This volume is the result of an international collaboration, which started with a conference at Smadalaro Gfrrd in Sweden. The workshop was supported by the National Science Foundation of the USA (INT-9215114) and by the Swedish National Road Administration, the Swedish Council for Building Research, the Swedish Transport and Communications Research Board and the Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research. This support is gratefully acknow ledged. The collaboration started as a bilateral u.S.-Swedish endeavour but was soon widened to other scholars in Europe, Asia, Australia and South-America. Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment is a policy area of growing importance. Sustainable cities and sustainable transport systems are necessary for attaining a sustainable development. The research and policy field, represented in this volume, comprises a number of challenging contrasts: - the contrast between infrastructure investments, mobility and environmental sustainability; - the contrast between policy contexts, modelling traditions and available decision support systems in various parts of the world; - the contrast between available best practice methods and the majority of models applied in planning; the contrast between static models of cross-sectionary equilibria and dynamic models of disequilibrium adjustments; and the contrast between state-of-the-art operationalland-use/transport models and new demands for land-use/transportlenvironment models due to changing policy contexts. Bridging some of these gaps constitutes important research tasks, that are discussed in the twenty-two chapters of this book. A number of emerging research directions are identified in the introduction and summary chapter."

Wave breaking is a commonly occurring phenomena associated with wave motion in fluids, often inducing significant effects which are of fundamental and technological importance, A familiar illustration is provided with white-capping and microbreaking of the wind-driven ocean sUrface waves, which is believed to play an important part in the transfers of momentum, mass and heat across the air-sea interface, as well as in the production of underwater ambient noise and augmented microwave backscatter. The enhanced hydrodynamic forces associated with the breaking of the more energetic ocean wave components constitute a significant challenge in ocean engineering, coastal engineering and naval architecture. Other less conspicuous but equally important manifestations are the breaking of internal waves and the fila mentation of vorticity interfaces. Despite recent theoretical and observational progress towards a more complete understanding of wave breaking, mathematical descriptions of its onset and consequences are presently lacking. The aim of this Symposium was to bring together theoretical and observational expertise, with the goal of determining the current state of knowledge of wave breaking and providing a stimulus to future research. The Symposium focused on water waves of all scales from capillary waves to ocean swell, but also considered internal waves and the filamentation of vorticity interfaces. Specific topics included were: Fundamental theoretical studies; wave instabilities; routes to breaking. Models of wave breaking. Field observations, including statistical information. Laboratory studies. Shoaling waves, breaking waves on currents, breaking induced by the motion of a ship.

Gravity models describe, and hence help predict, spatial flows of commuters, air-travelers, migrants, commodities and even messages. They are one of the oldest and most widely used of all social science models. This book presents an up-to-date, consistent and unified approach to the theory, methods and application of the gravity model - which spans from the axiomatic foundations of such models all the way to practical hints for their use. "I have found no better general method for use in applied research dealing with spatial interaction... It is against this background that the present book by Sen and Smith is most welcomed." "Walter Isard"

The problems of urban traffic in the industrially developed countries have been at the top of the priority list for a long time. While making a critical contribution to the economic well being of those countries, transportation systems in general and highway traffic in particular, also have detrimental effects which are evident in excessive congestion, high rates of accidents and severe pollution problems. Scientists from different disciplines have played an important role in the development and refinement of the tools needed for the planning, analysis, and control of urban traffic networks. In the past several years, there were particularly rapid advances in two areas that affect urban traffic: 1. Modeling of traffic flows in urban networks and the prediction of the resulting equilibrium conditions; 2. Technology for communication with the driver and the ability to guide him, by providing him with useful, relevant and updated information, to his desired destination.

Microsystems are an important success factor in the automobile industry. In order to fulfil the customers requests for safety convenience and vehicle economy, and to satisfy environmental requirements, microsystems are becoming indispensable. Thus a large number of microsystem applications came into the discussion. Some examples are sensors for engine management, exhaust and air quality control, immobilizers, ABS, anti skid (ASC) and vehicle dynamics control (VDC), smart airbag systems and other safety applications as obstacle detection and vision enhancement. With the international conference AMAA '98, VDI/VDE-IT provides a platform for the discussion of all MST relevant components for automotive applications. The conference proceedings gather the papers by authors from automobile suppliers and manufacturers.

