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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Cognition & cognitive psychology
This is the second of two edited volumes from an international group of researchers and specialists, which together comprise the edited proceedings of the First International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, organized by Cranfield College of Aeronautics at Stratford-upon-Avon, England in October 1996. The applications areas include aerospace and other transportation, human-computer interaction, process control and training technology. Topics addressed include: the design of control and display systems; human perception, error, reliability, information processing, and human perception, error, reliability, information processing, and awareness, skill acquisition and retention; techniques for evaluating human-machine systems and the physiological correlates of performance. While Volume one is more clearly focused on the domain of aviation and ground transportation, Volume two is concerned with human factors in job and product design, the basics of decision making and training, with relevance to all industrial domains. Part one opens with a keynote chapter by Ken Eason. It is followed by Part two dealing with learning and training, while Part three reflects the rapidly growing area of medical ergonomics. Part four entitled 'Applied Cognitive Psychology' is biased towards human capabilities, an understanding of which is central to sound human engineering decisions. Part five firmly emphasizes equipment rather than its human operators.
This book explores the evolution of the mental competence for self-reflection: why it evolved, under what selection pressures, in what environments, out of what precursors, and with what mental resources. Integrating evolutionary, psychological, and philosophical perspectives, Radu J. Bogdan argues that the competence for self-reflection, uniquely human and initially autobiographical, evolved under strong and persistent sociocultural and political (collaborative and competitive) pressures on the developing minds of older children and later adults. Self-reflection originated in a basic propensity of the human brain to rehearse anticipatively mental states, speech acts, actions, and states of the world in order to service one's elaborate goal policies. These goal policies integrate offline representations of one's own mental states and actions and those of others in order to handle the challenges of a complex and dynamic sociopolitical and sociocultural life, calling for an adaptive intramental self-regulation: that intramental adaptation is self-reflection.
This text brings together an overview of recent research on concepts and knowledge that abstracts across a variety of specific fields of cognitive psychology.
Containing contributions from well-respected international researchers into decision making, the book examines the nature of the psychological processes underlying decision making, and addresses a range of topics including the role of emotions, coping with uncertainty, time pressure, and confidence in decisions. "Decision Making" first places the process approach to decision research in a historical and theoretical context, providing a critical evaluation of its principal research methods. The contributors then consider various influences upon decision making, risk and uncertainty; a final section examines time pressure, the effects of past decisions, and post-decision processes. Decision making is regarded as an interaction between the decision maker, problem and context, and is thus placed in a social environment.
The last two decades have seen the development of a number of
models that have proven particularly important in advancing
understanding of message-production processes. Now it appears that
a "second generation" of theories is emerging, one that reflects
considerable conceptual advances over earlier models. "Message
Production: Advances in Communication Theory" focuses on these new
developments in theoretical approaches to verbal and nonverbal
message production. The chapters reflect a number of
characteristics and trends resident in these theories including:
Offering a unique focus on the development of human communication,
this book integrates and synthesizes a more comprehensive array of
research than most investigations of communicative development. As
such, it incorporates materials dealing with the development of
nonverbal communication, language, and cognition, and examines how
they are integrated in the growing child's everyday interaction.
This information is distilled into a set of key principles and
practices--culled from a variety of fields including developmental
and social psychology, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and
communication--for parents or adults interested in child
development.
Planning is defined as formulating an organized method for action
in advance. Although people do not plan all the time and planning
does not occur in every situation, planning skill is central to all
human behavior. There are developmental differences in planning
skill and in the motivation to plan. Even among adults, variations
in the engagement in the planning process are affected by
individual attitudes, beliefs, and goals. Planning also has a
different meaning at various junctures in one's life. Yet despite
the amount of research on planning, many of the studies have
focused only on the cognitive processes that enable mature
individuals to plan.
Until recently, much research in language comprehension operated under the assumption that comprehenders initially identified the syntactic structure of sentences they were hearing or reading without regard to the meanings of the words in the sentences. A significant amount of recent work has challenged that position, however, and there is now abundant evidence that lexical information plays a central role in sentence processing. The papers in this special issue reflect the increased status on lexical representations in sentence processing research. The authors approach the question of the precise role of lexical information in sentence comprehension from a variety of theoretical perspectives. They supplement experimental psycholinguistic research with work in neighboring fields, including concepts and categorization, theoretical linguistics, and computational modeling. The volume should be of interest to psycholinguistics, cognitive scientists, linguistics and computer scientists.
