Software development environments are integrated sets of tools, techniques and processes that assist in the sys- tematic development of software products. They are intended to support all phases of the software development cycle: requirements definition, design, implementation, test, and maintenance. These Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools typically make use of graphic manipulation facilities and rely on some form of development database to exchange various types of design objects between tools. Facilitated by the availability of powerful workstations, implementations of these technologies are now within reach of every software developer. This volume presents the proceedings of a symposium organized by the GI (Gesellschaft fA1/4r Informatik), the GMD (Gesellschaft fA1/4r Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung) and ESEC (European Software Engineering Conferences). The symposium brought together application development managers and top specialists involved in the selection and introduction of software development tools, leading developers of such tools and well known authorities from the research community. The proceedings contain first-hand information on practical experiences and requirements, development directions and strategies, and key research issues and results.

This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the MIT-JSME Workshop on Cooperative Product Development held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, November 20/21, 1989. The 28 selected papers are organized into the following six categories: - Frameworks, dealing with problem-solving architectures, - Organizational issues, investigating strategies for organizing engineering activities for effective utilization of computer-aided tools, - Negotiation techniques, dealing with conflict detection and resolution between various agents, - Transaction management issues, dealing with interaction issues between the agents and the central communication medium, - Design methods, dealing with techniques utilized by individual agents, - Visualization techniques, including user Interfaces and physical modeling techniques. Sponsorship and financial support for the workshop was provided by the Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), the Intelligent Engineering Systems Laboratory at MIT, and Bell Atlantic Knowledge Systems, Inc.

In this ESPRIT research report of a group of engineers in the CAD*I project the possibility of using a database management system (DBMS) for computer aided design (CAD) purposes is analyzed and conditions are derived that enable CAD systems to manage CAD models containing increasing amounts of data and more and more intelligent relations. Today CAD models constitute isolated islands of data stored in independent files, and to create and maintain relations between pieces of information stored in several models (files) in a multi-user environment is a complex task. At a conceptual level, a relational DBMS associated with the language SQL (ISO standard) is the ideal tool to create and maintain such relations. At the implementation level, it is of the highest importance to define the optimum granularity of information to be stored in the database in order to get a good response time from such a system.

This book is concerned with problems and solutions associated with the exchange of data between different computer aided design, engineering and manufacturing (CAx) systems. After an analysis of the current problems a new strategy consisting of a test methodology, check software and tools for the improvement of the data exchange process are discussed. The particular problems associated with the transfer of curve and surface data are expanded upon and new methods to overcome them presented. With all these tools a system-specific adaption of neutral files is made possible. Thus the integration of several incompatible CAx systems within devel- opment and production processes can be effectively improved. In order to exclude incorrect data a new methodology for neutral file processor tests has been worked out. Finally, the benefits resulting from this new strategy are shown by the example of data transfer not only between CAx systems but also between consecutive production processes.

The content of this book is an information model for technical drawings, the so-called "Drafting Model". The Drafting Model is a part of a complex information model describing product definition data, their applications and their representations. The definition of the information model is a central component of the development of STEP, a future international standard for the exchange of product defmition data. Here the Drafting Model particularly encloses descriptions for the representations of organizational drawing data, tolerances, dimensions and surface attributes such as surface fmish symbols (a survey of the whole content is shown in the figure above). Additional to that requirements for the Presentation Model concerning the representation of geometry as well as the integration process for both the Drafting and the Presentation Models are formulated. The extent of the Drafting Model is restricted to the application area "Mechanical Engineering". Within the Drafting Model the annotation representations are described on the one hand informally and on the other hand formally using a high level language for information modeling, EXPRESS. Principally the representations of the annotation are described according to the international drawing standards. Thus the semantics pertinent to the specific graphical appearance are maintained. The data structures provide formal descriptions of annotations at a high generation level, which means that a "way" is defmed how to generate these annotations.

This second book in our series Artificial Intelligence and Society explores the issues involved in the design and application of human-centred systems in the manufacturing area. At first glance it may appear that a book on this topic is somewhat peripheral to the main concerns of the series. In fact, although starting from an engineering perspective, the book addresses some of the pivotal issues confronting those who apply new technology in general and artificial intelligence (AI) systems in particular. Above all, the book invites us to consider whether the present applications of technology are such as to make the best use of human skill and ingenuity and at the same time provide for realistic and economically sustainable systems design solutions. To do so it is necessary to provide systems which support the skill, and are amenable to the cultures, of the areas of application in question. In a philosophical sense it means providing tools to support skills rather than machines which replace them, to use Heidegger's distinction. The book gives an authoritative account of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) tradition of human-centredness and provides a participatory design ap proach which focuses on collaborative learning and enhancement and creation of new skills. It also argues that collaboration should be supported by institutions through the creation of supportive infrastructures and research environments. It emphasises the optimisation of practical knowledge with the help of scientific knowledge and rejects the alternative."

