In an intriguing series of experiments carried out many years ago, a common scientific belief, feted by no less than three Nobel prizes, was brought into question. The observations were about proteins-the molecules that the genetic code specifies and that are in one way or another central to all of life's activities. The experiments however were not about what proteins do, but how they are moved, in particular how they are moved from where they are made to where they act. The results of these studies conflicted with the standard view of how this happens, and thus became controversial. The standard view, the vesicle theory of protein secretion, envisions proteins being carried within and out of cells en masse in membrane-bound sacs or vesicles. The controversial experiments demonstrated that to the contrary individual protein molecules cross the relevant membranes as a result of their own motion. This was thought to be impossible at the time. Proteins Crossing Membranes is a personal narrative that tells the story of the controversy. Among other things, the author illustrates that scientists, like the rest of us, can rigidly hold onto their beliefs despite evidence that they are misguided. Key Features Reviews the data in support and critical of the vesicle theory of protein secretion Explores the ways scientists respond to evidence that challenges a favored theory Documents the author's personal experiences in this conflict-laden situation

The cellular events underlying rapid cellular damage are being intensively studied in a number of different organs. Examples are the reperfused ischaemic heart, muscular dystrophy, liver damage, malignant hyperthermia and the preservation of kidneys for transplantation. Many hypotheses are extant concerning the biochemical pathways involved in these damage processes and, in particular, the roles of calcium and active oxygen metabolytes are of great current interest. There is considerable literature on both these triggering agents and good evidence for their involvement in the genesis of damage, although little agreement on their precise roles. This volume presents a record of the proceedings of a meeting held by the Society of Experimental Biology that attempted to determine whether there are common mechanisms for rapid cellular damage and to explore the ways in which calcium and oxygen radicals may interact to cause damage. The central problem is whether oxygen radicals modify intracellular calcium levels, with the calcium then triggering the damage, or whether changes in calcium fluxes stimulate the generation of oxygen radicals, the radicals then producing the damage.

Intended for cell biologists, biophysicists, biochemists, molecular biologists, physiologists, researchers in hemostatsis and thrombosis and pathologists, this book provides an insight into cell adhesion from three interdisciplinary perspectives: fundamental facts of adhesion; molecular biochemistry of adhesion and physiological aspects. It summarizes the basic aspects of surfaces in general and describes the theoretical and experimental tools necessary to investigate cell adhesion, including the basic biochemistry and molecular biology of adhesion. The book offers concise treatment of individual topics, features current material, and provides key references as a guide to further study.

Arthropods are important to worldwide agriculture, food safety, human health, and energy production. Besides their practical significance, various species represent excellent model systems for biological investigations of evolution, development, physiology, reproduction, and social interaction. For these reasons, arthropod genomics is receiving increasing attention from researchers around the globe. Protocols for Cytogenetic Mapping of Arthropod Genomes is a collection of up-to-date, detailed protocols for physical chromosome mapping and their applications for studying genome organization and evolution in insects and ticks. This book brings together the expertise of cytogeneticists working on diverse groups of arthropods. Each chapter demonstrates approaches to tissue dissection, chromosome preparation, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and imaging. The book is a timely and complementary effort to the i5K initiative, which will obtain whole-genome sequences for 5,000 insect and related arthropod species. This comprehensive resource provides cytogeneticists with the necessary background and protocols to understand and develop chromosome-based genome assemblies from such whole-genome sequence data.

Provides a multidisciplinary approach to the study of energetics of secretion responses by combining the knowledge and expertise of leading authorities from various fields.

Provides a multidisciplinary approach to the study of energetics of secretion responses by combining the knowledge and expertise of leading authorities from various fields.

