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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Cognition & cognitive psychology

Emotional Development in Atypical Children (Hardcover): Michael Lewis, Margaret Wolan Sullivan Emotional Development in Atypical Children (Hardcover)
Michael Lewis, Margaret Wolan Sullivan
R3,928 Discovery Miles 39 280 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Early emotional development, emotional regulation, and the links between emotion and social or cognitive functioning in atypically developing children have not received much attention. This lack is due in part to the priorities given to the educational and therapeutic needs of these children. Yet an understanding of the basic emotional processes in children with atypical development can only serve to promote more effective strategies for teaching and intervening in the lives of these children and their families and may contribute to our understanding of basic emotional processes as well.
When referring to "emotions," the editors mean some complex set of processes or abilities, whether or not the topic is normal or atypical development. Specifically, they use the term "emotion" to refer to at least three things -- emotional expressions, emotional states, and emotional experiences. The focus of this volume, these three aspects of emotional life are affected by socialization practices, maturational change, and individual biological differences including, in this case, differences in children as a function of disability. Contributors examine the development of emotions in children with organic or psychological disorders as well as those in compromised social contexts making this volume of prime importance to developmental, clinical, and social psychologists, educators, and child mental health experts.

Signal Detection Theory and ROC Analysis in Psychology and Diagnostics - Collected Papers (Hardcover): John A. Swets Signal Detection Theory and ROC Analysis in Psychology and Diagnostics - Collected Papers (Hardcover)
John A. Swets
R3,931 Discovery Miles 39 310 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Signal detection theory--as developed in electrical engineering and based on statistical decision theory--was first applied to human sensory discrimination 40 years ago. The theoretical intent was to provide a valid model of the discrimination process; the methodological intent was to provide reliable measures of discrimination acuity in specific sensory tasks. An analytic method of detection theory, called the relative operating characteristic (ROC), can isolate the effect of the placement of the decision criterion, which may be variable and idiosyncratic, so that a pure measure of intrinsic discrimination acuity is obtained. For the past 20 years, ROC analysis has also been used to measure the discrimination acuity or inherent accuracy of a broad range of practical diagnostic systems. It was widely adopted by methodologists in the field of information retrieval, is increasingly used in weather forecasting, and is the generally preferred method in clinical medicine, primarily in radiology. This book attends to both themes, ROC analysis in the psychology laboratory and in practical diagnostic settings, and to their essential unity.
The focus of this book is on "detection" and "recognition" as fundamental tasks that underlie most complex behaviors. As defined here, they serve to distinguish between two alternative, confusable stimulus categories, which may be perceptual or cognitive categories in the psychology laboratory, or different states of the world in practical diagnostic tasks.
This book on signal detection theory in psychology was written by one of the developers of the theory, who co-authored with D.M. Green the classic work published in this area in 1966 (reprinted in 1974 and 1988). This volume reviews the history of the theory in engineering, statistics, and psychology, leading to the separate measurement of the two independent factors in all discrimination tasks, discrimination acuity and decision criterion. It extends the previous book to show how in several areas of psychology--in vigilance and memory--what had been thought to be discrimination effects were, in reality, effects of a changing criterion.
The book shows that data plotted in terms of the relative operating characteristic have essentially the same form across the wide range of discrimination tasks in psychology. It develops the implications of this ROC form for measures of discrimination acuity, pointing up the valid ones and identifying several common, but invalid, ones. The area under the binormal ROC is seen to be supported by the data; the popular measures "d'" and percent correct are not. An appendix describes the best, current programs for fitting ROCs and estimating their parameters, indices, and standard errors.
The application of ROC analysis to diagnostic tasks is also described. Diagnostic accuracy in a wide range of tasks can be expressed in terms of the ROC area index. Choosing the appropriate decision criterion for a given diagnostic setting--rather than considering some single criterion to be natural and fixed--has a major impact on the efficacy of a diagnostic process or system. Illustrated here by separate chapters are diagnostic systems in radiology, information retrieval, aptitude testing, survey research, and environments in which imminent dangerous conditions must be detected. Data from weather forecasting, blood testing, and polygraph lie detection are also reported. One of these chapters describes a general approach to enhancing the accuracy of diagnostic systems.

