microscopy and micro-optical and near-field scanning techniques. The book concludes with an overview of more advanced, emerging optical techniques, such as ultrafast x-ray and electron diffraction, ultrafast photoemission spectroscopy, and time-resolved optical microscopy. As optical techniques are among the first applied when studying new systems with novel properties, the information presented in this comprehensive reference will only grow in importance. By supplying clear, detailed explanations of these techniques, the book enables researchers to readily implement them and acquire new insights into the materials they study. CRC Press Authors Speak Rohit P. Prasankumar speaks about his book. Watch the Video

SMath is a free mathematical notebook program similar to Mathcad that provides many options for studying and solving complex mathematical equations.

This volume treats new materials (nanotubes and quantum dots) and new techniques (synchrotron radiation scattering and cavity confined scattering). In the past five years, Raman and Brillouin scattering have taken a place among the most important research and characterization methods for carbon nanotubes. Among the novel techniques discussed in this volume are those employing synchrotron radiation as a light source.

In 1989 the time was hot to create a workshop series dedicated to the dicussion of the latest results in the automatic processing of fringe patterns. This idea was promoted by the insight that automatic and high precision phase measurement techniques will play a key role in all future industrial applications of optical metrology. However, such a workshop must take place in a dynamic environment. The- fore the main topics of the previous events were always adapted to the most interesting subjects of the new period. In 1993 new prin- ples of optical shape measurement, setup calibration, phase unwr- ping and nondestructive testing were the focus of discussion, while in 1997 new approaches in multi-sensor metrology, active measu- ment strategies and hybrid processing technologies played a central role. 2001, the first meeting in the 21st century, was dedicated to - tical methods for micromeasurements, hybrid measurement te- nologies and new sensor solutions for industrial inspection. The fifth workshop takes place in Stuttgart, the capital of the state of Baden- Wurttemberg and the centre of a region with a long and remarkable tradition in engineering. Thus after Berlin 1989, Bremen 1993, 1997 and 2001, Stuttgart is the third Fringe city where international - perts will meet each other to share new ideas and concepts in optical metrology. This volume contains the papers presented during FRINGE 2005."

This book gives the first unified presentation of the physics and applications of optoelectronic devices. It covers the devices whose operation relies on the properties of quantum wells and fiber optics as well as their applications for optical communications and optical signal processing. The reader will benefit from a comprehensive mathematical treatment and from a state of the art presentation of the latest results in applied optoelectronics and semiconductor physics. The two different and complementary physical theories for describing optoelectronic devices, namely the electromagnetic field theory and quantum mechanics, are treated together in a combined manner, such that links and analogies are made apparent wherever possible.

Probing matter with beams of photons, neutrons and electrons provides the main source of information about both the microscopic and macroscopic structure of materials. This is particularly true of media, such as crystals and liquid crystals, that have a periodic structure. This book discusses the interaction of waves (which may represent x-rays, gamma rays, electrons, or neutrons) with various kinds of ordered media. After two chapters dealing with exact and approximate solutions to the scattering problem in periodic media in general, the author discusses: the diffraction of Moessbauer radiation in magnetically ordered crystals; the optics of chiral liquid crystals; the radiation of fast particles in regular media (Cherenkov radiation); nonlinear optics of periodic media; neutron scattering in magnetically ordered media; polarization phenomena in x-ray optics; magnetic x-ray scattering; and Moessbauer filtration of synchrotron radiation.

Advanced Fiber Access Networks takes a holistic view of broadband access networks-from architecture to network technologies and network economies. The book reviews pain points and challenges that broadband service providers face (such as network construction, fiber cable efficiency, transmission challenges, network scalability, etc.) and how these challenges are tackled by new fiber access transmission technologies, protocols and architecture innovations. Chapters cover fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) applications as well as fiber backhauls in other access networks such as 5G wireless and hybrid-fiber-coax (HFC) networks. In addition, it covers the network economy, challenges in fiber network construction and deployment, and more. Finally, the book examines scaling issues and bottlenecks in an end-to-end broadband network, from Internet backbones to inside customer homes, something rarely covered in books.