Thin shells are very popular structures in many different branches of engineering. There are the domes, water and cooling towers, the contain ments in civil engineering, the pressure vessels and pipes in mechanical and nuclear engineering, storage tanks and platform components in marine and offshore engineering, the car bodies in the automobile industry, planes, rockets and space structures in aeronautical engineering, to mention only a few examples of the broad spectrum of application. In addition there is the large applied mechanics group involved in all the computational and experimental work in this area. Thin shells are in a way optimal structures. They play the role of.the "primadonnas" among all kinds of structures. Their performance can be extraordinary, but they can also be very sensitive. The susceptibility to buckling is a typical example. David Bushnell says in his recent review paper entitled "Buckling of Shells - Pitfall for DeSigners" "To the layman buckling is a mysterious, perhaps even awe inspiring phenomenon that transforms objects originally imbued with symmetrical beauty into junk.""

This book constitutes the joint refereed proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles/Trains, Nets4Cars 2012 and Nets4Trains 2012, held in Vilnius, Lithuania, in April 2012. The 4 full papers of the rail track and 11 full papers of the road track presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. They provide an overview over latest technologies and research in the field of intra- and inter-vehicle communications (protocols and standards), mobility and traffic models (models, methodologies, and techniques), testing, and applications.

This book contains some new developments in the area of Structural Dynamics. In general it reflects the recent efforts of several Austrian research groups during the years 1985 - 1990. The contents of this book cover both theoretical developments as well as practical applications and hence can be utilized by researchers as well as the practicing engineers. Quite naturally, realistic modeling of a number of load types such as wind and earthquake loading, etc. , requires taking into account statistical uncertainties. Hence these loads have to be characterized by stochastic processes. As a consequence, stochastic aspects must play a major role in modem structural dynamics. Since an extended modeling of the load processes should not be counterbalanced by simplifying the structural models, considerable efforts have been put into the development of procedures which allow the utilization of e. g. FE models and codes which are utilized presently in context with simplified, i. e. "deterministic" load models. Thus the processing of the additional information on loads as well as including statistical properties of the material allows to provide additional answers, i. e. quantification of the risk of structural failure. This volume concentrates on four major areas, i. e. on load modeling, structural response analysis, computational reliability procedures, and finally on practical application. Quite naturally only special fields and particular, i. e. selected types of problems can be covered. Specific reference is made, however, to cases where generalizations are possible.

This book describes a coherent approach to the explanation of the movement of individual vehicles or groups of vehicles. To avoid possible misunderstandings, some preliminary remarks are called for. 1. This is intended to be a textbook. It brings together methods and approaches that are widely distributed throughout the literature and that are therefore difficult to assess. Text citations of sources have been avoided; literature references are listed together at the end of the book. 2. The book is intended primarily for students of engineering. It describes the theoretical background necessary for an understanding of the methods by which links in a road network are designed and dimensioned or by which traffic is controlled; the methods themselves are not dealt with. It may also assist those actually working in such sectors to interpret the results of traffic flow measure ments more accurately than has hitherto been the case. 3. The book deals with traffic flow on links between nodes, and not at nodes themselves. Many readers will probably regret this, since nodes are usually the bottlenecks which limit the capacity of the road network. A book dedicated to the node would be the obvious follow-up. A separation of link and node is justified, however, partly because the quantity of material has to be kept within reasonable bounds and partly because the treatment of traffic flow at nodes requires additional mathematical techniques (in particular, those relating to queueing theory)."

