Welcome to Bavaria - Germany - to the THIRD EUROPEAN CARS/TRUCKS SIMULATION SYMPOSIUM. That Schliersee traditional workshop-type meeting is a follow-up to the first and the second symposia which took place in May 1984 and May 1989 respectively. The objective of gathering together is to cover most of the aspects of Automotive Mathematical Modelling and Simulation in theory and practice to promote the exchange of knowledge and experience between different national and international research groups in that field, taking into consideration that every seventh German employee is related to the automotive industry. This effect is also in power at least with the traditional Detroit (U.S.A.) Automotive Industries and the growing up Japanease as well. Futhermore, there is to strenghten the international contact between developers and users of modelling and simulation techniques considering the "new world order" started in 1991 with no borders between West and East affected by the Golf-War and followed up by the "open" European Community borders of 1992. VI The traditional International Conference jointly promoted by ASIMUTH - Applied Simulation Technology and some other members of the Society of Computer Simulaton created an interest to publish new projects including their results. A large number of contributed papers has been strictly examined and selected by the editorial commitee to guarantee a high international technical standard.

This book is the product of four years of collaborative work within the framework of the European Science Foundation's Regional and Urban Restructuring in Europe (RURE) programme. With one exception, all of the chapters have been prepared by participants in RURE - the exception being that commissioned from Conti and Enrietti on Fiat and Italy to provide a fuller coverage of changes in the main automobile producing companies and countries of Europe. A - perhaps the - central theme around which the RURE programme was conceived is that the restructuring of the production system lies at the heart of the changing map of Europe. Equally, it continues to be the case that the automobile industry lies at the cutting edge of the search for viable new models of production. Some eighty years ago the automobile industry occupied a pivotal position in the transition from craft to mass production - indeed "Fordism" came to denote not just a particular micro-economic model of production organisation in the factory but a macro-scale model of economic development, characterized by a particular pattern of relations between mass production, mass consumption and national state regulation. From the late 1960s, however, it became increasingly clear that Fordism as a macro-scale model of advanced capitalist development was reaching its limits.

This volume contains eighteen selected papers presented at the Second International Conference on Stochastic Structural Dynamics, which are related to new practical applications in the field. This and a companion volume, related to new theoretical developments, constitute the proceedings of the conference, and reflect the state of the art of the rapidly developing subject. The conference was held in Boca Raton, Florida during May 9-11, 1990 hosted by the Center for Applied Stochastic Research of Florida Atlantic University. A total of 20 technical sessions were organized, and attended by eighty participants from 12 countries. Special emphases of the conference were placed on two areas: applications to earthquake engineering and stochastic stability of nonlinear systems. Two sessions were dedicated to the memory of late Professor Frank Kozin, one of the founders and most active contributors to the stochastic stability theory. We are indebted to the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) for financial support. Most credit belongs to each of the authors whose contributions were the very basis for the undoubted success of the conference. We are grateful to the reviewers who carefully refereed the contributions for these two volumes. Our special thanks are due to Mrs. Christine Mikulski, who carried out all the necessary secretarial tasks associated with the conference with dedication.

We all know that networks are fundamental prerequisites for prosperity and production. Transportation and communication are indispensible to society, they are the elements which bind all economic systems together. Without networks and communica tion all social and economic life will be reduced to isolated phenomena. Therefore, transportation can't be assessed in the same way as other services. A smoothly functioning system of communications is also a prerequistite for social and economic integration between separate geographical regions. The modernization of the infrastructure is therefore an urgent task and a precondition for carrying out the whole of Europe's ambitious political, economic and social agenda. Since the need for communication and transportation does not know any national borders, the functioning of the networks needs to be adopted to this new economic and political geography. Congestions of cities, highways, railroads, airways and tele communications must be tackled, if precious working, commuting and leisure time is not to be wasted and heavy burdens on the environment avoided. European traffic, is for example, expected to double within the next twenty years. In certain transport modes the growth is expected to be even faster - air passenger transport doubled in 10 years and goods transport on roads doubled in 15 years."