These two volumes demonstrate the role of cellular mechanisms in the production of the many specialized traits defining primates. By exploring gene activity transforming into evolutionary change through the work of cellular mechanisms, the goal is to encourage others to adopt evolutionary cell biology as an approach to the genotype-phenotype map of the diversification of primates, human variation, and human evolution. Contributors highlight how genetic analysis, visualization of cells and tissues, and merging Evo-Devo with evolutionary cell biology combine to answer questions central to understanding the human and primate evolution. Key Features Explores the developmental basis of characteristics that define the primate lineage Documents cellular mechanisms associated with everything from skin and eneregetics to the brain and communication. Chapters by a team of leading international researchers

Astrocytes play diverse roles in central nervous system (CNS) function and dysfunction, and the connections that the astrocyte makes with other cells of the brain are essential for a variety of important neural tasks. Bringing together contributions from international experts at the top of their field, Astrocytes: Wiring the Brain emphasizes cellular connections and surveys the most current findings on astrocyte activity. The first section of the book identifies major astrocyte biomarkers and describes how they define the different connectivity domains. Next, the book examines the role of these connections. It explains how their function can be manipulated under physiological conditions and how dysfunction of the connectivity leads to aberrant brain performance. The final section explores the alterations of glia that have been observed in specific diseases of the brain. These include epilepsy, autoimmune encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, autism, and major depression. The book identifies key mechanisms responsible for these alterations. An important and emerging field, astrocytes and their functions are critical to neuroscientists and neurologists, both in academia and in industry, particularly in the search for and development of new drugs to combat a variety of diseases affecting the CNS. As research continues to grow in this area, this volume will spur heightened advances and understanding into the effects of these neural cells on a range of pathologies.

An innovative theory proposes a new therapeutic strategy to break the stalemate in the war on cancer. It is called cancer stem cell (CSC) theory, and Lucie Laplane offers a comprehensive analysis, based on an original interdisciplinary approach that combines biology, biomedical history, and philosophy. Rather than treat cancer by aggressively trying to eliminate all cancerous cells-with harmful side effects for patients-CSC theory suggests the possibility of targeting the CSCs, a small fraction of cells that lie at the root of cancers. CSCs are cancer cells that also have the defining properties of stem cells-the abilities to self-renew and to differentiate. According to this theory, only CSCs and no other cancer cells can induce tumor formation. To date, researchers have not agreed on the defining feature of CSCs-their stemness. Drawing from a philosophical perspective, Laplane shows that there are four possible ways to understand this property: stemness can be categorical (an intrinsic property of stem cells), dispositional (an intrinsic property whose expression depends on external stimuli), relational (an extrinsic property determined by a cell's relationship with the microenvironment), or systemic (an extrinsic property controlled at the system level). Our ability to cure cancers may well depend upon determining how these definitions apply to different types of cancers.

A Probabilistic Model of the Genotype/Phenotype Relationship provides a new hypothesis on the relationship between genotype and phenotype. The main idea of the book is that this relationship is probabilistic, in other words, the genotype does not fully explain the phenotype. This idea is developed and discussed using the current knowledge on complex genetic diseases, phenotypic plasticity, canalization and others.

This description of a model system for cell differentiation and organogenesis is written by one of the foremost researchers in the area. The main emphasis is on the mammalian kidney, but the book also deals with the development of the transien excretory organs. It includes discussions of induction, proliferation, early cytodifferentiation and morphogenesis and organogenesis. This authoritative account will be valuable to developmental biologists and also to scientists working in paediatric nephrology. As it gives the background of normal development and of control systems, it will also be of use to nephrologists working on abnormalities in the urinary tract.

This book presents recent scientific investigations in microbial ecology and systematics. Advanced microbial science investigations employ the latest technologies for research in microbiology and microbial applications. The book has complete information on classical microbiology techniques for assessment of the composition of microbial diversity assessment, advancement in next-generation technology, advantages of microbial products in sustainable developments and their application for societal benefits. Current research on microorganisms is presented as a perfect book for studies on "Microbial Systematics". This book will serve as an important resource for practising research and review for the scientific community.