Dr AIvy Ray Smith Executive Vice President, Pixar The pOlyglot language of computer animation has arisen piecemeal as a collection of terms borrowed from geometry, film, video, painting, conventional animation, computer graphiCS, computer science, and publishing - in fact, from every older art or science which has anything to do with pictures and picture making. Robi Roncarelli, who has already demonstrated his foresight by formally identifying a nascent industry and addressing his Computer Animation Newsletter to it, here again makes a useful contribution to it by codifying its jargon. My pleasure in reading his dictionary comes additionally from the many historical notes sprinkled throughout and from surprise entries such as the one referring to Zimbabwe. Just as Samuel Johnson's dictionary of the English language was a major force in stabilizing the spelling of English, perhaps this one will serve a similar purpose for computer animation. Two of my pets are "color" for "colour" and "modeling" "modelling", under the rule that the shorter accepted spelling is always preferable. [Robi, are you reading this?] [Yes, AIvy!] Now I commend this book to you, whether you be a newcomer or an oldtimer.

Internationally recognized experts in the field of holographic interferometric testing, X-ray testing, and structural analysis by finite element techniques have come together in ESPRIT project 898 to develop a system that integrates these techniques. This system acts as an external interface between the complementary nondestructive testing methods and computer based structural analysis. In the book the testing and analysis techniques are presented and compared with special emphasis on problems regarding their combination and integration. The architecture and the components of the interface system are described. Experiments proving the feasibility and applicability of the concepts are presented. The chapters of the book dealing with the different techniques are written by the individual partners of the project. A common test object is investigated by all techniques. The book helps the customer to select the testing and analysis method most suitable for his problem. It also presents the background for building up integrated testing equipment for analysis and control.

ESPRIT Project 322, "CAD Interfaces," has been established to define the most important interfaces in CAD/CAM systems for data exchange, data base, finite element analysis, experimental analysis, and advanced modeling. The definitions of these interfaces are being elaborated in harmony with international standardization efforts in this field. One principal goal of the project is to develop techniques for the exchange of CAD information between CAD systems, and from the CAD domain to CAA (Computer Aided Analysis) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing). This volume presents a proposal for a neutral file format for CAD data: curves, surfaces, and solids. The specification is based on a reference schema for CAD data bases and is defined informally with respect to its semantics and formally with respect to its syntax. This volume is a revised edition of "Specification of a CAD*I Neutral File for Solids" Version 3.2. The revision reflects the enhancements which result from the implementation of communication processors in eight different CAD systems and from the practical exchange of solid models between these systems. Due to the close interaction between the CAD*I project and the coming-up international standard STEP this specification also serves as an introduction to the geometry model that will be included in the future international standard.

Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM) are but two of the more recent examples of computer applications in domains previously dominated by human labour. The use of computers in such areas has increasingly attracted social science research. There are several reasons one could suggest for this, not least of them being the simple fact that public money is being provided for such research. Of course, some of the interest may be due to the wish to prove that technology is being used to inhuman ends, but undoubtedly there is also some degree of fascination involved. Can you really do all the things with computers that people claim you can? There is certainly satisfaction to be had from smugly pointing out its shortcomings, but many of the few sociologists in our own organisation are also among the most avid users of modern technology. Needless to say, they also belong to the most critical users of the technology! A new strain of motivation for social science research which appears to be gaining significance, is the desire to "re-direct" technology, or at least - and probably more realistically - to playa part in shaping future technology . The entire range of motives may be recognised in the collection of papers contained in this volume.

E-maintenance is the synthesis of two major trends in today's society: the growing importance of maintenance as a key technology and the rapid development of information and communication technology. E-maintenance gives the reader an overview of the possibilities offered by new and advanced information and communication technology to achieve efficient maintenance solutions in industry, energy production and transportation, thereby supporting sustainable development in society. Sixteen chapters cover a range of different technologies, such as: new micro sensors, on-line lubrication sensors, smart tags for condition monitoring, wireless communication and smart personal digital assistants. E-maintenance also discusses semantic data-structuring solutions; ontology structured communications; implementation of diagnostics and prognostics; and maintenance decision support by economic optimisation. It includes four industrial cases that are both described and analysed in detail, with an outline of a global application solution. E-maintenance is a useful tool for engineers and technicians who wish to develop e-maintenance in industrial sites. It is also a source of new and stimulating ideas for researchers looking to make the next step towards sustainable development.