Separated flows and jets are closely linked in a variety of applications. They are of great importance in various fields of fluid mechanics including vehicle efficiency, technical branches concerned with gas/liquid flows, atmospheric effects on various constructions, etc. Knowledge of the physics of separated flows and jets and the development of reliable control techniques are prerequisite for future progress in the field. These aspects were in focus during the IUTAM-Symposium which was held in Novosibirsk, 9-13 July, 1990. This volume contains a selection of papers presenting recent results of theoretical and numerical studies as well as experimental work on separated flows and jets. The topics include sub- and supersonic, laminar and turbulent separation as well as organized structures in separated flows and jets. The reader will find here the state of the art and major trends for research in this field of aero-hydrodynamics.

to Mission Design for Geostationary Satellites by J.J. Pocha British Aerospace, Space and Communications Division, Steven age, u.K. D. Reidel Publishing Company A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster / Tokyo Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Pocha, J. J. (Jehangir. J.), 1945- An introduction to mission design for geostationary satellites. (Space technology library) Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Geostationary satellites. 2. Artificial satellites in telecommunica tion. I. Title II. Series. TK5104.P63 1987 621.38'0423 87-4909 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8215-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3857-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-3857-1 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland."

Prices and quantities of both stock and flow variables in an economic system are decisively influenced by their spatial coordinates. Any equilibrium state also mirrors the underlying spatial structure and a tatonnement process also incorporates the spatial ramifications of consumer and producer behaviour. The recognition ofthe spatial element in the formation of a general equilibrium in a complex space-economy already dates back to early work of LOsch, Isard and Samuelson, but it reached a stage of maturity thanks to the new inroads made by T. Takayama. This book is devoted to spatial economic equilibrium (SPE) analysis and is meant to pay homage to the founding father of modern spatial economic thinking, Professor Takayama. This book witnesses his great talents in clear and rigorous economic thinking regarding an area where for decades many economists have been groping in the dark. Everybody who wants to study the phenomenon of spatial economic equilibrium will necessarily come across Takayama's work, but this necessity is at the same time a great pleasure. Studying his work means a personal scientific enrichment in a field which is still not completely explored. The present volume brings together recent contributions to spatial equilibrium analysis, written by friends and colleagues of Takayama. The structure of the book is based on four main uses of spatial equilibrium models: (i) the imbedding of spatial flows in the economic environment, related to e.g.

I wrote this book because I wanted to learn more about interstel lar flight. Not the Star Trek notion of tearing around the Galaxy in a huge spaceship-that was obviously beyond existing tech nology-but a more realistic mission. In 1989 I had videotaped Voyager 2's encounter with Neptune and watched the drama of robotic exploration over and over again. I started to wonder whether we could do something similar with Alpha Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun. Everyone seemed to agree that manned flight to the stars was out of the question, if not permanently then for the indefinitely foreseeable future. But surely we could do something with robotics. And if we could figure out a theoretical way to do it, how far were we from the actual technology that would make it happen? In other words, what was the state of our interstellar technology today, those concepts and systems that might translate into a Voyager to the stars? Finding answers meant talking to people inside and outside of NASA. I was surprised to learn that there is a large literature of interstellar flight. Nobody knows for sure how to propel a space craft fast enough to make the interstellar crossing within a time scale that would fit the conventional idea of a mission, but there are candidate systems that are under active investigation. Some of this effort begins with small systems that we'll use near the Earth and later hope to extend to deep space missions."

IUTAM-IAHR Symposium on Ice-Structure Interaction Professor Bez Tabarrok, Chairman of the Canadian National Committee (CNC) of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) invited Professor Derek Muggeridge to organize a symposium on ice structure interaction. Dr. Muggeridge readily agreed and prepared a proposal that was endorsed by the CNC and presented to the General Assembly Meeting of IUTAM for their consideration. This Assembly gave its approval and provided the local organizing committee with the names of individuals who were willing to serve on the Scientific Committee. Dr. Muggeridge became chairman of this committee and Dr. Ian Jordaan became co-chairman of this committee as well as chairman of the local organizing committee. The symposium followed the very successful previous meeting, chaired by Professor P. Tryde in Copenhagen, by ten years. Both symposia uti lized Springer-Verlag to publish their proceedings. The Faculty of En gineering and Applied Science at Memorial University of Newfoundland were particul{lXly pleased to host this prestigious symposium as it marked the twentieth anniversary of its Ocean Engineering Research Centre."

Many mechanical systems are actively controlled in order to improve their dynamic performance. Examples are elastic satellites, active vehicle suspension systems, robots, magnetic bearings, automatic machine tools. Problems that are typical for mechanical systems arise in the following areas: - Modeling the mechanical system in such a way that the model is suitable for control design - Designing multivariable controls to be robust with respect to parameter variations and uncertainties in system order of elastic structures - Fast real-time signal processing - Generating high dynamic control forces and providing the necessary control power - Reliability and safety concepts, taking into account the growing role of software within the system The objective of the Symposium has been to present methods that contribute to the solutions of such problems. Typical examples are demonstrating the state of the art It intends to evalua~ the limits of performance that can be achieved by controlling the dynamics, and it should point to gaps in present research and areas for future research. Mainly, it has brought together leading experts from quite different areas presenting their points of view. The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (lUTAM) has initiated and sponsored, in cooperation with the International Federation of Automatic Control (IF AC), this Symposium on Dynamics of Controlled Mechanical Systems, held at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland, May 3D-June 3, 1988.