New Techniques for Studying Biomembranes describes some of the latest methods used to investigate the dynamic distribution of specific lipids in membranes and their effects on other membrane components. The contributors present important discoveries with respect to lipid analysis and lipid interactions with membrane proteins. Various methods, which have been used to study lipid bilayer structure and lipid organization in membranes, include both in vitro and in vivo membrane systems, and study membrane proteins in various membrane systems. Key Features: Reviews both in vivo and in vitro analytical technologies and methods for studying membrane structure and function Explores how lipid bilayers and membrane proteins interact Includes contributions from an international team of researchers actively studying membrane structure and function Identifies various diseases whose causes are related to membrane proteins Related Titles: Christopher R. Jacobs, Hayden Huang, and Ronald Y. Kwon. Introduction to Cell Mechanics and Mechanobiology (ISBN 978-0-8153-4425-4) Wendell Lim and Bruce Mayer. Cell Signaling: Principles and Mechanisms (ISBN 978-0-8153-4244-1) Stephen Rothman. Proteins Crossing Membranes: A Scientist's Memoir (978-0-3670-7449-4)

The evolution of segmentation is one of the central questions in evolutionary developmental biology. Indeed, it is one of the best case studies for the role of changes in development in the evolution of body plans. Segmented body plans are believed to have appeared several times in animal evolution, and to have contributed significantly to the evolutionary success of the taxa in which they are present. Because of the centrality of the subject, and the continuing interest in understanding segmentation, this book offers an often overlooked focus on the cellular aspects of the process of segmentation, providing an invaluable reference for students of evolutionary developmental biology at all levels. Key Features Explores the role that segmentation has played in the diversity of animals Documents the diverse cellular mechanisms by which segmentation develops Reviews the independent evolutionary origins of segmentation Provides insight into the general patterns of serial homology at the cellular level Related Titles Lynne Bianchi. Developmental Neurobiology (ISBN 978-0-8153-4482-7). Jonathan Bard. Principles of Evolution: Systems, Species, and the History of Life (ISBN 978-0-8153-4539-8). Gerhard Scholtz. Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Crustacea (ISBN 978-9-0580-9637-1). Dr. Ariel D. Chipman is Associate Professor in the Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior of the Silberman Institute of Life Sciences at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is the author or co-author of dozens of peer reviewed scientific journal articles. His research focuses upon the evolution of animal body plans with a focus on arthropod segmentation, integrating comparative embryology, the fossil record and genome evolution.

Most of the cranial sense organs of vertebrates arise from embryonic structures known as cranial placodes. Such placodes also give rise to sensory neurons that transmit information to the brain as well as to many neurosecretory cells. This book focuses on the development of sensory and neurosecretory cell types from cranial placodes by introducing the vertebrate head with its sense organs and neurosecretory organs and providing an overview of the various cranial placodes and their derivatives, including evidence of common embryonic primordia. Schlosser discusses how these primordia are established in the early embryo and how individual placodes develop. The latter chapters explain how various placodally derived sensory and neurosecretory cell types differentiate into discrete structures.

This book offers a conceptual explanation of the interrelationships that exist between the stages in the progression of initiated epithelial cells in culture compared with the diverse tissue of organs and the progression of tumors from different organ sites. The fate of the modification of adducts is discussed at the molecular level. The role that modifications in hot spots in oncogenes and supressor genes play at the molecular level and how these molecular modifications can lead to an explanation of molecular control in the formation of tumor phenotypes is also examined. Researchers in cell biology and toxicology, applied pharmacology, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, mutagenesis, and molecular toxicology will find the book useful, interesting reading.

In a fast-moving field it is unlikely that articles written more than a year ago would be completely up to date. The purpose of this book is to bring to the nonspecialist an overall view as well as an update on the state of the art as it existed in the beginning of 1982, and to the specialist the opportunity to have a single source of information for how the other organisms do it, and also to enable him to find out the status of the various aspects of RNA processing with which he might not be to familiar. even if only some of these goals are achieved, all those who labored so diligently to bring about the publication of this book would be more than gratified.