t~icrogravity research, a new field originating from the accessibility of space, has reached the age of adolescence. An impressive set of results has emerged from the fi rst Space 1 ab fl i ght, whi ch by now has been fully evaluated. In view of this and the wealth of information available from other space experiments, ground based research, and short-term microgra- vity experiments in ai rp 1 anes, rockets or fall towers, it was felt that the time was ripe for a comprehensive review of the field. The initiative of the US to build a permanent station in space, which was soon followed by a European decision to join this venture, further focussed attention onto microgravity materials sciences. This originates from the interesting prospects of a commercial space uti 1 ization, which would heavily rely on the results of scientific or technical experiments in space. From this point of view it also seemed timely and essential to provi de prospective commerci a 1 users with the necessary i nformat i on on previous experience, and more importantly, with a sound scientific basis for space processing. The aim of the present volume consequently is twofold, namely - to stimulate new scientific experiments in space in order to expand our knowledge gained from microgravity research, and to provide industry with the information obtained from space experi- ments sofar and to contribute to the scientific background for commer- cial space utilization.

The present book contains the papers that have been presented at the IUTAM-Symposium on Atmospheric Dispersion of Heavy Gases and Small Particles, which was held from August 29th to September 2nd 1983 in Scheveningen in The Netherlands. Attendees from many countries were present; 4 review lectures and about 25 research papers were presented. The realization of the symposium was made possible by the support of Delft University of Technology Koninklijke/Shell-Laboratory Amsterdam Prins Maurits Laboratory/Institute for Chemical and Technological Research Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. The symposium organization was carried out by the local organi- zing committee consisting of F.G.J. Absil - Delft University of Technology G.W. Colenbrander - Koninklijke/Shell-Laboratory Amsterdam G. Ooms - Delft University of Technology G. Opschoor - Prins Maurits Laboratory/Institute for Chemical and Technological Research H. Tennekes - Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute A.P. van Ulden - Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. The work of the organizing committee was supported in many re- spects by the sientific committee, which consisted of H. Fiedler - Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe, Fed. Rep. of Germany F.N. Frenkiel - Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. J.C.R. Hunt - University of Cambridge, England J. Kondo - National Institute for Environmetal Studies, Japan J.L. Lumley - Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.

This monograph is an attempt to compile the present state of knowledge on ocean wave analysis and prediction. The emphasis of the monograph is on the development of ocean wave analysis and predic tion procedures and their utility for real-time operations and appli cations. Most of the material in the monograph is derived from journal articles, research reports and recent conference proceedings; some of the basic material is extracted from standard text books on physical oceanography and wind waves. Ocean wave analysis and prediction is becoming an important activity in the meteorological and oceanographic services of many countries. The present status of ocean wave prediction may be compar able to the status of numerical weather prediction of the mid-sixties and early seventies when a number of weather prediction models were developed for research purposes, many of which were later put into operational use by meteorological services of several countries. The increased emphasis on sea-state analysis and prediction has created a need for a ready reference material on various ocean wave analysis and modelling techniques and their utility. The present monograph is aimed at fulfilling this need. The monograph should prove useful to the ocean wave modelling community as well as to marine forecasters, coastal engineers and offshore technologists. The monograph could also be used for a senior undergraduate (or a first year graduate) level course in ocean wave modelling and marine meteorology.

The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) decided in 1992 to sponsor the fourth Symposium on Laminar-Turbulent Transition, Sendai/Japan, 1994. The objectives of the present Symposium were to deepen the fundamental knowledge of stability and laminar turbulent transition in three-dimensional and compressible flows and to contribute to recent developing technologies in the field. This Symposium followed the three previous IUTAM-Symposia (Stuttgart 1979, Novosibirsk 1984 and Toulouse 1989). The Scientific Committee selected two keynote lectures and 62 technical papers. The Symposium was held on the 5th to 9th of September, 1994, at the Sendai International Center in Sendai. The participants were 82 scientists from 10 countries. The keynote lectures have critically reviewed recent development of researches concerning the laminar-to-turbulent transition phenomena from the fundamental and the application aspects. Many papers presented were concerned about the detailed mechanism of the boundary layer transition (receptivity, secondary instability, turbulent spot and bypass transition). Particular emphasis was further placed on the transition of three-dimensional boundary layers on rotation systems and on swept wings. Attention was also given to compressible hypersonic flows."