Rail is potentially a very efficient form of transport, but must be convenient, reliable and cost-effective to compete with road and air transport. Optimal control can be used to find energy-efficient driving strategies for trains. This book describes the train control problem and shows how a solution was found at the University of South Australia. This research was used to develop the Metromiser system, which provides energy-efficient driving advice on suburban trains. Since then, this work has been modified to find practical driving strategies for long-haul trains. The authors describe the history of the problem, reviewing the basic mathematical analysis and relevant techniques of constrained optimisation. They outline the modelling and solution of the problem and finally explain how the fuel consumption can be minimised for a journey, showing the effect of speed limits and track gradients on the optimal driving strategy.

Continuing the tradition of the IUTAM Symposia TRANSSONICA, this review of the numerical simulation and physical modelling of transonic flows presents new developments in the fields of computational and experimental aerodynamics. A major topic of the symposium proceedings is the evaluation of present numerical analysis techniques with respect to transonic aerodynamics. In the field of experimental aerodynamics, the high Reynolds number effect and the interference-free testing in transonic wind tunnels are of special interest.

It was on a proposal of the late Professor Maurice Roy, member of the French Academy of Sciences, that in 1982, the General Assembly of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics decided to sponsor a symposium on Turbulent Shear-Layer/Shock-Wave Interactions. This sympo sium might be arranged in Paris -or in its immediate vicinity-during the year 1985. Upon request of Professor Robert Legendre, member of the French Academy of Sciences, the organization of the symposium might be provided by the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales (ONERA). The request was very favorably received by Monsieur l'Ingenieur General Andre Auriol, then General Director of ONERA. The subject of interactions between shock-waves and turbulent dissipative layers is of considerable importance for many practical devices and has a wide range of engineering applications. Such phenomena occur almost inevitably in any transonic or supersonic flow and the subject has given rise to an important research effort since the advent of high speed fluid mechanics, more than forty years ago. However, with the coming of age of modern computers and the development of new sophisticated measurement techniques, considerable progress has been made in the field over the past fifteen years. The aim of the symposium was to provide an updated status of the research effort devoted to shear layer/shock-wave interactions and to present the most significant results obtained recently."

Turbulence is a dangerous topic which is often at the origin of serious fights in the scientific meetings devoted to it since it represents extremely different points of view, all of which have in common their complexity, as well as an inability to solve the problem. It is even difficult to agree on what exactly is the problem to be solved. Extremely schematically, two opposing points of view have been advocated during these last ten years: the first one is "statistical", and tries to model the evolution of averaged quantities of the flow. This com has followed the glorious trail of Taylor and Kolmogorov, munity, which believes in the phenomenology of cascades, and strongly disputes the possibility of any coherence or order associated to turbulence. On the other bank of the river stands the "coherence among chaos" community, which considers turbulence from a purely deterministic po int of view, by studying either the behaviour of dynamical systems, or the stability of flows in various situations. To this community are also associated the experimentalists who seek to identify coherent structures in shear flows.

Advances for In-Vehicle and Mobile Systems: Challenges for International Standards is organized to bring together the most active scholars working on the latest techniques, standards, and emerging deployment on "living in the age of wireless communications and smart vehicular systems." The objective is to incorporate speech, dialog, video, image, vehicular sensory data, and wireless communication modalities to model the total behavior of the driver and use that model towards personalization of the vehicle to provide a more comfortable and safer driving experience. The format of this work centers on four themes: driver and driving environment recognition, telecommunication applications, noise reduction, and dialog in vehicles.Advances for In-Vehicle and Mobile Systems: Challenges for International Standards, is appropriate for researchers, engineers, and professionals working in signal processing technologies, next generation vehicle design, and networks for mobile platforms.