A synthesis and collation of the recent material regarding the role of the neutrophil in basic pathological processes is presented in this volume. The mechanisms of chemotaxis, secretion, phagocytosis, intracellular killing, oxygen radical production and arachidonate production are comprehensively reviewed. Stimulus response coupling in the neutrophil, with chapters on intracellular Ca2+, C-Kinase, phospholipid metabolism, microfilaments and membrane electrophysiology are extensively discussed. Each chapter provides a critical review by experts with over 1,000 cited references. Invaluable to graduate students and medical and scientific researchers, this book provides a unique, up-to-date account of cellular biochemistry and physiology of the neutrophil.

The rapid expansion of the TRP field has generated a large amount of excellent original work across many different research fields. However, investigators are not necessarily familiar with the pros and cons of the variety of methods used to study TRP channels. Because of functional and genetic diversity, as well as the different physiological roles they play, techniques used for studying TRP channels range from single molecular analysis to behavioral animal studies. Methods in multiple areas, such as molecular biology, fluorescence imaging, electrophysiology, cell biology, genetics, proteomics, pharmacology, system physiology, and behavioral assessment, are employed to investigate various aspects of these channels. Choosing among many possible topics in these broad areas was a daunting task. A comprehensive review of the field, TRP Channels spans the information gap by providing broad coverage of current methods and techniques commonly used in TRP channel research, and detailed protocols with thorough discussions of the advantages and disadvantages across methods. Some topics covered include Mammalian, Drosophila and C. elegans TRP channels Practical protocols for functional studies of TRP channels, including TRPC, TRPV, TRPA, TRPM and the intracellularly localized TRPML channels ThermoTRPs, including the new fast temperature jump apparatus and the high throughput random mutagenesis method for screening critical motifs involved in TRP channel regulation Cell-based high-throughput screening assays for TRP channels and their applications in drug discoveries TRP channel functions in native cells, including smooth muscles, neurons, and cancers Showcasing the current status of the field, TRP Channels covers the major techniques used in various areas of research. The majority of the chapters are protocol oriented, with the goal of providing clear directions for laboratory use. Because of the breadth of the TRP field, the applications of some methods are described in multiple chapters by experts working on a variety of channel types that serve different physiological functions, highlighting distinctive views on how the methodology can be utilized. Some chapters include discussion on the usefulness and pitfalls associated with the use of certain techniques. Together with chapters that offer comprehensive reviews on the functional regulation and other roles of TRP channels, students and investigators new to the field should find this book particularly informative.

RNAi technology are used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. Exploitation of the pathway is also a promising tool in biotechnology and medicine. This book reviews the selective and robust effect of RNAi on gene expression which makes it a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can induce suppression of specific genes of interest. This book will introduce new technology in the study of RNA interference in microorganisms, plants and animals.

Optical Imaging Techniques in Cell Biology, Second Edition covers the field of biological microscopy, from the optics of the microscope to the latest advances in imaging below the traditional resolution limit. It includes the techniques-such as labeling by immunofluorescence and fluorescent proteins-which have revolutionized cell biology. Quantitative techniques such as lifetime imaging, ratiometric measurement, and photoconversion are all covered in detail. Expanded with a new chapter and 40 new figures, the second edition has been updated to cover the latest developments in optical imaging techniques. Explanations throughout are accurate, detailed, but as far as possible non-mathematical. This edition includes appendices with useful practical protocols, references, and suggestions for further reading. Color figures are integrated throughout.