The importance of CAD to electronics technology Computer-aided design (CAD) is one way of coping with the problem of how to design and build very complex systems. This problem is particularly acute in electronics technology. Designs are now (1984) said to be design-limited, rather than technology-limited. It can take months to generate a design for a chip, so that it might be obsolete before it can be manufactured. Manual design of large-scale integration (LSI) chips (circa 10,000 gates) is almost impossible. However, using current technology it is possible to produce chips having 250,000 gates. It is understandable, therefore, that there is great interest in improving existing CAD systems. Designers of CAD systems are concerned with formalizing and automating as much of the design task as possible. Automating design of any kind has long been acknowledged as a project fraught with intractable problems. A human designer has to have an understanding of the nature of the materials used in manufacture, a knowledge of common problems and well-tried solutions, and above all, creativity in producing new designs. Understanding, knowledge and creativity are three properties even the most artificially intelligent of computer programs have been entirely lacking in until very recently. Some people would deny computers these qualities entirely, on philosophical grounds (eg Dreyfus 1979; Searle 1981). There are few theories in cognitive psychology which can help.

In the past several years, it has become apparent that computing will soon achieve a status within science and engineering to the classical scientific methods of laboratory experiment and theoretical analysis. The foremost tools of state-of-the-art computing applications are supercomputers, which are simply the fastest and biggest computers available at any given time. Supercomputers and supercomputing go hand-in-hand in pacing the development of scientific and engineering applications of computing. Experience has shown that supercomputers improve in speed and capability by roughly a factor 1000 every 20 years. Supercomputers today include the Cray XMP and Cray-2, manufactured by Cray Research, Inc., the Cyber 205, manufactured by Control Data Corporation, the Fujitsu VP, manufactured by Fujitsu, Ltd., the Hitachi SA-810/20, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd., and the NEC SX, manufactured by NEC, Inc. The fastest of these computers are nearly three orders-of-magnitude faster than the fastest computers available in the mid-1960s, like the Control Data CDC 6600. While the world-wide market for supercomputers today is only about 50 units per year, it is expected to grow rapidly over the next several years to about 200 units per year.

This book is the sixth issue in the EurographicSeminars Series. This series has been set up by Eurographics, the European Association for Computer Graphics, in order to disseminate surveys and research results out of the field of Computer Graphics. Computer Graphics constitute a powerful and versatile tool for various application areas. The rapidly increasing use of Computer Graphics techniques and systems in many areas is caused by the availability of more powerful hardware at lower prices, ' by the concise specification of Computer Graphics Interfaces in commonly..agreed standards, and by the inven tion of new and often astonishing methods and algorithms for com position andpreserit ti6n of pictJres and for graphical interaction. While s, o e issues of this se.ries contain latest research results, e.g. the issues in window management systems or user interface manage ment systems, this book has the character of a state-of-the-art survey on important areas .of Computer Graphics. Starting from current practice and agreed consens, it will lead to the latest achievements in this field. The contributions in this issue are largely based on tutorials and seminars held at the Eurographics conferences 1984 in Copen hagen and 1985 in Nice."