Striving and Feeling - Interactions Among Goals, Affect, and Self-regulation (Hardcover): Leonard L. Martin, Abraham Tesser Striving and Feeling - Interactions Among Goals, Affect, and Self-regulation (Hardcover)
Leonard L. Martin, Abraham Tesser
R3,945 Discovery Miles 39 450 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Recently, research on the ways in which goals, affect, and self-regulation influence one another has enjoyed an upsurge. New findings are being published and new theories are being developed to integrate these findings. This volume reports on the latest of this work, including a substantial amount of data and theory that has not yet been published. Emanating from a conference exploring affect as both a cause and effect in various social contexts, this book examines some of the complex and reciprocal relationships among goals, self structures, feelings, thoughts, and behavior. The chapters address:
*the effects of intrinsic versus extrinsic goals;
*the different effects of approach versus avoidance goals;
*the role of awareness in goal pursuit and affective states;
*the meaning of affective states in relation to goal attainment;
*the impact of hedonistic concerns as motivational factors;
*how people regulate their moods; and
*the role of the self in affective experiences.

Hypertext and Cognition (Hardcover): Jean-Francois Rouet, Jarmo J. Levonen, Andrew Dillon, Rand J. Spiro Hypertext and Cognition (Hardcover)
Jean-Francois Rouet, Jarmo J. Levonen, Andrew Dillon, Rand J. Spiro
R3,904 Discovery Miles 39 040 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The recent evolution of western societies has been characterized by an increasing emphasis on information and communication. As the amount of available information increases, however, the user -- worker, student, citizen -- faces a new problem: selecting and accessing relevant information. More than ever it is crucial to find efficient ways for users to interact with information systems in a way that prevents them from being overwhelmed or simply missing their targets. As a result, hypertext systems have been developed as a means of facilitating the interactions between readers and text. In hypertext, information is organized as a network in which nodes are text chunks (e.g., lists of items, paragraphs, pages) and links are relationships between the nodes (e.g., semantic associations, expansions, definitions, examples -- virtually any kind of relation that can be imagined between two text passages). Unfortunately, the many ways in which these hypertext interfaces can be designed has caused a complexity that extends far beyond the processing abilities of regular users. Therefore, it has become widely recognized that a more rational approach based on a thorough analysis of information users' needs, capacities, capabilities, and skills is needed. This volume seeks to meet that need.
From a user-centered perspective -- between systems and users -- this volume presents theoretical and empirical research on the cognitive processes involved in using hypertext. In so doing, it illustrates three main approaches to the design of hypertext systems:
*cognitive, which examines how users process multilayered hypertext structures;
*ergonomical, which explores how users interact with the design characteristics of hardware and software; and
*educational, which studies the learning objectives, frequency and duration of hypertext sessions, type of reading activity, and the user's learning characteristics.
This volume also tries to provide answers for the questions that have plagued hypertext research:
*What is hypertext good for?
*Who is hypertext good for?
*If it is useful for learning and instruction, then what type?
*What particular cognitive skills are needed to interact successfully with a hypertext system? Anyone interested in the fields of computer science, linguistics, psychology, education, and graphic design will find this volume intriguing, informative, and a definitive starting point for future research in the field of hypertext.

Chaotic Cognition Principles and Applications - Principles and Applications (Paperback): Ronald A. Finke, Jonathan Bettle Chaotic Cognition Principles and Applications - Principles and Applications (Paperback)
Ronald A. Finke, Jonathan Bettle
R1,648 Discovery Miles 16 480 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Focusing on the principles and applications of chaotic thinking, this text seeks to promote a more general understanding and acceptance of this cognitive style. It may help people deal more effectively with chaotic situations, such as economic crises, career changes, and relationship skills.

Cognitive Interference - Theories, Methods, and Findings (Hardcover): Irwin G. Sarason, Gregory R. Pierce, Barbara R. Sarason Cognitive Interference - Theories, Methods, and Findings (Hardcover)
Irwin G. Sarason, Gregory R. Pierce, Barbara R. Sarason
R3,950 Discovery Miles 39 500 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Cognitive interference refers to unwanted, often disturbing thoughts which intrude on a person's life. This text examines the effects of this thinking on behaviour, particularly how stress can distort cognition and performance and the role it plays in social maladjustment and slow learning.

Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning (Hardcover): Douglas Walton Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning (Hardcover)
Douglas Walton
R3,914 Discovery Miles 39 140 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Recent concerns with the evaluation of argumentation in informal logic and speech communication center around nondemonstrative arguments that lead to tentative or defeasible conclusions based on a balance of considerations. Such arguments do not appear to have structures of the kind traditionally identified with deductive and inductive reasoning, but are extremely common and are often called "plausible" or "presumptive," meaning that they are only provisionally acceptable even when they are correct. How is one to judge, by some clearly defined standard, whether such arguments are correct or not in a given instance? The answer lies in what are called argumentation schemes -- forms of argument (structures of inference) that enable one to identify and evaluate common types of argumentation in everyday discourse.
This book identifies 25 argumentation schemes for presumptive reasoning and matches a set of critical questions to each. These two elements -- the scheme and the questions -- are then used to evaluate a given argument in a particular case in relation to a context of dialogue in which the argument occurred.
In recent writings on argumentation, there is a good deal of stress placed on how important argumentation schemes are in any attempt to evaluate common arguments in everyday reasoning as correct or fallacious, acceptable or questionable. However, the problem is that the literature thus far has not produced a precise and user-friendly enough analysis of the structures of the argumentation schemes themselves, nor have any of the documented accounts been as helpful, accessible, or systematic as they could be, especially in relation to presumptive reasoning. This book solves the problem by presenting the most common presumptive schemes in an orderly and clear way that makes them explicit and useful as precisely defined structures. As such, it will be an indispensable tool for researchers, students, and teachers in the areas of critical thinking, argumentation, speech communication, informal logic, and discourse analysis.

Emotion and the Structure of Narrative Film - Film As An Emotion Machine (Hardcover): Ed S. Tan Emotion and the Structure of Narrative Film - Film As An Emotion Machine (Hardcover)
Ed S. Tan
R3,930 Discovery Miles 39 300 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Introduced one hundred years ago, film has since become part of our lives. For the past century, however, the experience offered by fiction films has remained a mystery. Questions such as why adult viewers cry and shiver, and why they care at all about fictional characters -- while aware that they contemplate an entirely staged scene -- are still unresolved. In addition, it is unknown why spectators find some film experiences entertaining that have a clearly aversive nature outside the cinema. These and other questions make the psychological status of "emotions" allegedly induced by the fiction film highly problematic.
Earlier attempts to answer these questions have been limited to a few genre studies. In recent years, film criticism and the theory of film structure have made use of psychoanalytic concepts which have proven insufficient in accounting for the diversity of film induced affect. In contrast, academic psychology -- during the century of its existence -- has made extensive study of emotional responses provoked by viewing fiction film, but has taken the role of film as a natural stimulus completely for granted. The present volume bridges the gap between critical theories of film on the one hand, and recent psychological theory and research of human emotion on the other, in an attempt to explain the emotions provoked by fiction film.
This book integrates insights on the narrative structure of fiction film including its themes, plot structure, and characters with recent knowledge on the cognitive processing of natural events, and narrative and person information. It develops a theoretical framework for systematically describing emotion in the film viewer. The question whether or not film produces genuine emotion is answered by comparing affect in the viewer with emotion in the real world experienced by persons witnessing events that have personal significance to them. Current understanding of the psychology of emotions provides the basis for identifying critical features of the fiction film that trigger the general emotion system. Individual emotions are classified according to their position in the affect structure of a film -- a larger system of emotions produced by one particular film as a whole. Along the way, a series of problematic issues is dealt with, notably the "reality" of the emotional stimulus in film, the "identification" of the viewer with protagonists on screen, and the necessity of the viewer's cooperation in arriving at a genuine emotion. Finally, it is argued that film-produced emotions are genuine emotions in response to an artificial stimulus. Film can be regarded as a fine-tuned machine for a continuous stream of emotions that are entertaining after all.
The work paves the way for understanding and, in principle, predicting emotions in the film viewer using existing psychological instruments of investigation. Dealing with the problems of film-induced affect and rendering them accessible to formal modeling and experimental method serves a wider interest of understanding aesthetic emotion -- the feelings that man-made products, and especially works of art, can evoke in the beholder.

Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships - A Social Psychological Approach (Hardcover): Garth J.O. Fletcher, Julie Fitness Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships - A Social Psychological Approach (Hardcover)
Garth J.O. Fletcher, Julie Fitness
R3,950 Discovery Miles 39 500 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Thirty-three of the top scholars in this fast moving domain present a picture of work at the cusp in social psychology -- work that deals with cognition and affect in close relationships. The present volume contains a wealth of research findings and influential theoretical accounts that spring as much from indigenous work in the close relationship field as from purebred social cognition. The chapters introduce theories and research programs concerned with the role of individual and couple differences in close relationship knowledge structures. They deal with the role of emotion and affect in close relationships. And they discuss the function of cognition and knowledge structures in relation to the developmental course of close relationships. Each section is accompanied by a critical review written by an expert in the field.
This volume is a must for any close relationship scholar interested in the latest research and theorizing about close relationships that adopt a social psychological perspective. It will also be of interest to scholars and students working in clinical psychology, social cognition, communication, individual differences, and family studies.

Models of Understanding Text (Hardcover): Bruce K. Britton, Arthur C. Graesser Models of Understanding Text (Hardcover)
Bruce K. Britton, Arthur C. Graesser
R3,939 Discovery Miles 39 390 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

What is text understanding?
It is the dynamic process of constructing coherent representations and inferences at multiple levels of text and context, within the bottleneck of a limited-capacity working memory.
The field of text and discourse has advanced to the point where researchers have developed sophisticated models of comprehension, and identified the particular assumptions that underlie comprehension mechanisms in precise analytical or mathematical detail. The models offer "a priori" predictions about thought and behavior, not merely "ad hoc" descriptions of data. Indeed, the field has evolved to a mature science.
The contributors to this volume collectively cover the major models of comprehension in the field of text and discourse. Other books are either narrow -- covering only a single theoretical framework -- or do not focus on systematic modeling efforts. In addition, this book focuses on deep levels of understanding rather than language codes, syntax, and other shallower levels of text analysis. As such, it provides readers with up-to-date information on current psychological models specified in quantitative or analytical detail.

Semantic Knowledge and Semantic Representations - A Special Issue of Memory (Hardcover, illustrated edition): Rosaleen A.... Semantic Knowledge and Semantic Representations - A Special Issue of Memory (Hardcover, illustrated edition)
Rosaleen A. McCarthy
R3,939 Discovery Miles 39 390 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

What is the basis of our ability to assign meanings to words or to objects? Such questions have, until recently, been regarded as lying within the province of philosophy and linguistics rather than psychology. However, recent advances in psychology and neuropsychology have led to the development of a scientific approach to analysing the cognitive bases of semantic knowledge and semantic representations. Indeed, theory and data on the organisation and structure of semantic knowledge have now become central and hotly debated topics in contemporary psychology.
This special issue of Memory brings together a series of papers from established laboratories that are at the forefront of semantic memory research. The collection includes papers presenting theoretical overviews of the field as well as papers containing new experimental findings. A variety of approaches to the problems of analysing semantic knowledge and semantic representations are included in this volume. For example, experimental studies of normal subjects are included together with neuropsychological investigations of patients with impaired semantic memory and computational models of the representation of knowledge in normality and disease. This collection will therefore be essential reading for researchers and others who are interested in memory function. It will also be of interest to cognitive scientists, linguists, philosophers and others who have puzzled over the many complex and central questions that probe the roots of our ability to understand meaning.

The Writer's Book of Memory - An Interdisciplinary Study for Writing Teachers (Hardcover): Janine Rider The Writer's Book of Memory - An Interdisciplinary Study for Writing Teachers (Hardcover)
Janine Rider
R3,899 Discovery Miles 38 990 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Memory has long been ignored by rhetoricians because the written word has made memorization virtually obsolete. Recently however, as part of a revival of interest in classical rhetoric, scholars have begun to realize that memory offers vast possibilities for today's writers. Synthesizing research from rhetoric, psychology, philosophy, and literary and composition studies, this volume brings together many historical and contemporary theories of memory. Yet its focus is clear: memory is a generator of knowledge and a creative force which deserves attention at the beginning of and throughout the writing process.
This volume emphasizes the importance of recognizing memory's powers in an age in which mass media influence us all and electronic communication changes the way we think and write. It also addresses the importance of the individual memory and voice in an age which promotes conformity. Written in a strong, lively personal manner, the book covers a great deal of scholarly material. It is never overbearing, and the extensive bibliography offers rich vistas for further study.