New Findings Revolutionize Concepts of Gene Function Endogenous small RNAs have been found in various organisms, including humans, mice, flies, worms, fungi, and bacteria. Furthermore, it's been shown that microRNAs acting as cellular rheostats have the ability to modulate gene expression. In higher eukaryotes, microRNAs may regulate as much as 50 percent of gene expression. Regulation of Gene Expression by Small RNAs brings together the pioneering work of researchers who discuss their work involving a wide variety of small RNA regulatory pathways in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. In addition to exploring the biogenesis and processing of these regulatory RNAs, they also consider the functional importance of these pathways in host organisms. Assisting current and future researchers, this unique groundbreaking work - Provides a suite of cutting-edge resources for the study of microRNA ontology and function Includes a technology guide for those seeking to assay microRNA expression Explores the mechanisms by which microRNAs regulate gene expression in animal cells, including the regulation of gene expression by RNA-mediated transcriptional gene silencing Discusses a fast and low-cost approach for reversing genetic influences in mammals Looks at breakthroughs in the use of microRNA-based therapy for HIV and cancer This volume captures the essence of the breadth and excitement surrounding the newly discovered regulatory roles of small RNAs. The powerful new approach in the study of gene function described in this text is leading to some remarkable findings that have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of genetic function and the treatment of diseases otherwise considered intractable.

Completely updated and rewritten, with 150 new figures Genomes from a wide variety of organisms included, from viruses to humans Techniques fully integrated into the text, including those investigating the genome, transcriptome, and proteome Coverage of expression, regulation, and evolution is on a genomic scale Short answer questions and in-depth problems at the end of each chapter Same structure as Genomes 3 but streamlined

Human Microanatomy is a comprehensive histology text that analyzes human structure and function from the subcellular to organ level of organization. In addition to emphasizing medically relevant information, each chapter considers developmental and evolutionary aspects of microanatomy while also using celebrity medical histories to help provide real-world context for accompanying descriptions of normal histology. The book is richly illustrated with over 1400 full-color micrographs and drawings assembled into cohesive groupings with detailed captions to help elucidate key histological concepts. Text illustrations are further supplemented by hundreds of other light and electron micrographs available in a free digital atlas covering a broad spectrum of microanatomy. Each text chapter also includes a preview, pictorial summary, and self-study quiz to highlight and review essential elements of histology. By incorporating features like medical histories, biological correlates, and various study aids, Human Microanatomy provides an appealing and informative treatment of histology for readers who are interested in the structural bases of cell, tissue, and organ functioning. KEY FEATURES: Uses celebrity medical histories to help provide context for descriptions of normal histology Supplements medically relevant information with developmental and evolutionary correlates of microanatomy Contains 1400+ full-color micrographs and drawings that illustrate a wide range of histological features Offers free access to an ancillary online atlas with hundreds of additional light and electron micrographs Includes helpful study aids such as chapter previews, pictorial summaries, and self-study quizzes Presents a novel and comprehensive account of the structure and function of human cells, tissues, and organs

Human Microanatomy is a comprehensive histology text that analyzes human structure and function from the subcellular to organ level of organization. In addition to emphasizing medically relevant information, each chapter considers developmental and evolutionary aspects of microanatomy while also using celebrity medical histories to help provide real-world context for accompanying descriptions of normal histology. The book is richly illustrated with over 1400 full-color micrographs and drawings assembled into cohesive groupings with detailed captions to help elucidate key histological concepts. Text illustrations are further supplemented by hundreds of other light and electron micrographs available in a free digital atlas covering a broad spectrum of microanatomy. Each text chapter also includes a preview, pictorial summary, and self-study quiz to highlight and review essential elements of histology. By incorporating features like medical histories, biological correlates, and various study aids, Human Microanatomy provides an appealing and informative treatment of histology for readers who are interested in the structural bases of cell, tissue, and organ functioning. KEY FEATURES: Uses celebrity medical histories to help provide context for descriptions of normal histology Supplements medically relevant information with developmental and evolutionary correlates of microanatomy Contains 1400+ full-color micrographs and drawings that illustrate a wide range of histological features Offers free access to an ancillary online atlas with hundreds of additional light and electron micrographs Includes helpful study aids such as chapter previews, pictorial summaries, and self-study quizzes Presents a novel and comprehensive account of the structure and function of human cells, tissues, and organs