This volume discusses protocols that cover genetic manipulation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for recombinant protein production, and protocols for the characterization of CHO cells using 'omic approaches. This book also explores methods that discuss the genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9, and the characterization of recombinant protein products, such as glycosylation and host cell protein analysis. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Heterologous Protein Production in CHO Cells: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers who are interested in further studying cell production in CHO cells.

This thesis reports the latest developments in the direct amination of various C H bonds using an H Zn exchange/electrophilic amination strategy. McDonald and co-workers reveal this approach to be a rapid and powerful method for accessing a variety of functionalized amines. The material outlined in this book shows how McDonald achieved C H zincation using strong, non-nucleophilic zinc bases and subsequent electrophilic amination of the corresponding zinc carbanions with copper as a catalyst and O-benzoylhydroxylamines as the electrophilic nitrogen source. McDonald's findings are of relevance to medicinal chemistry, drug discovery and materials science. Her thesis is a source of inspiration for scientists entering the field and students beginning their PhD in a related area.

The cyclic purine nucleotides 3',5'-cAMP and 3',5'-cGMP are well-established second messengers. cGMP has recently been covered in a volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (volume 191). In addition to 3',5'-cAMP and 3',5'-cGMP, so-called non-canonical cyclic nucleotides exist. These comprise the cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides 3',5'-cCMP and 3',5'-cUMP, the purine nucleotide 3',5'-cIMP, the 2',3'-nucleoside monophosphates and cyclic dinucleotides. In this volume of the Handbook of Pharmacology, word-leading experts in the field summarize our current knowledge on these non-canonical cyclic nucleotides, discuss open questions, future research directions and the pharmacotherapeutic implications. Special emphasis will be given to the emerging roles of 3',5'-cCMP and 3',5'-cUMP as second messengers with regard to generators, effectors, biological functions, inactivation and bacterial toxins. The role of 3',5'-cIMP as potential second messenger will also be critically discussed. Furthermore, we will consider transport of cyclic nucleotides and their potential role as first messengers. The role of the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP in the immune system will covered, too. Lastly, the book will present important methodological aspects ranging from mass-spectrometric methods for cyclic nucleotide detection to the synthesis of nucleotide analogs as experimental tools and holistic methods for analysis of cyclic nucleotide effects.

This book covers the state-of-the-art on electrospun materials for the use of filters for water remediation, ion-exchange membranes and affinity membranes for the capture of selected chemical and biochemical species, as well as filtering applications covering air treatment, defense and protective applications, and oil-water separation. The book also provides an overview of the landscape of marketed electrospun filters and of technical approaches for the large scale production of nanofibrous non-woven filter media. This is an ideal book for biomaterials and polymer researchers interested in the applications of filtering media by electrospinning. This book also: Covers the latest research on ion-exchange membranes and affinity membranes for capture of cells and biological substances Broadens reader understanding of antimicrobial electrospun filters and sieving filters for liquid microfiltration Reviews exhaustively the key recent research into electrospun filters for oil-water separation, heavy metals removal, and defense and protective applications

This volume provides a comprehensive study of this key method of gel-based proteomics. Chapters in Difference Gel Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols detail methods on principles of differential protein labeling, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, techniques on optimized proteomic workflows, advanced mass spectrometry for protein identification, application of basic biological research, and applied biomarker discovery. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Difference Gel Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

Chemistry. Tetrahydrobiopterin Dependent Hydroxylases. Tetrahydrobiopterin Regenerating Enzymes. Tetrahydrobiopterin Biosynthesis. Tetrahydrobiopterin Regulation. Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency. Nitric Oxide Synthase. Other Functions of Tetrahydrobiopterins. Molybdopterin Cofactors. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of AntiFolates. Dihydrofolate Reductase. Thymidylate Synthase. Folylpolyglutamate Synthetase and Hydrolase. OneCarbon Metabolism. Folate Nutrition and Transport. 165 articles. Index.

