This text provides a reference on the early 1990s state of the art in this field covering topics such as physics, chemistry, toxicology and human behaviour. It contains nearly 100 scientific papers on all aspects of the subject. Many papers are included which illustrate the early 1990s state of development in the mathematical modelling of fire phenomena using computing.

This book presents a comprehensive analysis and modelling of demand, capacity, quality of services, economics, and sustainability of the air transport system and its main components - - airports, airlines, and ATC/ATM (Air Traffic Control/Management). Airports consist of the airside and landside area characterized by their capacities for handling demand such as aircraft, air passengers, and air freight/cargo shipments. Regarding spatial configuration, airlines generally operate hub-and-spoke (conventional or legacy airlines) and point-to-point (LCCs - Low Cost Carriers) air route networks. Their fleets consisting of different aircraft types provide transport capacity for serving demand including air passengers and freight/cargo shipments. The ATC/ATM includes the controlled airspace, traffic management and control facilities and equipment on the ground, space, and on board aircraft, and the ATC Controllers). They all provide capacity to handle demand consisting of the flights between origin and destination airports carried out by airline aircraft. The outcome from the interrelationships between demand and capacity at these components materializes as the quality of services. At airports and airlines this is generally expressed by congestion and delays of aircraft, air passengers, and freight/cargo shipments. At ATC/ATM, this is expressed by delays, horizontal and vertical in-efficiency, and safety of flights. Economics of each component relate to its revenues, costs, and profits from handling demand, i.e., providing services of given quality. The sustainability of air transport system has become increasingly important issue for many internal and external actors/stakeholders involved to deal with. This has implied increasing the system's overall social-economic effects/benefits while reducing or maintaining constant impacts/costs on the environment and society at both global and regional/local scale under conditions of continuous medium- to long term growth.

Combined experience of well-regarded academic and professional author who has a long and illustrious career in the region Broad market across growing Australian construction sector, over 11000 students in any one year plus professionals starting careers Includes case studies, discussion questions, online support materials

This text is a successor to the author's "Workability of Concrete" published in 1976 and, again, is written specifically for practising engineers and concrete technologists. It incorporates the results of a further 15 years research and develops the treatment of workability as a property to be measured in terms of two constants, which was introduced in the earlier book. The scientific basis is simply explained and used for the description of practical methods and apparatus. This leads to elucidation of problems surrounding the topic of workability and to an account of the potential for quality control. The validity and limitations of standard methods of workability assessment are fully considered and there are several chapters on the effects on workability of the properties and proportions of mix constituents. This book should be of interest to concrete technologists in universities and colleges, ready-mixed concrete, precast concrete and admixture suppliers, testing laboratories, consultants, contractors and specifying authorities.

With current moves towards international harmonization, there is a need for rationalization and standardization of test procedures and interpretation of test results in many fields. Testing of metals for use in structures, particularly steel and aluminium, is a subject where information on these aspects is generally lacking. In response to this, RILEM (The International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures) organized an international workshop to identify "need in testing metals". Invited experts from Europe, Japan and the USA have contributed papers not only on experimental procedures for testing metallic materials, joints and structural components, but also on analytical models for interpreting their behaviour and for use in calculations. The papers brought together in this book provide reviews of the current situation and signposts for future research and development needs. In response to the recommendations of the workshop, RILEM is setting up new international committees and initiatives on the behaviour of joints, high cycle fatigue, non-destructive testing, structural imperfections, composite and thin-walled structures. This book should be va

The science of the study of containers of various materials has, in the majority of cases, a uniformity of shape, of function and of loading. The grouping of the papers in this publication lift the barriers and give the state of the art for each sector. More than 50 articles are grouped by theme.

The papers presented deal with the general methods and techniques, from a range of disciplines, as they can be applied to specific engineering and fire safety situations. The circumstances described include a variety of large scale plant applications in the petrochemical industry. As such this text is a reference for fire engineers, petroleum engineers and legislators working in multi-disciplinary design engineering teams. This text addresses five major areas of importance on and offshore: risk assessment, operations and operational safety, research, risk reduction and design safety, detection and control and protective systems.