The peaceful use of space flight systems for research and technological devel opments in the context of promoting European and international cooperation represents the essential motivation for the programmes of the European Space Agency (ESA). One of ESA's programmes is dedicated to microgravity research, which is now an established discipline in Europe, with a dedicated group of scientists participating. The Challenger disaster has resulted in a serious dis continuity of flight opportunities in the next few years but the forthcoming International Space Station, new launchers and reentry vehicles are expected to provide ample opportunities for microgravity research in the long term. Meanwhile parabolic aircraft flights, sounding rockets as well as the delayed Shuttle-dependent missions, Spacelab D-2, the IML-missions and EURECA I, will be employed to keep microgravity experimenters reasonably busy in the interim period. To prepare the ground for these activities, both regarding research and experiment facilities, an in-depth analysis of the state of the art is an essential requirement at this time. Such an analysis is presented in this volume. It ad dresses all of the topics that have been identified to be of relevance. Besides a presentation of the fundamental aspects justifying microgravity research, the results of experiments already performed are reviewed and recommendations for future activities are made. Close to fifty European scientists have cooper ated in the preparation of this volume and their dedicated and concerted effort is greatly appreciated."

This volume, published in honor of Prof. Luigi Crocco, appears when Luigi Crocco celebrates his 75th birthday of a life devoted to study, research, and teaching. The events in his life and World War II forced Luigi Crocco, as well as other Italian scientists, to look to foreign countries for the calm haven so vital to study. This notwithstanding, his scientific activity was never inter rupted, and this volume is an acknowledgment of scientists and researchers to his work and life. Prefazione Questo volume in onore del prof. ing. Luigi Crocco vede la luce quando Luigi Crocco compie i 75 anni di una vita dedicata allo studio, alia ricerca e all'insegnamento. a Le vicende della vita, ed anche della 2 guerra mondiale, hanno costretto Luigi Crocco, come altri scienziati italiani, a dover cercare in altri Paesi quella serenita necessaria per dedicarsi allo studio. Ma la sua attivita scientifica non ha avuto interruzioni e questo volume essere la testimonianza di studiosi e di ricercatori alia sua opera e alia sua vita."

Welcome to Bavaria - Germany and to the First Intercontinental Maritime Simulation Symposium and Mathematical Modelling Workshop. A triennial international conference jointly pro moted by Control Data, IMSF and SCS, which takes place at Schliersee, a small town near the Alps. The aim of the Symposium is to cover most of the aspects of maritime modelling and simulation in theory and practice, to promote the exchange of knowledge and experience between dif ferent international research groups in this field, and to strengthen the international contact between developers and users of modelling and simulation techniques. On the occas on of the Symposium people of scientific and engineering disciplines will meet to discuss the state-of-the art and future activities and developments. A large number of contributed papers has been strictly exam ined and selected by the papers committee to guarantee a high international standard. The book contains the accepted papers which will be presented at the Symposium. The papers have been classified according to the following topics: VI 1. Fifth Generation Computer Technology 2. Simulation-Software-Tools 3. An Industrial Computer System - The Chrysler Story 4. Marine Mathematical Modelling 5. CFD for Marine Vehicles 6. Navigation Methodology 7. Marine Maneuvering and Motion Simulation 8. Off-Shore Modelling 9. Steering and Control of Marine Vehicles 10. Training and Traffic Control 11. Under-Water Vehicles Operation Authors from 9 countries will meet at the Symposium."

Random Vibration in Spacecraft Structures Design is based on the lecture notes "Spacecraft structures" and "Special topics concerning vibration in spacecraft structures" from courses given at Delft University of Technology. The monograph, which deals with low and high frequency mechanical, acoustic random vibrations is of interest to graduate students and engineers working in aerospace engineering, particularly in spacecraft and launch vehicle structures design.

Many important industrial applications incline toward better understanding of the constitutive properties of matter. Nowadays, the development of measurement possibilities, even in nanoscale, allows for multiscale formulations that drive to the more sophisticated models used in continuum mechanics. These phenomenological models are particularly important and useful for solutions of very concrete initial boundary value problems. Our interests are focused mainly on detailed descriptions of material behavior that depend not only on simple stress-strain relationships but also includes the strong influence of loading type, which introduces temperature, strain rate dependence, fracture, etc. Understanding these physics phenomena is of fundamental importance for successful and responsible computations. In particular, using the popular commercial programs requires deep understanding of constitutive formulations and their restrictions. These lectures are addressed to industrial users who are responsible for making crucial decisions in design, as well as, to young scientists who work on new models that describe the behavior of materials which also account the new influences and reflect the complexity of the material behavior. At the end, let me express my gratitude to the lecturers of the CISM course No. 328 on "Advances in Constitutive Relations Applied in Computer Codes", held in Udine in July 2007, who finally prepared the included materials. Unfortunately, during the preparation and collecting papers for this book, our friend and colleague Prof. Janusz R. Klepaczko passed away. This is a very big loss for the society of mechanics.