Vision and Mind - Modeling Mental Functions (Hardcover): Vadim D. Glezer Vision and Mind - Modeling Mental Functions (Hardcover)
Vadim D. Glezer
R1,200 Discovery Miles 12 000 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The usual method for studying mental processes entails taking words in linguistics -- or concepts in logic -- and establishing the connections and relationships between them. Thus, the traditional approach to semantic problems -- those of meaning and understanding -- is through language. Most researchers agree that thought and language are generated by deep-seated semantic structures determined by the structure of the brain. Until now, however, all attempts at constructing semantic models have been made on the basis of linguistic material alone, without taking brain structure into account. Analysis of these models shows them to be as inadequate as those based on the method of the black box.
This book approaches the problem of the organization of higher psychological functions a different way -- by analyzing the functional organization of the neural structures that gradually form universal categories from "raw" sensory material. At the higher levels of the brain's operation, these universals correspond to the basic categories of thought and language. The visual system provides rewarding material for such an approach, both because it is relatively well researched and because it is the main source of sensory information in humans. With this in mind, this monograph examines the whole process of the transformation and description -- the coding of visual information. The most important aspect of this process is the transition from the description of visual space to the description of individual objects and the relationships between them. This transition is made possible by the existence in the visual system of various mechanisms that developed during evolution as a result of environmental influences.
Written for a wide circle of investigators in disciplines associated with different aspects of the functioning of the brain -- physiologists and psychologists -- this book is also of importance to engineers and mathematicians working on the problems of artificial intelligence, and linguists and philosophers interested in the deep structures that form the universals of thought and language.

Memory for Odors (Hardcover): Frank R. Schab, Robert G. Crowder Memory for Odors (Hardcover)
Frank R. Schab, Robert G. Crowder
R1,186 Discovery Miles 11 860 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The power of odors to unlock human memory is celebrated in literature and anecdote, but poorly documented by science. Odors -- perhaps more than other stimuli -- are widely believed to evoke vivid and complex past experiences easily. Yet in contrast to the frequency with which odors are thought to evoke memories of the past, scientific evidence is thus far scant.
For years, voluminous data have been collected on odor sensitivity, whereas relatively few studies exist on memory for odors per se. Moreover, the memory data that do exist are thus far only poorly integrated with the most modern attitudes on human memory. The major goal of this volume is to point the way toward a better state of affairs, one in which the study of odor memory is legitimatized as a proper specialization and is informed by the most promising ideas in the mainstream study of memory. This volume explores three tendencies in modern memory theory that have not yet sufficiently penetrated the odor-memory work: memory coding, memory and knowledge, and implicit and explicit memory.

Mathematics Education - Models and Processes (Hardcover): Lyn D English, Graeme S. Halford Mathematics Education - Models and Processes (Hardcover)
Lyn D English, Graeme S. Halford
R3,932 Discovery Miles 39 320 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

To define better techniques of mathematics education, this book combines a knowledge of cognitive science with mathematics curriculum theory and research. The concept of the human reasoning process has been changed fundamentally by cognitive science in the last two decades. The role of memory retrieval, domain-specific and domain-general skills, analogy, and mental models is better understood now than previously. The authors believe that cognitive science provides the most accurate account thus far of the actual processes that people use in mathematics and offers the best potential for genuine increases in efficiency. As such, they suggest that a cognitive science approach enables constructivist ideas to be analyzed and further developed in the search for greater understanding of children's mathematical learning.
Not simply an application of cognitive science, however, this book provides a new perspective on mathematics education by examining the nature of mathematical concepts and processes, how and why they are taught, why certain approaches appear more effective than others, and how children might be assisted to become more mathematically powerful. The authors use recent theories of analogy and knowledge representation -- combined with research on teaching practice -- to find ways of helping children form links and correspondences between different concepts, so as to overcome problems associated with fragmented knowledge. In so doing, they have capitalized on new insights into the values and limitations of using concrete teaching aids which can be analyzed in terms of analogy theory.
In addition to addressing the role of understanding, the authors have analyzed skill acquisition models in terms of their implications for the development of mathematical competence. They place strong emphasis on the development of students' mathematical reasoning and problem solving skills to promote flexible use of knowledge. The book further demonstrates how children have a number of general problem solving skills at their disposal which they can apply independently to the solution of novel problems, resulting in the enhancement of their mathematical knowledge.