This book focuses on the use of microorganisms in relation to agriculture, aquaculture and related fields, ranging from biofertilizers to poultry production. The latest innovations are also included to provide insights into the unlimited potentials of microorganisms in these areas.Individual chapters explore topics such as probiotics in poultry, biopurification of wastewater, converting agrowastes into value-added applications and products, rice cultivation, surfactants and bacteriocin as biopreservatives, bioplastics, crop productivity, biofloc, and the production of natural antibiotics. This volume will be of particular interest to scientists, policymakers and industrial practitioners working in the fields of agriculture, aquaculture and public health.

This book summarizes the recent advances in applications of starch in state-of-the-art drug carriers (hydrogel, micro- and nano-particulate carriers) with stimulus-responsive and target-specific properties. It also highlights the role of starch and its derivatives in transmucosal administration to improve the bioavailability of drugs. Further, it outlines the principles of effective, advanced, starch-based drug delivery systems and illustrates how these principles are key to the development of future drug delivery strategies. This interesting reference resource is useful for students, researchers and engineers in the fields of carbohydrate chemistry, polymer sciences and drug delivery.

"Lectins: Methods and Protocols "summarizes classic lectin technologies and advanced techniques with high throughputs and sensitivities. Chapters include methods and techniques for serial lectin-affinity chromatography procedure, lectin-probed western blot and histochemical analyses, quantitative interaction analyses based on equilibrium dialysis, isothermal calorimetry, surface plasmon resonance, techniques for elucidating functions of endogenous animal lectins, advanced methods on engineer novel lectins by evolutionary concepts, and special equipment. Written in the highly successful "Methods in Molecular Biology "series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Authoritative and practical, "Lectins: Methods and Protocols "seeks to aid not only lectin specialists but also non-experts including both young scientists."

Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Examines each of these parameters in crucial depth and makes the argument that life forms we would recognize may be more common in our solar system than many assume. Considers exotic forms of life that would not have to rely on carbon as the basic chemical element, solar energy as the main energy source, or water as the primary solvent and the question of detecting bio- and geosignatures of such life forms, ranging from earth environments to deep space. Seeks an operational definition of life and investigate the realm of possibilities that nature offers to realize this very special state of matter. Avoids scientific jargon wherever possible to make this intrinsically interdisciplinary subject understandable to a broad range of readers.

This book discusses in detail the structural, evolutionary and functional role of actin and its regulatory proteins in gliding motility in apicomplexan organisms, a unique phenomenon found in actin-myosin cytoskeletal elements. The book also explores the potential of different actin regulators, namely formin, profilin, actin depolymerization factor (ADF), capping proteins (CP and CP ), cyclase-associated protein (CAP) and coronin 13-24 as potential drug targets against malaria. As the chief components of the gliding motor, the actin-regulator proteins are characterized by unique features that make them promising targets for structure-based drug design. Lastly, the book proposes a mathematical model, based on kinetic data mining, to help understand the most vital regulators for actin polymerization dynamics.

This book covers in detail the mechanisms for how energy is managed in the human body. The basic principles that elucidate the reactivity and physical interactions of matter are addressed and quantified with simple approaches. Three-dimensional representations of molecules are presented throughout the book so molecules can be viewed as unique entities in their shape and function. The book is focused on the molecular mechanisms of cellular processes in the context of human physiological situations such as fasting, feeding and physical exercise, in which metabolic regulation is highlighted. Furthermore the book uses key historical experiments that opened up new concepts in biochemistry to further illustrate how the human body functions at molecular level, helping students to appreciate how scientific knowledge emerges. New to this edition: - 30 challenging practical case studies (2-3 at the end of each chapter) based on movies, novels, biographies, documentaries, paintings, and other cultural and artistic creations far beyond canonic academic exercises. - A set of challenging questions and problems in the end of each case study to further engage students with the applications of medical biochemistry - Insights into the answers to the challenging questions to help steer teaching/learning interactions key to productive lectures, PBL (problem-based learning) or traditional tutorials, or e-learning approaches. Advance praise for the second edition: "The Challenging Cases are compelling both from a scientific viewpoint and for the perspective they provide on the history of medicine." David M. Jameson, University of Hawaii "Using case studies to reinforce the biochemistry lessons is extremely effective - as well as entertaining!" Joseph P. Albanesi, UT Southwestern Medical Center Advance Praise for the first edition: "This textbook provides a modern and integrative perspective of human biochemistry and will be a faithful companion to health science students following curricula in which this discipline is addressed. This textbook will be a most useful tool for the teaching community." Joan Guinovart Former director of the Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain, and former president of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IUBMB