By the dawn of the new millennium, robotics has undergone a major transformation in scope and dimensions. This expansion has been brought about by the maturity of the field and the advances in its related technologies. From a largely dominant industrial focus, robotics has been rapidly expanding into the challenges of the human world. The new generation of robots is expected to safely and dependably co-habitat with humans in homes, workplaces, and communities, providing support in services, entertainment, education, healthcare, manufacturing, and assistance. Beyond its impact on physical robots, the body of knowledge robotics has produced is revealing a much wider range of applications reaching across diverse research areas and scientific disciplines, such as: biomechanics, haptics, neurosciences, virtual simulation, animation, surgery, and sensor networks among others. In return, the challenges of the new emerging areas are proving an abundant source of stimulation and insights for the field of robotics. It is indeed at the intersection of disciplines that the most striking advances happen. The goal of the series of Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics (STAR) is to bring, in a timely fashion, the latest advances and developments in robotics on the basis of their significance and quality. It is our hope that the wider dissemination of research developments will stimulate more exchanges and collaborations among the research community and contribute to further advancement of this rapidly growing field.

The aim of this book is to present pedestrian injuries from a biomechanical perspective. We aim to give a detailed treatment of the physics of pedestrian impact, as well as a review of the accident databases and the relevant injury criteria used to assess pedestrian injuries. A further focus will be the effects on injury outcome of (1) pedestrian/vehicle position and velocity at impact and (2) the influence of vehicle design on injury outcome. Most of the content of this book has been published by these and other authors in various journals, but this book will provide a comprehensive treatment of the biomechanics of pedestrian impacts for the first time. It will therefore be of value to new and established researchers alike.

Lamb waves are guided waves that propagate in thin plate or shell structures. There has been a clear increase of interest in using Lamb waves for identifying structural damage, entailing intensive research and development in this field over the past two decades. Now on the verge of maturity for diverse engineering applications, this emerging technique serves as an encouraging candidate for facilitating continuous and automated surveillance of the integrity of engineering structures in a cost-effective manner. In comparison with conventional nondestructive evaluation techniques such as ultrasonic scanning and radiography which have been well developed over half a century, damage identification using Lamb waves is in a stage of burgeoning development, presenting a number of technical challenges in application that need to be addressed and circumvented. It is these two aspects that have encouraged us to write this book, with the intention of consolidating the knowledge and know-how in the field of Lamb-wave-based damage identification, and of promoting widespread attention to mature application of this technique in the practical engineering sphere. This book provides a comprehensive description of key facets of damage identification technique using Lamb waves, based on the authors' knowledge, comprehension and experience, ranging from fundamental theory through case studies to engineering applications.

MANNED SPACE FLIGHT introduces into space travel parameters that are unique. Man can live without food for a reasonably long period; without water, the period becomes quite a bit shorter; but without air, the result-almost instantaneous-is death. This would make the atmosphere the most important consideration. In fact, however, man needs all three components: oxygen, water, and food; and if anyone of them failS, he is doomed. With our space efforts approaching trips of several weeks in length and certainly heading for month-long journeys, it is most appropriate to ask: Are we ready to provide an adequate atmo spheric milieu for the astronauts? The present volume represents the first integrated attempt to answer this question on a scientific level and on a broad basis of physical and mechanical, biological, biochemical and medical factors. The main features of this work were presented at a symposium of the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, held in Atlantic City on Septem ber 13, 1965. The volume is an expanded and reorganized treatise based on, but not merely proceeding from, the symposium. Obviously, medical aspects are of paramount importance. A down-to-earth appraisal of the status quo, presented by Dr. E. M. Roth, shows that the problem of 100% oxygen atmosphere still is beset with some uncertainty in the 200 to 500 mm. total cabin pressure range. Additionally, attention is called to inherent dangers of greatly increased flammability in such an atmosphere."