Roads that are safe in all weathers are a prerequisite of modern society, and large amounts of money have to be spent, especially in winter, by highway authorities to make travel safe. Climatic factors like fog frequency have to be taken into account in planning the route that a road will follow. The operation and maintenance of the road network requires that weather information be taken into account if measures like preventative salting and top dressing are to be successfully carried out. Particularly in the field of winter maintenance of highways a range of new technology has recently become available that is revolutionizing the work of the highway engineer. Ice detection systems, thermal mapping and weather radars are being introduced or considered by many authorities, in the UK, Europe and North America. There is an interest in the performance, reliability and cost-benefits to be gained from employing the new technology. This book should be of interest to highway engineers and surveyors in highway authorities, consultant climatologists and meteorologists, also academic institutions where highway, transportation and environmental hazard studies and geography are taught.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Steel and Aluminium Strucutres, ICSAS 91, Singapore 22-24 May 1991. The complete proceedings are available in three volumes: steel structures, aluminium structures and composite steel structures. The conference was organised by the Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore sequel to the one held in Cardiff, UK in July 1987. It was co-sponsored by the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Engineers, Singapore, the Institution of Structural Engineers, the Steel Construction Institute, UK, the Singapore Structural Steel Society and the University of Wales College of Cardiff. The conference provided a forum to discuss recent advances and trends in the analysis, design and construction of all types of metal structures. This volume contains 18 of the papers presented at the conference. Invited Lectures on the state-of-the-art surveys have been provided by well-known experts in their respective fields. The coverage is extensive and topics include Bridges, Building Floor Systems, Concrete Filled Hollow Sections, Aluminium-concrete Systems, Composite Members to Earthquake Loading, etc.

The deterioration of cement and concrete as a result of the alkali-silica reaction ("concrete cancer") is one of the major problems facing civil, structural and mechanical engineers involved in the design, construction, repair and maintenance of structures. It is a global problem, and in this book, case studies from both developed and developing countries have been selected to provide an insight into how variables such as climate, geology, construction materials and methods, and building practice, have a bearing on the magnitude of the problem and an influence on remedial measures. This book is a source of reference for civil, structural and mechanical engineers, designers and researchers.

This volume consists of papers presented at the International Conference on Earthquake, Blast and Impact held at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK, 18-20 September 1991, organised by the Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics (SECED) and supported by the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Institution of Structural Engineers.

This text describes the underlying behaviour of steel and concrete bridge decks. It shows how complex structures can be analyzed with physical reasoning and relatively simple computer models, and without complicated mathematics. In recent years the computer methods of grillage and space frame have become very popular and accessible as microcomputers and software have developed rapidly. In this second edition, the intrinsic safety of these methods when used in a systematic manner is explained. New chapters have been included on the analysis of distortion of box girder bridges, on the stiffnesses of supports and foundations, and on integral bridges. The chapter on beam decks and frames now includes demonstrations of the influence of foundation stiffnesses on the frame behaviour of a portal bridge and an arching structure. Coverage of beam-and-slab bridges has been enlarged to explain "torsionless design" which simplifies the design of some bridges. New examples illustrate the grillage analysis of a composite bridge using AASHTO type prestressed concrete girders, and of a composite steel deck. Additional comparisons between grillage and finite strip analyses of cellular structures are

The 1990s will be a challenging decade for the surveying profession. Increased competition from new sources, a wide range of technological changes, new developments in the market place present a challenge to the profession. In order to meet these challenges, surveyors must keep up to date with the state of the art. By presenting a broad view of both good practice and research at the forefront of construction investment, procurement and performance, this book addresses recent techniques and technology which enable property to be valued and managed and buildings to be built as effectively and efficiently as possible. With over 25 contributions from both the academic world and from professional practices, it presents insights from people throughout the profession in the key areas of valuation, finance and risk; information technology management and the valuation; and technology.

Concrete is one of the principal construction materials used world-wide. Although developments in materials and performance have widened the scope for the use of concrete, they have also affected its properties, particularly in the long term. From this it becomes clear that quality control, which is of vital importance for the building industry in general, needs special attention in its application to concrete structures. The importance of establishing comprehensive quality assurance systems both nationally and internationally is becoming increasingly recognized. Such systems need to take account of the contractual relationships in the industry in order to function effectively. International harmonization of standards and regulations is also putting greater emphasis on such systems. This book forms the proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Quality Control of Concrete Structures which was held in Ghent, Belgium, in June 1991. The volume brings together new information on technical developments, research and practical experience on the following topics: quality management, early age properties of concrete, durability, quality assessment, statistical approaches.