This book presents the current concepts of semaphorin biology. In the early 1990s, semaphorins were originally identified as axon guidance cues that function during neuronal development. However, cumulative findings have clarified that they have diverse functions in many physiological processes, including cardiogenesis, angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, retinal homeostasis, and immune regulation. Additionally, they have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, including tumorigenesis/tumor metastasis, neuroregenerative diseases, retinal degeneration, irregular pulse/sudden death, and immune disorders. Based on this current research background, the book covers the essential state-of-the-art findings for basic scientists in biochemistry, molecular biology, neuroscience, developmental biology, and structural biology, as well as for physicians in neurology, cardiology, oncology, orthopedic surgery, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, allergology, and rheumatology.

This book outlines comprehensively the main medical uses of aptamers, from diagnosis to therapeutics in fourteen chapters. Pioneering topics covered include aptamer pharmaceuticals, aptamers for malign tumors, aptamers for personalized therapeutics and aptamers for point-of-care testing. The book offers an essential guide for medical scientists interested in developing aptamer-based schemes for better theranostics. It is therefore of interest for not only academic researchers, but also practitioners and medical researchers in various fields of medical science, medical research and bio-analytical chemistry.

This book explains omics at the most basic level, including how this new concept can be properly utilized in molecular and systems biology research. Most reviews and books on this topic have mainly focused on the technicalities and complexity of each omics' platform, impeding readers to wholly understand its fundamentals and applications. This book tackles such gap and will be most beneficial to novice in this area, university students and even researchers. Basic workflow and practical guidance in each omics are also described, such that scientists can properly design their experimentation effectively. Furthermore, how each omics platform has been conducted in our institute (INBIOSIS) is also detailed, a comprehensive example on this topic to further enhance readers' understanding. The contributors of each chapter have utilized the platforms in various manner within their own research and beyond. The contributors have also been interactively integrated and combined these different omics approaches in their research, being able to systematically write each chapter with the conscious knowledge of other inter-relating topics of omics. The potential readers and audience of this book can come from undergraduate and postgraduate students who wish to extend their comprehension in the topics of molecular biology and big data analysis using omics platforms. Furthermore, researchers and scientists whom may have expertise in basic molecular biology can extend their experimentation using the omics technologies and workflow outlined in this book, benefiting their research in the long run.

Metalloproteins are involved in many key biological processes such as gas transport and metabolism, photosynthesis, cell respiration, the Krebs cycle and many other vital redox reactions. Metalloproteins: Methods and Protocols addresses multiple aspects of metalloenzyme research from the production and purification of metalloproteins using both standard recombinant techniques and a cell-free system, to the electrochemical analysis of metalloproteins, as well as IR techniques, Moessbauer spectroscopy and the theoretical interpretation of metalloenzyme catalytic and redox processes, to name a few topics. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Metalloproteins: Methods and Protocols seeks to serve both professionals and novices interested in the metalloprotein field.