The book presents the analysis and design of integrated automotive radar receivers in Silicon-Germanium technology, for use in complex multi-channel radar transceiver front-ends in the 77GHz frequency band. The main emphasis of the work is the realization of high-linearity and low-power modular receiver channels as well as the investigation of millimeter-wave integrated test concepts for the receiver front-end.

The necessity for a reprint of the previous edition of this Manual has afforded an opportunity of bringing the information in certain parts of the book up to date, by the addition of a new Chapter 13 which deals with the more important developments that have occurred in the interim. This method has been adopted in order to simplify and to expedite the preparation of the present edition. As with the other Manuals of the Series, the elementary method of treatment of the subject has been retained, but where considered necessary some theoretical aspects are discussed. The previous edition has been checked and where desirable certain minor altera tions and improvements have been made in order to clarify the text. There have been several important developments in electrical components and wiring methods since the last edition, the more interesting of which have included the wider use of electronics in the design and construction of certain automobile parts. Examples of these are the use of transistors, diodes and printed circuits on flat and flexible bases, notably for instrument panels, while minia turized versions of printed circuits are finding wider applications in automobile components, e.g. for alternator voltage control units. In order to assist the non-technical reader, for whom these Manuals were originally intended, a brief outline of the theory and applications of diodes and transistors has been included to help him to understand the circuits using these modern components."

The articles in the book treat flow instability and transition starting with classical material dealt with in an innovative and rigorous way, some newer physical mechanisms explained for the first time and finally with the very complex topic of bombustion and two-phase flow instabilities.

The book on Sustainable Automotive Technologies aims to draw special attention to the research and practice focused on new technologies and approaches capable of meeting the challenges to sustainable mobility. In particular, the book features incremental and radical technical advancements that are able to meet social, economic and environmental targets in both local and global contexts. These include original solutions to the problems of pollution and congestion, vehicle and public safety, sustainable vehicle design and manufacture, new structures and materials, new power-train technologies and vehicle concepts. In addition to vehicle technologies, the book is also concerned with the broader systemic issues such as sustainable supply chain systems, integrated logistics and telematics, and end-of-life vehicle management. It captures selected peer reviewed papers accepted for presentation at the 4th International Conference on Sustainable Automotive Technologies, ICSAT2012, held at the RMIT, Melbourne, Australia.

The analysis of plates and shells under static and dynamic loads is of greatinterest to scientists and engineers both from the theoretical and the practical viewpoint. The Boun- dary Element Method (BEM) has some distinct advantages over domain techniques such as the Finite Difference Method (FDM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) for a wide class of structuralanalysis problems. This is the first book to deal specifically with the analysis of plates and shells by the BEM and to cover all aspects of their behaviour, and combi- nes tutorial and state-of-the-art articles on the BEM as ap- plied to plates and shells. It aims to inform scientists and engineers about the use and the advantages of this techni- que, the most recent developments in the field and the per- tinent literature for further study.

