Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 11 Plant diseases are destructive and threaten virtually any crop grown on a commercial scale. They are kept in check by plant breeding strategies that have introgressed disease resistance genes into many important crops, and by the deployment of costly control measures, such as antibiotics and fungicides. However, the capacity for the agents of plant disease - viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes - to adapt to new conditions, overcoming disease resistance and becoming resistant to pesticides, is very great. For these reasons, understanding the biology of plant diseases is essential for the development of durable control strategies. This volume provides an overview of our current knowledge of plant-pathogen interactions and the establishment of plant disease, drawing together fundamental new information on plant infection mechanisms and host responses. The role of molecular signals, gene regulation and the physiology of pathogenic organisms are emphasised, but the role of the prevailing environment in the conditioning of disease is also discussed. This is a book for researchers and professionals in plant pathology, cell biology, molecular biology and genetics.

This volume is a monograph of the genus Diplusodon (Lythraceae), written by the world authority on this plant group. Diplusodon is a monophyletic genus of shrubs and subshrubs, with showy, 6-merous, actinomorphic flowers, and floral tubes on which the sepals alternate with conspicuous epicalyx segments. The capsular fruit contains winged seeds and, uniquely for the family, is divided by a bipartite placenta with two semi-lunate septa. Diplusodon is the second largest genus in the Lythraceae and occurs mostly in the Cerrado Biome, the floristically diverse savannah that covers more than two million km2 of the Central Brazilian Plateau, extending west into Bolivia, south to Paraguay and east to the Caatinga. A total of 104 species and eight varieties are recognized in the genus, for which 46 lectotypes, one neotype, one new status and one new combination are designated, nine new species are described, and 15 taxa are placed in synonymy. New information on floral and vegetative morphology, pollen, cytology, chemistry, floral biology, and habitat are provided for the genus. In addition, keys to the species are accompanied by descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and assignment of conservation status.

Ecological intensification involves using natural resources such as land, water, soil nutrients, and other biotic and abiotic variables in a sustainable way to achieve high performance and efficiency in agricultural yield with minimal damage to the agroecosystems. With increasing food demand there is high pressure on agricultural systems. The concept of ecological intensification presents the mechanisms of ensuring high agricultural productivity by restoration the soil health and landscape ecosystem services. The approach involves the replacement of anthropogenic inputs with eco-friendly and sustainable alternates. Effective ecological intensification requires an understanding of ecosystems services, ecosystem's components, and flow of resources in the agroecosystems. Also, awareness of land use patterns, socio-economic factors, and needs of the farmer community plays a crucial role. It is therefore essential to understand the interaction of ecosystem constituents within the extensive agricultural landscape. The editors critically examined the status of ecological stress in agroecosystems and address the issue of ecological intensification for natural resources management. Drawing upon research and examples from around the world, the book is offering an up-to-date account, and insight into the approaches that can be put in practice for poly-cropping systems and landscape-scale management to increase the stability of agricultural production systems to achieve 'Ecological resilience'. It further discusses the role of farmer communities and the importance of their awareness about the issues. This book will be of interest to teachers, researchers, climate change scientists, capacity builders, and policymakers. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, forestry, ecology, agronomy, soil science, and environmental sciences. National and international agricultural scientists, policymakers will also find this to be a useful read for green future.

This book presents the phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of freshwater red algae. Its content is divided into five chapters. The first chapter provides a brief history of freshwater red algal research, habits and collecting methods, general biogeographic trends and an overview of the taxonomic/phylogenetic placement of freshwater taxa. The other four chapters are taxonomic treatments of non-marine red algae based on taxonomic levels, i.e. classes within the phylum Rhodophyta, orders within each class, families within each order, and genera within each family. Descriptions, phylogenetic data (including numerous trees), geographic range (maps for most species) and dichotomous keys for identification are presented. Comprehensive data are provided for more than 220 species.

This book provides detailed protocols for research in plant photomorphogenesis. The collection includes a broad range of topics including assays for shade avoidance responses, assays for light-dependent protein-protein interactions, photobody detection with immunofluorescence and the super-resolution imaging method, protein complex isolation from plants, detection of homodimer and monomer of photoreceptor UVR8 with immunoblotting analysis, assays for seedling greening, procedures for studying skotomorphogenesis, phenotypic study of photomorphogenesis at the seedling stage, expression of Cryptochrome in insect cells, and more. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Plant Photomorphogenesis: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for researchers and students who are new to the field, as well as a stepping stone for experienced researchers to further their skills in this fast-developing field.