In recent years more emphasis has been placed in transport research on using existing roads as efficiently as possible in order to diminish the impact of traffic congestion. This book describes new theoretical, empirical and simulation models to analyse the impact of information provision to drivers and road pricing on congestion levels. It is the first publication presenting a wide variety of economic models to study information and road pricing effects jointly.

The Symposium "Aero-and Hydroacoustics" was held at the Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France, on 3rd - 6 July 1985, at the initiative of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) . The research topics discussed concerned the acoustics of unstable and turbulent flows and the noise generated by movable surfaces. Other subjects of interest were thermoacoustics, diffraction, and acoustic propagation through turbulence. Applications of numerical and experimental techniques to source diagnostics were discussed, as was active noise control. In Hydroacoustics the emphasis was on noise due to flow induced vibrations. There were 8 general invited lecturers and 43 other contributors, with 150 participants form 14 countries. Sufficient time was provided for discussions and social gatherings. For example, there was the opening of the high speed anechoic wind tunnel of the Centre Acoustique, and a welcome address given by the Mayor of Lyon in his historic City Hall. The organizing Committee of the Symposium wish to express their thanks to la Direction des Recherches Etudes et Techniques du Ministere des Armees (DRET), Ie Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ie Conseil General du Rhone, l'Association Universitaire de Mecanique (AUM), Ie Ministere de l'Environnement, for financial support. Le Groupement des Acousticiens de langue frangaise (GALF) helped advertise the meeting. The organizers are also indebted to the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics for providing travel subsidies to young scientists.

At the suggestion of the USSR National Committee of Theo retical and Applied Mechanios the International Union of Theo retical and Applied Meohanics made a deoision to organize the Second IUTAM Symposium on Laminar-Turbulent Transition in No vosibirsk. Professor Yanenko was entrusted to be the chairman of the scientific committee. It was proposed that about 100 scientists would participate in the Symposium and that 60 lectures and invited lectures would be delivered; as for the theme of the Symposium, it was devoted to experimental and theoretical stu dies of laminar-turbulent transition in fluids and gases, i.e. the physical problems of transition and mathematical modeling in shear flows. It was planned to lay a special emphasis on fundamental mechanisms of the transition process. The scienti fio committee approved of the scope of the Symposium having considered the changes in the directions of the stUdies which took place since the First Symposium. For example, there was singled out the problem of transformation of external distur bances into eigenoscillations of shear flows, i.e. the recep tivity problem which was only slightly touched upon at the First Symposium. A new section appeared devoted to the inter relation of the flow separation phenomenon and its stability. It was planned to focus the attention on the secondary instability at transition to turbulence at the non-linear stage of the flow breakdown as well as on the loss of stability and the disturbances development in 3-D flows."

The book is based on an international workshop on High Precision Navigation. The reader will find a wealth of information on - satellite navigation systems and their geodetic applications, especially using GPS - laser and radar techniques - image processing and image sequence analysis - autonomous vehicle guidance systems - inertial navigation systems - integration of different sensor systems.

Among the many techniques for designing linear multivariable analogue controllers, the two most popular optimal ones are H2 and H-infinity optimization. The fact that most new industrial controllers are digital provides strong motivation for adapting or extending these techniques to digital control systems. This book, now available as a corrected reprint, attempts to do so. Part I presents two indirect methods of sampled-data controller design: These approaches include approximations to a real problem, which involves an analogue plant, continuous-time performance specifications, and a sampled-data controller. Part II proposes a direct attack in the continuous-time domain, where sampled-data systems are time-varying. The findings are presented in forms that can readily be programmed in, e.g., MATLAB.

The concept of traffic conflict was initiated in the Uni ted States in the 60s and raised a lot of interest in many countries: it was an opening towards the develop ment of a new tool for safety evaluation and the diagnosis of local safety pro blems. The need for such a tool was great, because of the many situations where accident data was either scarce, unsatisfactory or unavailable. Development of Traffic Conflict Techniques (TCT) started simultaneously in the 70s in several European count ries and new studies were also undertaken in the Uni ted States, Canada and Israel. The need for international cooperation was rapidly feIt, in order to exchange data, compare definitions and check progresses. An Association for International Cooperation on Traffic Conflict Techniques (ICTCT) was therefore created, grouping researchers and safety administrators, with the aim of promoting and organising exchange of information and common practical work. Three Traffic Conflict Techniques Workshops were organised, in Oslo (1977), Paris (1979) and Leidschendam (1982). A small scale international experiment of calibra tion of TCTs was also carried out in Rouen, France, in 1979, and five teams took part in it from France, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States; results of this first experiment were used as a basis for the present enterprise. To be acknowledged as a safety measuring tool, traffic conflict techniques had to be validated in relation to traditional safety indicators such as injury-accidents."