The aerodynamics of aircraft at high angles of attack is a subject which is being pursued diligently, because the modern agile fighter aircraft and many of the current generation of missiles must perform well at very high incidence, near and beyond stall. However, a comprehensive presentation of the methods and results applicable to the studies of the complex aerodynamics at high angle of attack has not been covered in monographs or textbooks. This book is not the usual textbook in that it goes beyond just presenting the basic theoretical and experimental know-how, since it contains reference material to practical calculation methods and technical and experimental results which can be useful to the practicing aerospace engineers and scientists. It can certainly be used as a text and reference book for graduate courses on subjects related to high angles of attack aerodynamics and for topics related to three-dimensional separation in viscous flow courses. In addition, the book is addressed to the aerodynamicist interested in a comprehensive reference to methods of analysis and computations of high angle of attack flow phenomena and is written for the aerospace scientist and engineer who is familiar with the basic concepts of viscous and inviscid flows and with computational methods used in fluid dynamics.

In any rotating machinery system, the bearing has traditionally been a crit ical member of the entire system, since it is the component that permits the relative motion between the stationary and moving parts. Depending on the application, a number of different bearing types have been used, such as oil-lubricated hydrodynamic bearings, gas bearings, magnetic suspensions, rolling element bearings, etc. Hydrodynamic bearings can provide any desired load support, but they are limited in stiffness and the associated power loss may be quite large. Gas bearings are used for high-precision applications where the supported loads are relatively light, bearing power losses are very low, and the rotating speeds generally high. For super precision components where no frictional dissipation or bearing power loss can be tolerated, magnetic suspensions are employed; again, the load support requirements are very low. Rolling element bearings have been widely used for those applications that require greater bearing versatility, due to the requirements for high-load and high-stiffness characteristics, while allowing moderate power loss and permitting variable speeds. A study of the dynamic interaction of rolling elements is, therefore, the subject of this text. Texts covering the analysis and design methodology of rolling elements are very limited. Notable works include Analysis of Stresses and Deflections (Jones, 1946, Vols. I and II), Ball and Roller Bearings, Their Theory, Design and Application (Eschmann, Hasbargen, and Weigand, 1958), Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering (Palmgren, 1959, 3rd ed. ), Advanced Bearing Technology (Bisson and Anderson, 1965), and Rolling Bearing Analysis (Harris, 1966)."

This book is about aerospace sensors, their principles of operation, and their typical advantages, shortcomings, and vulnerabilities. They are described in the framework of the subsystems where they function and in accordance with the flight mission they are designed to serve. The book is intended for students at the advanced undergraduate or graduate level and for research engineers who need to acquire this kind of knowledge. An effort has been made to explain, within a uniform framework of mathematical modeling, the physics upon which a certain sensor concept is based, its construction, its dynamics, and its error sources and their corresponding mathematical models. Equipped with such knowledge and understanding, the student or research engineer should be able to get involved in research and development activities of guidance, control, and navigation systems and to contribute to the initiation of novel ideas in the aerospace sensor field. As a designer and systems engineer, he should be able to correctly interpret the various items in a technical data list and thus to interact intelligently with manufacturers' representatives and other members of an R&D team. Much of the text has evolved from undergraduate and graduate courses given by the author during the past seventeen years at the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the Technion- Israel Institute of Technology and from his earlier research and development experience in flight control, guidance, navigation, and avionics at the Ministry of Defense Central Research Institute.

This book is an introduction to the elementary technology of automobile suspensions. Inevitably steering geometry must be included in the text, since the dynamic steering behaviour, road-holding and cornering behaviour are all influenced by the suspension design. Steering mechanisms and steering components are not covered in this book. This is not a mathematical treatise, but only a fool or a genius would attempt to design a motor vehicle without mathematics. The mathematics used in this book should present no problem to a first-year university student. SI units have been used in general, but for the benefit of those not familiar with them we have included in brackets, in many cases, the equivalent values in Imperial units. Many engineers regard the Pascal as an impractical unit of pressure. The author has therefore expressed pressures in bars (1 bar = 105Pa). A deviation from SI units is the use of degrees and minutes, instead of radians, to express camber, castor, roll angles, etc. This is still common practice in the motor industry. No attempt has been made to make any stress calculations on suspension components. The automobile engineering student will have access to other textbooks on such subjects as strength of materials and theory of structures.