Cell Colonies: Fractal Growth and Morphological Change in Bacterial Colony Formation; M. Matsushita, et al. Surfaces and Interfaces: Dynamic Scaling in Surface Growth Phenomena; F. Family. Diffusion Limited Aggregation, Viscous Fingering and Fracture: Ionic Concentration and Electric Field in Fractal Electrodeposition; M. Rosso, et al. Cellular Patterns: 2D Manifolds Arising from Local Interactions; H. Terrones, et al. Dynamical Systems: Order, Pattern Selection, and Noise in Low-Dimensional Systems; M. San Miguel. Self-Replication: Molecular Quasi-Species in Hopfield Replication Landscapes; P. Tarazona. Self-Organization: Effects of Noise on Self-Organized Critical Phenomena; A. Diaz-Guilera. Measurement and Characterization: The Practical Measurement of Fractal Parameters; E.H. Dooijes, Z.R. Struzik. 36 additional articles. Index.

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Methods and Protocols explores on the most widely studied of the protein classes, known for their central role in several cellular functions and in a variety of human pathologies. Beginning with a section on activation and signaling of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs), the book continues with chapters on aberrant expression of RTKs, trafficking and negative regulation, as well as RTKs as pharmacological targets. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Methods and Protocols contains an up-to-date overview of the most relevant and widely used methods employed in this field, providing detailed protocols that molecular and cellular biologists could easily adopt in their research programs on RTKs.

This book provides a review of the multitude of nucleic acid polymerases, including DNA and RNA polymerases from Archea, Bacteria and Eukaryota, mitochondrial and viral polymerases, and other specialized polymerases such as telomerase, template-independent terminal nucleotidyl transferase and RNA self-replication ribozyme. Although many books cover several different types of polymerases, no book so far has attempted to catalog all nucleic acid polymerases. The goal of this book is to be the top reference work for postgraduate students, postdocs, and principle investigators who study polymerases of all varieties. In other words, this book is for polymerase fans by polymerase fans.

Nucleic acid polymerases play a fundamental role in genome replication, maintenance, gene expression and regulation. Throughout evolution these enzymes have been pivotal in transforming life towards RNA self-replicating systems as well as into more stable DNA genomes. These enzymes are generally extremely efficient and accurate in RNA transcription and DNA replication and share common kinetic and structural features. How catalysis can be so amazingly fast without loss of specificity is a question that has intrigued researchers for over 60 years. Certain specialized polymerases that play a critical role in cellular metabolism are used for diverse biotechnological applications and are therefore an essential tool for research.

The discovery of ribozymes nearly 30 years ago triggered a huge interest in the chemistry and biology of RNAs. Much of the recently made progress focusing on metal ions is addressed in MILS 9. This book, written by 28 internationally recognized experts from 8 nations, provides a most up-to-date view and is thus of special relevance for colleagues teaching courses in biological inorganic chemistry and for researchers dealing, e.g., with nucleic acids, gene expression, and enzymology, but also for those in analytical and bioinorganic chemistry or biophysics. Structural and Catalytic Roles of Metal Ions in RNA describes in an authoritative and timely manner in 12 stimulating chapters, supported by nearly 1600 references, 13 tables, and 75 illustrations, mostly in color, metal ion-binding motifs, methods to detect and characterize metal ion-binding sites, and the role of metal ions in folding and catalysis. It deals with diffuse metal ion binding, RNA quadruplexes, the regulation of riboswitches, metal ions and ribozymes, including artificial ribozymes. The spliceosome, the ribosome, ribozymes involving redox cofactors as well as the binding of kinetically inert metal ions to RNA are also covered.

Using both epidemiological and model organism approaches, we have gained new insights into the physiological and molecular aspects of aging, which has led to significant advancements in potential anti-aging strategies. Reviews on Biomarker Studies in Aging and Anti-Aging Research presents a series of reviews in various aspects of aging and age-related disease research along with several methods which have shown progress as potential anti-aging approaches. The book is aimed at researchers in the areas of aging and chronic disease, as well as to clinical scientists, physicians and major drug companies. It provides important information on disease mechanisms, and each chapter is presented in the context of the aging process, specific chronic diseases or different therapeutic areas.