Investigation of vortex wakes behind various aircraft, especially behind wide bodied and heavy cargo ones, is of both scientific and practical in terest. The vortex wakes shed from the wing's trailing edge are long lived and attenuate only atdistances of10-12kmbehindthe wake generating aircraft. The encounter of other aircraft with the vortex wake of a heavy aircraft is open to catastrophic hazards. For example, air refueling is adangerous operationpartly due to thepossibility of the receiver aircraft's encountering the trailing wake of the tanker aircraft. It is very important to know the behavior of vortex wakes of aircraft during theirtakeoff andlanding operations whenthe wakes canpropagate over the airport's ground surface and be a serious hazard to other depart ing or arriving aircraft. This knowledge can help in enhancing safety of aircraft's movements in the terminal areas of congested airports where the threat of vortex encounters limits passenger throughput. Theoreticalinvestigations of aircraft vortex wakes arebeingintensively performedinthe major aviationnations.Usedforthispurpose are various methods for mathematical modeling of turbulent flows: direct numerical simulation based on the Navier-Stokes equations, large eddy simulation using the Navier-Stokes equations in combination with subrigid scale modeling, simulation based on the Reynolds equations closed with a differential turbulence model. These approaches are widely used in works of Russian and other countries' scientists. It should be emphasized that the experiments in wind tunnels and studies of natural vortex wakes behind heavy and light aircraft in flight experiments are equally important.

A major strategy to reduce transport congestion and other social costs of transport is to ensure that travellers make the best decisions, based on real time information. A wide range of technological systems have been developed to provide this information, but little is known about how travellers actually respond to it. This book offers an overview of various transport telematics options and provides an appropriate methodological framework, followed by a presentation of results from actual applications of these telematics systems from a range of European countries in various transport sectors. The empirical results are supplemented by analytical models and geographic information systems representations with a view on generalizing these findings and identifying the key parameters which determine user response.

This is the second part of the translation of the original German text Meerestechnische Konstruktionen which was published by Springer-Verlag in 1988. The translated material is a reviewed and updated version of the German text. Wheras the first volume concentrates on general and external factors, this one focuses on factors affecting the design and analysis of offshore structures themselves. In an effort to address a wide audience the topic is presented in a general context. Therefore it introduces students and practising engineers to the field of marine technology and, at the same time, serves as a reference book for experts. Finally it gives specialists in related fields an idea of where their work on individual problems of offshore structures stands in relation to the field as a whole. Offshore Structures, Vol. 2 is based on the authors' lectures and design practice in offshore structures and their components. It assists the reader in developing practical solutions by introducing a large number of examples and reference is made to further specialised literature.

This research monograph presents a systematic treatment of the theory of the propagation of transient electromagnetic fields (such as optical pulses) through dielectric media which exhibit both dispersion a.nd absorption. The work divides naturally into two parts. Part I presents a summary of the fundamental theory of the radiation and propagation of rather general electromagnetic waves in causal, linear media which are homogeneous and isotropic but which otherwise have rather general dispersive and absorbing properties. In Part II, we specialize to the propagation of a plane, transient electromagnetic field in a homogeneous dielectric. Although we have made some contributions to the fundamental theory given in Part I, most of the results of our own research appear in Part II. The purpose of the theory presented in Part II is to predict and to explain in explicit detail the dynamics of the field after it has propagated far enough through the medium to be in the mature-dispersion regime. It is the subject of a classic theory, based on the research conducted by A. Sommerfeld and L.