Motivation and Culture brings together an international list of writers with a variety of academic backgrounds and cultural experiences to explore the ways culture influences motivation. Traditionally, culture has long been neglected by those interested in motivation theories; instead, the focus has been on the individual in relation to biological and cognitive models. While the biological component of motivation is not neglected in this volume, most of the essays emphasize the ways culture needs to be taken into consideration both in formulating theories of motivation and applying them to the modern multicultural world.
Health Security Intelligence introduces readers to the world of health security, to threats like COVID-19, and to the many other incarnations of global health security threats and their implications for intelligence and national security. Disease outbreaks like COVID-19 have not historically been considered a national security matter. While disease outbreaks among troops have always been a concern, it was the potential that arose in the first half of the twentieth century to systematically design biological weapons and to develop these at an industrial scale, that initially drew the attention of security, defence and intelligence communities to biology and medical science. This book charts the evolution of public health and biosecurity threats from those early days, tracing how perceptions of these threats have expanded from deliberately introduced disease outbreaks to also incorporate natural disease outbreaks, the unintended consequences of research, laboratory accidents, and the convergence of emerging technologies. This spectrum of threats has led to an expansion of the stakeholders, tools and sources involved in intelligence gathering and threat assessments. This edited volume is a landmark in efforts to develop a multidisciplinary, empirically informed, and policy-relevant approach to intelligence-academia engagement in global health security that serves both the intelligence community and scholars from a broad range of disciplines. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the journal, Intelligence and National Security.
In our high technology society, there is a growing demand for a better understanding of decision making in high risk situations in order to improve selection, training and operational performance. Decision Making Under Stress presents a state-of-the-art review of psychological theory, in research and practice, on decision making in high pressure and emergency situations. It focuses on the experienced decision makers who deal with such risks, principally on flight decks, at civil emergencies, in industrial settings and military environments. The 29 chapters cover a wide range of perspectives and applications from aviation, military, industry and the emergency services. The authors, all international invited experts in their field, are based in research centers and universities from Europe, North America and Australia. Their common interest is in the theories and methods of a new research domain called NDM (naturalistic decision making). This volume comprises the edited contributions to the Third International NDM conference, sponsored by the US Army Research Institute and the US Naval Air Warfare Center, which was held in Aberdeen, Scotland in September 1996. The NDM researchers are interested in decision making in situations characterised by high risk, time pressure, uncertain goals, ambiguous information and teamwork. The extent to which the NDM approach can explain and predict human performance in such settings is a central theme, discussed with many practical examples and applications. This book is essential reading for applied psychologists, pilots, emergency commanders, military officers, high hazard managers, safety and emergency response professionals.
Cognitive education brings together the disciplines of cognitive psychology and education. This book provides an accessible introduction to the field. It explains the concepts commonly found in the cognitive psychology and cognitive education literatures, theories and models of human thinking and intelligent behaviour, and how these have been applied to psychoeducational assessment, instruction, and the adaption of student behavior. The book includes numerous examples to explain the concepts, theories, and applications, and includes supplementary reading lists and study questions.
Cognitive education brings together the disciplines of cognitive psychology and education. This book provides an accessible introduction to the field. It explains the concepts commonly found in the cognitive psychology and cognitive education literatures, theories and models of human thinking and intelligent behaviour, and how these have been applied to psychoeducational assessment, instruction, and the adaption of student behavior. The book includes numerous examples to explain the concepts, theories, and applications, and includes supplementary reading lists and study questions.
The past fifteen years have witnessed an increasing interest in the
cognitive study of the bilingual. A major reason why psychologists,
psycholinguists, applied linguists, neuropsychologists, and
educators have pursued this topic at an accelerating pace
presumably is the acknowledgment by increasingly large numbers of
language researchers that the incidence of monolingualism in
individual language users may be lower than that of bilingualism.
This alleged numerical imbalance between monolinguals and
bilinguals may be expected to become larger due to increasing
international travel through, for instance, tourism and trade, to
the growing use of international communication networks, and to the
fact that in some parts of the world (i.e., Europe), the borders
between countries are effectively disappearing.