Symposia in the areas of fluid mechanics and hydraulics are, in many cases, strongly oriented toward the researcher, with only peripheral participation of the practicing engineer. The possible danger therein is an increased emphasis on those problems that are theoretically or experimentally attractive, rather than those that would most effectively lead to improved design criteria. To bring the practical aspects of flow-induced vibrations to the forefront, and to enhance in terchange of information on shortcomings of design criteria, it was decided to extend invitations to fielrl engineers, designers and researchers. The leading theme of the Symposium would be experiences from practice, encompassing informa tion on failures, fatigue, and wear; and wherever possible, the associated cures would be addressed as well. Moreover, to promote interaction between disciplines, a variety of specialities, ranging from tall structures to heat exchanger and re actor components, was included; but to keep the undertaking within a reasonable scope, topics dealing with slender body aerodynamics, and high-speed internal and external flow, were not incorporated. During this planning phase, many of our colleagues encouraged us to follow through with the spirit of the Symposium, and provided a number of helpful suggestions. It was gratifying to receive the en dorsement of the International Association for Hydraulic Research and the Inter national Union for Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, as the variety of interests represented by these organizations enhanced the theme of the Symposium.

This monograph is intended to provide a snapshot of the status and opportunities for advan cement in the technologies of dynamics and control oflarge flexible spacecraft structures. It is a reflection ofthe serious dialog and assessments going on all over the world, across a wide variety of scientific and technical disciplines, as we contemplate the next major milestone in mankind's romance with space: the transition from exploration and experimentation to commercial and defense exploitation. This exploitation is already in full swing in the space communications area. Both military and civilian objectives are being pursued with increasingly more sophisticated systems such as large antenna reflectors with active shape control. Both the NATO and Warsaw pact alliances are pursuing permanent space stations in orbit: large structural systems whose development calls for in-situ fabrication and/or assembly and whose operation will demand innovations in controls technology. The last ten years have witnessed a fairly brisk research activity in the dynamics and control oflarge space structures in orderto establish a technology base forthe development of advanced spacecraft systems envisioned for the future. They have spanned a wide spectrum of activity from fundamental methods development to systems concept studies and laboratory experimentation and demonstrations. Some flight experiments have also been conducted for various purposes such as the characterization of the space enviroment, durability of materials and devices in that environment, assembly and repair operations, and the dynamic behavior of flexible structures. It is this last area that has prompted this monogram."

In March 1988, an international workshop on intersections without traffic signals was held at the Ruhr-University in Bochum, Germany. The proceedings of this workshop were published by Springer 1). The workshop was performed in a very harmonious atmosphere, which stimulated the experts from different countries to communicate and exchange their ideas and experiences. The presentations and the written contributions documented the present state of technical solutions for design and engineering of unsi gnalized intersections both regarding scientific research and practical applications. Moreover, numerous unsolved problems were identified. Thus, the 1988 workshop stimulated new developments in the field of unsignalized inter sections in several countries. In the meantime, these investigations have lead to a remarkable progress. For example in Germany a new guideline for unsignalized cross intersections and T-junctions has been finished and is going to be introduced in 1991. New results on roundabout capacity have been worked out as well. Many particularly important developments were made in foreign countries. Especially in the United States, an increasing interest in this subject can be observed. In the annual meetings of the TRB, this item received great attention. Many research institutes in North America have concentrated their activities on that point. A new TRB-circular concerning unsignalized intersections is going to be published. It will contain a new procedure for four-way-stop-control intersections, which seems to be a special feature of North American traffic engineering. However, new results from the US for two-way-stop control intersections are available as well."

This volume is a compendium of papers presented during the second TRlennal Symposium on Transportation ANalysis (TRISTAN II) that took place in Capri, Italy on June 23-28, 1994. The Symposium was organized by the Progetto Finalizzato Trasporti and the Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica of the Italian National Research Council jointly with the Italian Operations Research Society. The purpose of this kind of meetings is to periodically allow an exchange of views and findings by scientists in the field of transportation analysis methods and tools. Therefore, the papers presented dealt with a wide range of topics and cover the different aspects of transportation analysis. The material contained in this book gives particular emphasis to the development of mathematical modelling and algorithms. This development is due to the evolution of digital computers and the continuous increase of the computing power. In fact the need of solving large scale problems (crew scheduling, network traffic control, pollution monitoring and control, . etc ... ) involves in some case, thousands of variables and therefore sophisticated mathematical models and computational algorithms