The Joint Institute for Aeronautics and Acoustics at Stanford University was established in October 1973 to provide an academic environment for long-term cooperative research between Stanford and NASA Ames Research Center. Since its establishment, the In stitute has wnducted theoretical and experimental work in the areas of aerodynamics, acoustics, fluid mechanics, flight dynamics, guid ance and control, and human factors. This research has involved Stanford faculty, research associates, graduate students, and many distinguished visitors in collaborative efforts with the research staff of NASA Ames Research Center. The occasion of the Institute's tenth anniversary was used to reflect back on where that research has brought us, and to consider where our endeavors should be directed next. Thus, an International Symposium was held to review recent advances in the fields relevant to the activities of the Institute and to discuss the areas of research to be undertaken in the future. This anniversary was also chosen a.."1 an opportunity to honor one of the Institute's founders and its di rector, Professor Krishnamurty Karamcheti. It has been his creative inspiration that has provided the ideal research environment at the Joint Institute. The International Symposium on Recent Advances in Aero dynamics and Aconstics was held at Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A., August 22-26, 198: . Thirty-five distinguished scientists were invited to present a comprehensive review on the fol lowing subject areas: unsteady aerodynamics, jets and shear layers, V /STOL aircraft aerodynamics, rotor dynamics and aerodynamics, ."

The author provides new insights into the relationship between transport and the environment, the role of technology and the meaning of the concept of sustainable development for the transport sector. Special attention is given to the relationship between technological progress and policy. The different theoretical approaches are combined to create a strategy for R&D and the implementation of mega-technological innovations. The empirical part deals with two specific cases: Maglev technology and fuel-cell technology for transport purposes. Taking into account the new theoretical insights and the empirical findings, the author presents a synthesis and draws conclusions which are important for researchers and professionals in transportation, environmental sciences and related fields.

The conventional approach to through-life-support for aircraft structures can be divided into the following phases: (i) detection of defects, (ii) diagnosis of their nature and significance, (iii) forecasting future behaviour-prognosis, and (iv) pre scription and implementation of remedial measures including repairs. Considerable scientific effort has been devoted to developing the science and technology base for the first three phases. Of particular note is the development of fracture mechanics as a major analytical tool for metals, for predicting residual strength in the presence of cracks ( damage tolerance) and rate of crack propagation under service loading. Intensive effort is currently being devoted to developing similar approaches for fibre composite structures, particularly to assess damage tolerance and durability in the presence of delamination damage. Until recently there has been no major attempt to develop a science and tech nology base for the last phase, particularly with respect to the development of repairs. Approaches are required which will allow assessment of the type and magnitude of defects amenable to repair and the influence of the repair on the stress intensity factor (or some related parameter). Approaches are also required for the development and design of optimum repairs and for assessment of their durability."

"During the last two decades, research on structural optimization became increasingly concerned with two aspects: the application of general numeri- cal methods of optimization to structural design of complex real structures, and the analytical derivation of necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimality of broad classes of comparatively simple and more or less ideal- ized structures. Both kinds of research are important: the first for obvious reasons; the second, because it furnishes information that is useful in testing the validity, accuracy and convergence of numerical methods and in assess- ing the efficiency of practical designs. " (Prager and Rozvany, 1977a) The unexpected death of William Prager in March 1980 marked, in a sense, the end of an era in structural mechanics, but his legacy of ideas will re- main a source of inspiration for generations of researchers to come. Since his nominal retirement in the early seventies, Professor and Mrs. Prager lived in Savognin, an isolated alpine village and ski resort surrounded by some of Switzerland's highest mountains. It was there that the author's close as- sociation with Prager developed through annual pilgrimages from Australia and lengthy discussions which pivoted on Prager's favourite topic of struc- tural optimization. These exchanges took place in the picturesque setting of Graubunden, on the terrace of an alpine restaurant overlooking snow-capped peaks, on ski-lifts or mountain walks, or during evening meals in the cosy hotels of Savognin, Parsonz and Riom.

Gone are the days when mobility was nearly always a question of having a vehicle. Today the issue of road capacity is becoming ever more pressing. Even the safest, most comfortable and 100% emissions-free vehicle is only of limited use if it is stuck in a traffic jam. Mobility is a key human need and an important factor in the economy. It is a matter of logic that a com pany like DaimlerChrysler should make every endeavor to safeguard mo bility, thereby fulfilling humanity's economic, social and environmental needs. Nonetheless, traffic and mobility problems are the inevitable result of a concentration of people and markets. Bombay, Lagos, Shanghai, Jakarta, Sao Paulo, Cairo, Mexico City - virtually half of the world's population is urban-based, and the majority live in the metropolitan regions of the Third World. The mega-cities in the so-called developing nations are facing a dramatic increase in traffic levels. Gridlock looms on the horizon. Should traffic-choked streets become a permanent and daily occurrence, economic development will be held in check and pollution will spiral."