This volume covers up-to-date notions of seed structure, processes resulting to its formation (syngamy, triple fusion etc.), as well as of postseminal development (seed dormancy and germination). Great attention has been paid to the morphological and functional aspects of fertilization process and embryo- and endospermogenesis.

An English translation of the series prepared by the Komarov Botanical Institute. Covers Altai, Khangai, Kentei Ranges in the North, Greater Khingan Range in the East, Pamir in the West, The Great Wall of China in the Southeast, and the Himalayas in the South. Volume 9 of the illustrated list of vascular plants of Central Asia (within the People?s Republics of China and Mongolia) treats families Salicaceae-Polygonaceae and opens with a description of the families of Dicotyledoneae. Keys for the identification of genera and species in each family and nomenclature and information on habitat and geographic distribution of each species are given. The largest taxonomic groups treated in this volume are the family Polygonaceae and genus Salix.

The PhyloCode is a set of principles, rules, and recommendations governing phylogenetic nomenclature, a system for naming taxa by explicit reference to phylogeny. In contrast, the current botanical, zoological, and bacteriological codes define taxa by reference to taxonomic ranks (e.g., family, genus) and types. This code will govern the names of clades; species names will still be governed by traditional codes. The PhyloCode is designed so that it can be used concurrently with the rank-based codes. It is not meant to replace existing names but to provide an alternative system for governing the application of both existing and newly proposed names. Key Features Provides clear regulations for naming clades Based on expressly phylogenetic principles Complements existing codes of nomenclature Eliminates the reliance on taxonomic ranks in favor of phylogenetic relationships Related Titles: Rieppel, O. Phylogenetic Systematics: Haeckel to Hennig (ISBN 978-1-4987-5488-0) de Queiroz, K., Cantino, P. D. and Gauthier, J. A. Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode (ISBN 978-1-138-33293-5).

This volume is the second in the series on 'Higher Plants', otherwise termed Phanerogam or Spermatophyte. The earlier volume, 1A, covered several taxa of Phanerogams and one of Bryophyte. A concurrent series (volume 2A, 2B and so on) cover the lower groups, represented by Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes and Lichens. Bryophyte, because of its importance in evolution of seed plants vis-a-vis higher groups, has been included in both volumes. The present volume includes articles dealing with certain fundamental issues of genomics as well as phylogeny and evolution of certain economic agricultural and medicinal crops. Of these, economic crops include coffee, coconut and papaya; medicinals cover Artemisia and Costus; fodder and agricultural crops include Phleum, Lolium and Triticale; horticultural species include Orchis and Allium and forest plant is represented by Populus species. In general, this volume contains discussions on molecular patters of basic angiosperms as well as genomics and phylogeny of different families covering several commercial, medicinal and agricultural crops.Those working on molecular genetics, evolution and phylogeny of flowering plants, including species of medicinal and agricultural value will find this book interesting.

Horticultural therapy has evolved from its use only by volunteer gardeners to become a recognized and respected therapeutic modality conducted by trained, registered professionals. Horticultural Therapy Methods is the first textbook to describe the processes and techniques used to provide horticultural therapy interventions and the rationale for their use. This book presents types of programs, settings, and goals in horticultural therapy. It outlines treatment planning; development of sessions to meet treatment objectives; motivation and behavior management techniques; documentation guidelines; practical approaches for wellness; and resources for activity ideas. New to this Edition: Various useful examples of horticultural therapy in practice and strategically placed tips and resources. Additions to appendix on horticultural therapy treatment strategies. New chapter on session planning. Thirty-seven photographs demonstrating horticultural therapy in practice. Additional "HT Practice" examples and tips. The book is used as a reference and a guide for students, educators, and those conducting horticultural therapy or therapeutic horticulture to guide them in constructing effective treatment programs. Health care and human service professionals use the reference in the therapy, treatment, and education of inmates, residents, patients, trainees, students, and other participants.

An English translation of the series prepared by the Komarov Botanical Institute. Covers Altai, Khangai, Kentei Ranges in the North, Greater Khingan Range in the East, Pamir in the West, The Great Wall of China in the Southeast, and the Himalayas in the South. This volume of the illustrated synopsis of vascular plants of Central Asia provides a detailed account of 3 families Araliaceae, Umbelliferae, Cornaceae, within the People's Republics of China and Mongolia. Keys for the identification of genera and species under each family as well as references to nomenclature and information on habitat and geographical distribution for each species are given. A number of species have been recorded in this territory for the first time which include 8 hitherto unknown species. The largest taxonomic groups in this volume are the family Umbelliferae and genera Seseli L., Ferula L., Bupleurum L. I11.: 8 plates, 4 maps of distribution ranges.