This volume is a compendium of papers presented during an Advanced Seminar on Air Traffic Control (ATC) that took place in Capri, Italy on October 28-31, 1991. The Seminar was' organized by the Progetto Finalizzato Trasporti of the Italian National Research Council. The papers presented in the Seminar dealt with a wide range of topics which are currently important in ATC. For example, there were papers on such subjects as recent developments in primary and secondary radar technologies, communications networks and protocols, and the future uses of satellite-based communications, navigation and surveillance in ATC. However, all the papers contained in the volume were selected exclusively from that set of papers that addressed some aspect of the main area of emphasis in the Seminar, namely massive data-processing requirements and computer intensive problems in ATC. Data-processing requirements in A TC have grown enormously over the years. Obviously, the rapid increase in air traffic volumes in most of the world is one of the factors that has contributed to this growth. However, two other developments have contributed much more significantly: first, the ATC system now collects (mostly automatically) immensely more "information per flight" than in the past; and, second, as the system's complexity increases and as it becomes more tightly interconnected geographically, so grows the need to communicate, process and "filter" the data presented to the system's various components."

The International Working Conference on Dependable Computing for Critical Applications was the first conference organized by IFIP Working Group 10. 4 "Dependable Computing and Fault Tolerance," in cooperation with the Technical Committee on Fault-Tolerant Computing of the IEEE Computer Society, and the Technical Committee 7 on Systems Reliability, Safety and Security of EWlCS. The rationale for the Working Conference is best expressed by the aims of WG 10. 4: " Increasingly, individuals and organizations are developing or procuring sophisticated computing systems on whose services they need to place great reliance. In differing circumstances, the focus will be on differing properties of such services - e. g. continuity, performance, real-time response, ability to avoid catastrophic failures, prevention of deliberate privacy intrusions. The notion of dependability, defined as that property of a computing system which allows reliance to be justifiably placed on the service it delivers, enables these various concerns to be subsumed within a single conceptual framework. Dependability thus includes as special cases such attributes as reliability, availability, safety, security. The Working Group is aimed at identifying and integrating approaches, methods and techniques for specifying, designing, building, assessing, validating, operating and maintaining computer systems which should exhibit some or all of these attributes. " The concept of WG 10. 4 was formulated during the IFIP Working Conference on Reliable Computing and Fault Tolerance on September 27-29, 1979 in London, England, held in conjunction with the Europ-IFIP 79 Conference. Profs A. Avi ienis (UCLA, Los Angeles, USA) and A.

LIOn Delamination of Laminated Composites (a) Fiber-Reinforced Composites Considerable technological advances in the production of high-strength fibers (graphite, boron, etc.) have led to a wide use of light high-strength composite materials (graphite epoxy, boron-epoxy, etc.). It is expedient, to make thin walled composite rods, plates, and shells from such materials. Plates can be made by bonding a set of unidirectional thin fiber layers, Fig.l.l. Such plates are orthotropic, as a rule. A random short-fiber composite is shown in Fig. 1.2. Fiber-reinforced composites are widely used in thin-walled aircraft structures because of their specific high strength. For example, the graphite-epoxy composite is characterized by a unidirectional tensile strength of 1.4 GPa while the density is 1.6 Mg/rrt? . For comparison, we may take a steel (steel 4340) whose corresponding properties are identified by values like 1.2 GPa and 7.8 Mg/rrt? . 1. INTRODUCTION Figure 1.1 2 1.1. On Delamination of Laminated Composites Figure 1.2 3 1. INTRODUCTION It is characteristic for laminated plastic material to possess a fairly low bonding. Therefore, low-velocity impacts and defects in manufacturing lead to local delamination. (b) Linear Problems of Delamination Buckling Delamination can significantly reduce the compressive strength and stiffness of the laminate. Local delamination can be considered as a crack in the bond. Under buckling there appears a high interlaminate stress at the crack edge that leads to a spreading of the crack. Delamination growth can lead to structural instability."