Lean Manufacturing concepts are being applied to a variety of industries. These concepts ensure streamlined processes through a systematic analysis of wastes and elimination, while enhancing value. This book offers fundamentals, theoretical concepts, case studies, and examples, along with insights for lean integration in Industry 4.0. The book offers a comprehensive coverage of topics in Lean Manufacturing which includes lean elements and tools, performance measures, project selection, integration, along with other related strategies. It ensures a balance between theory and practice of Lean Manufacturing by including the implementation aspects of lean tools. The book will explore insights for Industry 4.0 related to lean concepts and provide details on how they relate. Illustrations and examples depicting OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) analysis and value stream map analysis are included. The book also provides case studies on Lean Manufacturing covering value stream mapping, project selection, and performance measurement. Lean Manufacturing: Fundamentals, Tools, Approaches, and Industry 4.0 Integration can be used as a reference for academic researchers and industry practitioners. Undergraduate and postgraduate students can use it for a course on Lean Manufacturing. Doctoral students can also refer to it for advanced concepts, and industry practitioners can use it for practical insights.

Most approaches that contribute to the design of life-critical systems almost only consider nominal situations where procedures can be developed and used to achieve satisfactory operations. These kinds of approaches lead to rigid ways of doing things and poorly address the needs for flexibility, especially when things go wrong. It is not a matter of human adaptation but of human systems integration (HSI) flexibility. HSI flexibility requires cross-fertilization of appropriate experiences combined with creativity. This book provides risk-management approaches and methods for combining prevention and design. Features: Discusses risk-management approaches and methods for combining prevention and design Examines a transdisciplinary approach to risk management in design and operations of safer life-critical systems Proposes an approach of work analysis during design, which enables design teams to consider HSI issues early enough to fix organizational problems upstream Teaches the combination of prevention and design for safety management This book gathers and analyzes relevant field data to rationalize human and systems activity in various life-critical environments and workplaces, in a systemic manner, and in a variety of safety domains (e.g., aviation, road, navy, manufacturing, hospital, transportation, defense, sport). It further formalizes and analyzes risk-taking experience, expertise, stories about critical events, and scientific and professional literature data to help engineering designers, managers, and health and safety specialists. The text is primarily written for graduate students and professionals working in the fields of occupational health and safety, ergonomics, human factors, cognitive engineering, and human-system integration.

Fly ash is an important industrial by-product, with more 170 million tonnes produced annually throughout the world. It is the fine particulate material which is collected from the stack gases of power stations burning pulverized coal and it is being increasingly used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete and other cement-based onstruction materials. Substantial research and development programmes in many parts of the world are being undertaken to investigate the properties and performance of fly ash in concrete, to ensure satisfactory, economic utilization. This book s a report on the subject, complied under the auspices of RILEM, the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures. In the first chapter, the characterization and properties of fly ash in relation to the coal and burning conditions in the power station are described. The behaviour of fresh mortar and concrete is covered next. A major part of the book deals with hardened mortar and concrete, and covers hydration, strength, deformations, frost resistance, chemical resistance and carbonation, with special attention given to the deformation behaviour of fly ash concretes. T

The book describes the theory and current practices for design of earth lateral support for deep excavations in soil. It addresses basic principles of soil mechanics and explains how these principles are embodied in design methods including hand calculations. It then introduces the use of numerical methods including the fundamental "beam on springs" models, and then more sophisticated computer programmes which can model soil as a continuum in two or three dimensions. Constitutive relationships are introduced that are in use for representing the behaviour of soil including a strain hardening model, and a Cam Clay model including groundwater flow and coupled consolidation. These methods are illustrated by reference to practical applications and case histories from the author's direct experience, and some of the pitfalls that can occur are discussed. Theory and design are strongly tied to construction practice, with emphasis on monitoring the retaining structures and movement of surrounding ground and structures, in the context of safety and the Observational Method. Examples are presented for conventional "Bottom-up" and "Top-down" sequences, along with hybrid sequences giving tips on how to optimise the design and effect economies of cost and time for construction. It is written for practising geotechnical, civil and structural engineers, and especially for senior and MSc students.