Time-constrained Memory - A Reader-based Approach To Text Comprehension (Hardcover): Jean-Pierre Corriveau Time-constrained Memory - A Reader-based Approach To Text Comprehension (Hardcover)
Jean-Pierre Corriveau
R1,161 Discovery Miles 11 610 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This book tries to answer the question posed by Minsky at the beginning of "The Society of Mind: " "to explain the mind, we have to show how minds are built from mindless stuff, from parts that are much smaller and simpler than anything we'd considered smart." The author believes that cognition should not be rooted in innate rules and primitives, but rather grounded in human memory. More specifically, he suggests viewing linguistic comprehension as a time-constrained process -- a race for building an interpretation in short term memory.
After reviewing existing psychological and computational approaches to text understanding and concluding that they generally rely on self-validating primitives, the author abandons this objectivist and normative approach to meaning and develops a set of requirements for a grounded cognitive architecture. He then goes on to explain how this architecture must avoid all epistemological commitments, be tractable both with respect to space and time, and, most importantly, account for the diachronic and non-deterministic nature of comprehension. In other words, a text may or may not lead to an interpretation for a specific reader, and may be associated with several interpretations over time by one reader.
Throughout the remainder of the book, the author demonstrates that rules for all major facets of comprehension -- syntax, reference resolution, quantification, lexical and structural disambiguation, inference and subject matter -- can be expressed in terms of the simple mechanistic computing elements of a massively parallel network modeling memory. These elements, called knowledge units, work in a limited amount of time and have the ability not only to recognize but also to build the structures that make up an interpretation.
Designed as a main text for graduate courses, this volume is essential to the fields of cognitive science, artificial intelligence, memory modeling, text understanding, computational linguistics and natural language understanding. Other areas of application are schema-matching, hermeneutics, local connectionism, and text linguistics. With its extensive bibliography, the book is also valuable as supplemental reading for introductory undergraduate courses in cognitive science and computational linguistics.

Complex Problem Solving - The European Perspective (Hardcover): Peter A. Frensch, Joachim Funke Complex Problem Solving - The European Perspective (Hardcover)
Peter A. Frensch, Joachim Funke
R3,937 Discovery Miles 39 370 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This volume presents a state-of-the-science review of the most promising current European research -- and its historic roots of research -- on complex problem solving (CPS) in Europe. It is an attempt to close the knowledge gap among American scholars regarding the European approach to understanding CPS. Although most of the American researchers are well aware of the fact that CPS has been a very active research area in Europe for quite some time, they do not know any specifics about even the most important research. Part of the reason for this lack of knowledge is undoubtedly the fact that European researchers -- for the most part -- have been rather reluctant to publish their work in English-language journals.
The book concentrates on European research because the basic approach European scholars have taken to studying CPS is very different from one taken by North American researchers. Traditionally, American scholars have been studying CPS in "natural" domains -- physics, reading, writing, and chess playing -- concentrating primarily on exploring novice-expert differences and the acquisition of a complex skill. European scholars, in contrast, have been primarily concerned with problem solving behavior in artificially generated, mostly computerized, complex systems. While the American approach has the advantage of high external validity, the European approach has the advantage of system variables that can be systematically manipulated to reveal the effects of system parameters on CPS behavior. The two approaches are thus best viewed as complementing each other.
This volume contains contributions from four European countries -- Sweden, Switzerland, Great Britain, and Germany. As such, it accurately represents the bulk of empirical research on CPS which has been conducted in Europe. An international cooperation started two years ago with the goal of bringing the European research on complex problem solving to the awareness of American scholars. A direct result of that effort, the contributions to this book are both informative and comprehensive.