As European countries pursue a common effort towards establishing a European Union, various isolated -and consequently disadvantaged -regions are likely to face increasing competitive pressures due to their peripheral location. To assist such areas, regional, national and supranational bodies put much effort into developing transport and communication networks and linkages in order to ensure that such less favoured areas are better integrated in the broader European social and economic development process. This book addresses the issue of lagging development in various -mainly central and southern - European regions which are in a disadvantageous position as a result of their isolated 10cation...The persisting problems of social and economic development in several European Union areas (e.g. islands, mountains, border areas) has turned the attention of policy-makers to "the critical importance of transport and (tele)communication linkages. The purpose of the book is to bring into perspective the role of transport and communications in regional policy for peripheral areas. This subject is currently of high priority, since the European Union through the Structural Funds interventions (i.e. the Community Support Frameworks) and the new Cohesion Fund relies heavily on transport and communication infrastructure investments to assist areas which are at a disadvantage due to their peripheral location and isolation. Furthermore, as the Union considers enlargement, some of these issues might be of wide European interest."

In recent years, increases in the amount and changes in the distribution of air traffic have been very dramatic and are continuing. The need for changes in the current air traffic systems is equally clear. While automation is generally accepted as a method of improving system safety and performance, high levels of automation in complex human-machine systems can have a negative effect on total system performance and have been identified as contributing factors in many accidents and failures. Those responsible for designing the advanced air traffic control systems to be implemented throughout the alliance during the next decade need to be aware of recent progress concerning the most effective application of automation and artificial intelligence in human-computer systems. This volume gives the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Maratea, Italy, June 18-29, 1990, at which these issues were discussed.

The IUTAM Symposium on Boundary-Layer Separation, suggested by the UK National Committee of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and supported by the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, was held at University College London on August 26-28, 1986. The proposed theme and scope of the Symposium were designed to help to bring about the necessary interaction between experimentalists, computationalists and theoreticians for the furthering of understanding in this challenging subject. The talks and discussions were aimed at representing the very wide range and application of separating-flow phenomena, which often substantially affect the whole of fluid dynamics at medium to large Reynolds numbers, covering in particular both laminar and turbulent flow, steady or unsteady, two- or three-dimensional, small or large-scale, incompressible or compressible, external or internal, from the experimental, computational and theoretical standpoints. It was intended that about 80 scientists would participate in the Symposium, with about 25 talks being delivered, to which poster sessions with 8 contributions were added subsequently. All the speakers and poster presenters were selected by the scientific committee, although two late replacements of speakers were required. Fruitful discussions, well led by the session chairmen, took place formally after each talk and after the poster sessions and informally on other occasions including the social events. The present proceedings of the Symposium appear to reflect much of the current state of experimental, computational and theoretical work and progress in boundary-layer separation. We hope that they provide also ideas, questions and stimulation, in addition to major recent developments."

This volume contains the selected papers presented at the EUROTHERM SEMINAR No. 17 - Heat Transfer in Radiating and Combusting Systems held at Cascais from October 8th- 10th, 1990. The EUROTHERM COMMITTEE was created by representatives of the member countries of the European Communities for the organization and coordination of European Scientific events in the field of thermal sciences and their applications. The book is focused on the integration of the heat transfer and combustion. These two subjects have traditionally been considered separate disciplines. In reality, the two are closely interwoven. The central purpose of the book is to generate an effective cross fertilisation of the two at both the fundamental and applied levels. The book reports on: mathematical simulations of heat transfer in reacting systems, new measurements of and measurement techniques for the radiation properties of the intervening medium, and data and theoretical analyses which clarify the physical nature of the complex interactions between the radiation/convection heat transfer processes and the combustion and turbulence of real reacting flows.

Substantial progress has been made in the field of fluid mechanics under compensated gravity effects (microgravity). The main task of this disciplinehas evolved tremendously. Starting out with the aim of providing assistance in describing flow problems in other microgravity sciences, microgravityfluid mechanics has itself now become acknowledge as a powerful means of research. The IUTAM Symposium on Microgravity Fluid Mechanics has pro- vided the long-awaited forum for scientists from 15 coun- tries to discuss and concretize the "state-of-the-art" in this discipline. The main themes treated are: Interface Phe- nomena, Convective Processes; Marangoni effects, Solidifica- tion, Combustion, Physico-Chemical Processes, Multiphase Phenomena, Residual Acceleration effects, Fluid Handling and Non-Newtonian Flows.

Haynes disassembles every subject vehicle and documents every step with thorough instructions and clear photos. Haynes repair manuals are used by the pros, but written for the do-it-yourselfer.