Smart Buildings: Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology to Improve Energy Efficiency and Environmental Performance presents a thorough analysis of the latest advancements in construction materials and building design that are applied to maximize building efficiency in both new and existing buildings. After a brief introduction on the issues concerning the design process in the third millennium, Part One examines the differences between Zero Energy, Green, and Smart Buildings, with particular emphasis placed on the issue of smart buildings and smart housing, mainly the ‘envelope’ and how to make it more adaptive with the new possibilities offered by nanotechnology and smart materials. Part Two focuses on the last generation of solutions for smart thermal insulation. Based on the results of extensive research into more innovative insulation materials, chapters discuss achievements in nanotechnology, bio-ecological, and phase-change materials. The technical characteristics, performance level, and methods of use for each are described in detail, as are the achievements in the field of green walls and their use as a solution for upgrading the energy efficiency and environmental performance of existing buildings. Finally, Part Three reviews current research on smart windows, with the assumption that transparent surfaces represent the most critical element in the energy balance of the building. Chapters provide an extensive review on the technical features of transparent closures that are currently on the market or under development, from so-called dynamic glazing to bio-adaptive and photovoltaic glazing. The aesthetic potential and performance limits are also be discussed.

The engineer or surveyor responsible for estimating the cost of process plant during the planning and design stages, or for monitoring and controlling costs during construction must be sure that every item to be included in the plant has been allowed for and identified. This book provides a check list, classified by work section, which will enable the cost engineer to ensure that no items of significant cost have been omitted. The committee of the Association of Cost Engineers responsible for its compilation includes experts from contractors, petrochemical companies and engineering consultancies, ensuring that the check list is relevant to all sides of the industry and as up to date and comprehensive as possible. This book should be of interest to quantity surveyors, chemical plant contractors, consulting engineers and cost engineers.

This work reviews methods for the experimental determination of concrete toughness and presents theories and models suitable for describing cracking and fracturing phenomena in plain and reinforced concrete. Test methods based on classsical linear fracture mechanics cannot be applied to laboratory sized concrete specimens. The book compares the currently used methods and presents recommended test procedures for mode I fracture/toughness using notched beam and other specimens. Crack propagation under mixed-mode loading (Mode II) is discussed and current test methods are extensively reviewed. Effects of loading rate, temperature and humidity effects are treated in a separate chapter. The book concludes with descriptions and recommendations of techniques for detecting the fracture process zone in concrete, in particular, pulse velocity and laser interferometry techniques. The introduction of the concepts of fracture toughness and fracture energy into structural concrete design codes means that the experimental determination of fracture porperties is ceasing to be an academic exercise and is becoming a technical need. This book has been prepared by RILEM Technical committee 89-FMT and

The field of electromagnetic sensitivity is the new epidemic of the 21st century, and can cause disease of the automatic nerve system in any part of the body. This is as a result of chemical sensitivity, in which over 80,000 chemicals are involved, resulting in innumerable combinations. A cursory understanding of the combinations can help clinicians partially understand the associated problems and thus help in the diagnosis and treatment of electromagnetic sensitivities. But a basic understanding of environmentally induced illness and healing must first be understood by the clinicians before diseases occur such as cardiac arrhythmia, muscle spasms, and nerve pain. Key Features: Describes how an understanding of the vast combinations of electrical and chemical sensitivities will help in the diagnosis and treatment of electromagnetic sensitivities Reveals the complexity and multi-faceted presentation often seen in chemical sensitivity and chronic degenerative disease cases Provides information backed up by rigorous scientific data including hundreds of tables and figures as online resources Features a Dedication to Robert Becker, MD, an orthopedic surgeon who was one of the first clinicians to recognize the significance of EMF in medicine and surgery, and also to his assistant Andrew Marino, PhD, who helped develop the basic science of orthopedic electromagnet healing

Papers in the proceedings of the 32nd U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics were solicited to address the theme of 'Rock Mechanics as a Multidisciplinary Science'. The major goal was to assemble scientists and practitioners from various fields with interrelated interests in rock mechanics to share their common problems and approaches. The proceedings include three papers related to a special session on 'Lunar Rock Mechanics', as well as 121 technical papers covering areas such as: field observations, in-situ stresses, instrumentation/measurement techniques, fracturing, rock properties, dynamics/seismicity, modelling, laboratory testing, discontinuities/fluid flow, design, wellbore stability, and analysis.

This text contains 28 papers from 12 countries that reflect the current state-of-the-art in the early 1990s of: modelling in loading, fatigue and IMR strategy, and more than 50 per cent of the papers originate from authors based in industry or government departments. The book should be of interest to those working in a wide range of industries such as oil company operators, consultants, certification authorities, construction firms, as well as academics, government departments and laboratories.