A Comprehensive Guide to Safety and Aging - Minimizing Risk, Maximizing Security (Hardcover): Barry S. Eckert, Robert Wolf, Amy... A Comprehensive Guide to Safety and Aging - Minimizing Risk, Maximizing Security (Hardcover)
Barry S. Eckert, Robert Wolf, Amy Ehrlich
R5,235 Discovery Miles 52 350 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This text covers safety topics related to aging. Featuring a toolkit including checklists and workbook elements to outline what tasks need to be conducted, and in what order, the book aims to identify potential risks and avoid potential pitfalls. It discusses fire safety, food safety, occupational safety, personal emergency response systems (PERS), fall detection devices, remote patient monitoring devices, electronic medication ordering and dispensing, home-based activity monitoring, legal safety tools, medical safety concerns, and tools, falls prevention and vertigo. The text will appeal to professionals and graduate students in the fields of ergonomics, human factors, occupational health, and safety.

Strategic Luxury Management - Value Creation and Creativity for Competitive Advantage (Paperback): David Millan Planelles Strategic Luxury Management - Value Creation and Creativity for Competitive Advantage (Paperback)
David Millan Planelles
R1,154 Discovery Miles 11 540 Ships in 9 - 15 working days

Unlike the competing texts, which focus on luxury branding and marketing, this book considers luxury from a strategic decision-making, creative and competitive perspective; Each chapter is illustrated by cases and examples from well-known international luxury firms, as well as chapter objectives, summaries, and reflective questions; Provides a framework to understand and assess value creation when creativity is relevant

Cognitively Diagnostic Assessment (Hardcover): Paul D. Nichols, Susan F. Chipman, Robert L. Brennan Cognitively Diagnostic Assessment (Hardcover)
Paul D. Nichols, Susan F. Chipman, Robert L. Brennan
R3,954 Discovery Miles 39 540 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

During the past two or three decades, research in cognitive science and psychology has yielded an improved understanding of the fundamental psychological nature of knowledge and cognitive skills that psychological testing attempts to measure. These theories have reached sufficient maturity, making it reasonable to look upon them to provide a sound theoretical foundation for assessment, particulary for the content of assessments. This fact, combined with much discontentedness over current testing practices, has inspired efforts to bring testing and cognitive theory together to create a new theoretical framework for psychological testing -- a framework developed for diagnosing learners' differences rather than for ranking learners based on their differences.
This volume presents some initial accomplishments in the effort to bring testing and cognitive theory together. Contributors originate from both of the relevant research communities -- cognitive research and psychometric theory. Some represent collaborations between representatives of the two communities; others are efforts to reach out in the direction of the other community. Taking fundamentally different forms, psychometric test theory assumes that knowledge can be represented in terms of one or at most a few dimensions, whereas modern cognitive theory typically represents knowledge in networks -- either networks of conceptual relationships or the transition networks of production systems.
Cognitively diagnostic assessment is a new enterprise and it is evident that many challenging problems remain to be addressed. Still, it is already possible to develop highly productive interactions between assessment and instruction in both automated tutoring systems and more conventional classrooms. The editors hope that the chapters presented here show how the reform of assessment can take a rigorous path.

Beyond Names for Things - Young Children's Acquisition of Verbs (Hardcover): Michael Tomasello, William E. Merriman Beyond Names for Things - Young Children's Acquisition of Verbs (Hardcover)
Michael Tomasello, William E. Merriman
R3,946 Discovery Miles 39 460 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Most research on children's lexical development has focused on their acquisition of names for concrete objects. This is the first edited volume to focus specifically on how children acquire their early verbs. Verbs are an especially important part of the early lexicon because of the role they play in children's emerging grammatical competence. The contributors to this book investigate:
* children's earliest words for actions and events and the cognitive structures that might underlie them,
* the possibility that the basic principles of word learning which apply in the case of nouns might also apply in the case of verbs, and
the role of linguistic context, especially argument structure, in the acquisition of verbs.
A central theme in many of the chapters is the comparison of the processes of noun and verb learning. Several contributors make provocative suggestions for constructing theories of lexical development that encompass the full range of lexical items that children learn and use.