SEE SHORT BLURB FOR ALTERNATE COPY... A complex, intriguing, and
important verbal entity, the proverb has been the subject of a vast
number of opinions, studies, and analyses. To accommodate the
assorted possible audiences, this volume outlines seven views of
the proverb -- personal, formal, religious, literary, practical,
cultural, and cognitive. Because the author's goal is to provide a
scientific understanding of proverb comprehension and production,
he draws largely on scholarship stemming from the formal, cultural,
and cognitive views.
Research in collective memory is a relatively new area capturing
the interest of scholars in social psychology, memory, sociology,
and anthropology. The core idea is that collective attitudes and
behaviors are created and shared through common experiences and
communication among a cohort of people. For example, people born
between 1940 and 1960 are often defined via the JFK assassination
and the Vietnam War. Their parents typically experienced lesser
impact from these events.
One of the most profound insights of the dynamic systems
perspective is that new structures resulting from the developmental
process do not need to be planned in advance, nor is it necessary
to have these structures represented in genetic or neurological
templates prior to their emergence. Rather, new structures can
emerge as components of the individual and the environment
self-organize; that is, as they mutually constrain each other's
actions, new patterns and structures may arise. This theoretical
possibility brings into developmental theory the important concept
of indeterminism--the possibility that developmental outcomes may
not be predictable in any simple linear causal way from their
antecedents.
Recently, there has been a renewal of interest in the broad and
loosely bounded range of phenomena called deception and
self-deception. This volume addresses this interest shared by
philosophers, social and clinical psychologists, and more recently,
neuroscientists and cognitive scientists. Expert contributors
provide timely, reliable, and insightful coverage of the normal
range of errors in perception, memory, and behavior. They place
these phenomena on a continuum with various syndromes and
neuropsychiatric diseases where falsehood in perception,
self-perception, cognition, and behaviors are a peculiar sign.
Leading authorities examine the various forms of "mythomania,"
deception, and self-deception ranging from the mundane to the
bizarre such as imposture, confabulations, minimization of
symptomatology, denial, and anosognosia. Although the many diverse
phenomena discussed here share a family resemblance, they are
unlikely to have a common neurological machinery. In order to reach
an explanation for these phenomena, a reliable pattern of lawful
behavior must be delineated. It would then be possible to develop
reasonable explanations based upon the underlying neurobiological
processes that give rise to deficiencies designated as the
mythomanias. The chapters herein begin to provide an outline of
such a development. Taken as a whole, the collection is consistent
with the emerging gospel indicating that neither the machinery of
"nature" nor the forces of "nurture" taken alone are capable of
explaining what makes cognition and behaviors aberrant.
Psychophysical theory exists in two distinct forms -- one ascribes
the explanation of phenomena and empirical laws to sensory
processes. Context effects arising through the use of particular
methods are an unwanted nuisance whose influence must be eliminated
so that one isolates the "true" sensory scale. The other considers
psychophysics only in terms of cognitive variables such as the
judgment strategies induced by instructions and response biases.
Sensory factors play a minor role in cognitive approaches.
Metacognition is a term that spans many sub-areas in psychology and
means different things to different people. A dominant view has
been that metacognition involves the monitoring of performance in
order to control cognition; however, it seems reasonable that much
of this control runs implicitly (i.e., without awareness). Newer
still is the field of implicit memory, and it has different
connotations to different sub-groups as well. The editor of this
volume takes it to mean that a prior experience affects behavior
without the individual's appreciation (ability to report) of this
influence.
The first book to provide an accessible introduction to neuropsychoanalysis. Covers the theoretical foundations and history of the field, along with an overview of current models relevant to psychoanalysis. It presents the state-of-the-art in neuropsychoanalytic research and theory as well as suggestions for future research and clinical-therapeutic implications.
With an accessible, easy-to-understand writing style, COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Sixth Edition will give you the tools you need to be successful in the course This book covers cognitive neuroscience, attention and consciousness, perception, memory, knowledge, representation, language, problem solving and creativity, decision making and reasoning, cognitive development, and intelligence. A review of key themes at the end of every chapter will help you spend more time studying important information and less time trying to figure out what you need to know. The author provides a "from lab to life" approach that covers theory, lab and field research, and applications to everyday life.
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