Beginning Writers in the Zone of Proximal Development (Hardcover): Elizabeth Petrick Steward Beginning Writers in the Zone of Proximal Development (Hardcover)
Elizabeth Petrick Steward
R3,925 Discovery Miles 39 250 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

How do young children bridge the gap between "writing" a story with pictures and writing with words? How children learn to use written words to tell a story is a topic important to both cognitive development and early literacy instruction. Using the theoretical framework developed by Vygotsky, the behavior of a group of prekindergarten children as they author two consecutive pieces of writing is analyzed. The children tell their stories at first with spoken words and pictures. As they discuss their work-in-progress in public conferences, they discover how to build on and combine existing skills to produce a new skill -- telling stories with written words.
Current descriptive and theoretical perspectives on beginning writing are presented in this volume, with a particular focus on Vygotsky's concept of the "zone of proximal development," a period of sensitivity in which learning advances. The proposed mechanism of change is "verbal mediation" -- talk among peers and teachers as they discuss work-in-progress -- which moves the children through the zone of proximal development.
An open, whole-language approach to literacy instruction makes the classroom in this book an ideal arena in which to observe verbal mediation in operation. Children are free to question, criticize and argue; and in the process they collectively advance their developing ability to use written language.
The work is unique in that the rich and comprehensive data record is reproduced in its entirety. More than 400 illustrations of the children's products -- two "books" apiece, pictured before and after the children's revisions -- are included, along with transcripts of the conferences about each of the pages, permitting direct observation of the effects of verbal mediation. This dynamic study documents change during a period of time when specific learning is occurring, and provides strong support for the value and power of Vygotsky's theoretical framework.

Matrixial Logic - Forms of Inequality (Paperback): Paul Chaplin Matrixial Logic - Forms of Inequality (Paperback)
Paul Chaplin
R431 Discovery Miles 4 310 Ships in 12 - 17 working days
Cognitive and Instructional Processes in History and the Social Sciences (Hardcover): Mario Carretero, James F. Voss Cognitive and Instructional Processes in History and the Social Sciences (Hardcover)
Mario Carretero, James F. Voss
R5,103 Discovery Miles 51 030 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This volume is a direct result of an international conference that brought together a number of scholars from Europe and the United States to discuss their ideas and research about cognitive and instructional processes in history and the social sciences. As such, it fills a major gap in the study of how people learn and reason in the context of particular subject matter domains and how instruction can be improved in order to facilitate better learning and reasoning. Previous cognitive work on subject matter learning has been focused primarily upon mathematics and physics; the present effort provides the first such venture examining the history and social science domains from a cognitive perspective.
The different sections of the book cover topics related to comprehension, learning, and instruction of history and the social sciences, including:
*the development of some social sciences concepts,
*the teaching of social sciences -- problems and questions arising from this cognitive perspective of learning,
*the comprehension and learning from historical texts,
*how people and students understand historical causality and provide explanations of historical events, and
*the deduction processes involved in reasoning about social sciences contents.
This volume will be useful for primary and secondary school teachers and for cognitive and instructional researchers interested in problem solving and reasoning, text comprehension, domain-specific knowledge acquisition and concept development.

The Development of Intersensory Perception - Comparative Perspectives (Hardcover): David J. Lewkowicz, Robert Lickliter The Development of Intersensory Perception - Comparative Perspectives (Hardcover)
David J. Lewkowicz, Robert Lickliter
R3,950 Discovery Miles 39 500 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This book provides the latest information about the development of intersensory perception -- a topic which has recently begun to receive a great deal of attention from researchers studying the general problem of perceptual development. This interest was inspired after the realization that unimodal perception of sensory information is only the first stage of perceptual processing. Under normal conditions, an organism is faced with multiple, multisensory sources of information and its task is to either select a single relevant source of information or select several sources of information and integrate them. In general, perception and action on the basis of multiple sources of information is more efficient and effective. Before greater efficiency and effectiveness can be achieved, however, the organism must be able to integrate the multiple sources of information. By doing so, the organism can then achieve a coherent and unified percept of the world.
The various chapters in this book examine the developmental origins of intersensory perceptual capacities by presenting the latest research on the development of intersensory perceptual skills in a variety of different species. By adopting a comparative approach to this problem, this volume as a whole helps uncover similarities as well as differences in the mechanisms underlying the development of intersensory integration. In addition, it shows that there is no longer any doubt that intersensory interactions occur right from the beginning of the developmental process, that the nature of these intersensory interactions changes as development progresses, and that early experience contributes in important ways to these changes.

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