Derzeit verfugbare "universelle" Datenbanksysteme sind historisch fur betriebswirt- schaftliche Anwendungen entst&lden. In Anwendungsgebieten wie der Unterstutzung von Burotatigkeiten oder der rechnergestutzten Konstruktion und Fertigung (CAD/CAM - CIM) stossen sie daher vielfach Rn die Grenzen ihrer Fahigkeiten. Diese Tatsache spiegelt sich wider in dem angelsachsis,;hen Schlagwort "non-standard date base applications", was sich vielleicht mit "nicht-konventionelle Datenbank-Anwendungen" wiedergeben lasst. Fur derartige Anwendungen werden immer haufiger neuartige DB-Systeme gefordert. Die Datenbank-Forschung griff diese Problematik schon vor einigen Jahren verstarkt auf. Das lasst sich belegen durch das Fachgesprach Datenbanken der GI -Jahrestagung 1983, aber auch durch so renommierte internationale Konferenzen wie SIGMOD '84 oder VLDB84 , bei denen sich etwa 50 % der Beitrage mit Datenbank-Problemen beschaftigten, die sich durch Anwendungen in Buro, Technik und Wissenschaft stellen. Unter diesen Umstanden hielt es der Fachausschuss 2.5 "Rechnergestutzte Informations- systeme" der Gesellschaft fur Informatik fur angebracht, eine Fachtagung eigens uber Datenbanksysteme fur die Unterstutzung von Burotatigkeiten und fur technisch-wissen- schaftliche Anwendungen auszurichten. Die erfreulich grosse Resonanz, die der Aufruf zu Tagungsbeitragen fand, hat diese Einschatzung bestatigt. Es ist den Veranstaltern ein Bedurfnis, an dieser Stelle den vielen Autoren zu danken, die durch ihre einge~ reichten Beitrage die Bedeutung der Thematik unterstrichen haben, und zwar ausdrucklich auch denen, deren Beitrage nicht im Tagungsprogramm erscheinen. In den meisten Fallen ist der Grund dafur nicht die mangelnde Qualitat, sondern der Zwang zur zeitlichen und thematischen Konzentration, der die Organisatoren vor die Qual der Wahl stellte.

Beginning AutoCAD 2007 is a course based on learning and practising the essentials of 2D drawing using AutoCAD. Bob McFarlane's hands-on approach is uniquely suited to independent learning and use on courses. The focus on 2D drawing in one book ensures the reader gets a thorough grounding in the subject, with a greater depth of coverage than tends to be available from general introductions to AutoCAD. As a result, this book provides a true, step-by-step, detailed exploration of the AutoCAD functions required at each stage of producing a 2D drawing - an approach often not found in the many software reference guides available. The emphasis on learning through doing makes this book ideal for anyone involved in engineering, construction or architecture - where the focus is on productivity and practical skills. The author has also matched the coverage to the requirements of City and Guilds, Edexcel (BTEC) and SQA syllabuses. The following new features in AutoCAD 2007 are covered in this book: * Create: Using enhanced commands and draughting tools to create all types of content * Manage: Using the Sheet Set Manager and Attribute Extraction to manage data and information * Produce: Using dynamic blocks, dynamic input and selection preview to increase productivity * Share: Using e-transmit, publish to the web and PDF files to share information Plus, a new companion website features AutoCAD files for selected activities for students to work with. The result is a useful refresher course for anyone using AutoCAD at this level, and those upgrading to the new software release. The course is also designed to be fully relevant to anyone using other recent releases, including AutoCAD 2006. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Bob McFarlane has been writing books on AutoCAD for over 10 years.

Dieser Band enthalt die schriftlichen Beitrage zu den Fachgesprachen, die wahrend der 14. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fUr Informatik in Braunschweig veranstaltet wurden. Die Beitrage zum Hauptprogramm werden in einem gleichzeitig in derselben Reihe erscheinenden separaten Ta- gungsband verbffentlicht. Die 14. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fUr Informatik steht unter dem Leitthema "Informatik und Ingenieurwissenschaften" Daran orientieren sich auch die hier verbffentlichten Fachgesprache. Der FachausschuB 4.2 der GI, "RechnergestUtztes Entwerfen und Projektieren", ist mit zwei Fachgesprachen vertreten: "Produktdefinierende Daten" (Ko- ordinator: R.Gnatz) und "Methoden der Evaluierung und EinfUhrung von CAD-Systemen" (Koordinator: J.Encarnacao). Der FachausschuB 1.1, "Grund- lagen der Informatik", behandelt aktuelle "Grundlagen der GroBtintegra- tion (VLSI)" (Koordinator: K.Mehlhorn), und die Fachgruppe "Robotik" im FachausschuB 1.2, "KUnstliche Intelligenz und Mustererkennung", be- schaftigt sich in ihrem Fachgesprach mit dem Thema "Industrieroboter und KUnstliche Intelligenz" (Koordinator: G.Hirzinger). Den Koordinatoren, Mitveranstaltern und Mitgliedern der ProgrammausschUs- se der einzelnen Fachgesprache danke ich herzlich fUr ihre MUhe bei de- ren Planung, Organisation und DurchfUhrung.

Engineering Drawing with CAD Applications is ideal for any engineering student, needing a user-friendly step-by-step guide to draughting, sketching and drawing. Fully revised to take into account developments in computer aided drawing, and to keep up with British Standards, this guide remains an ideal introduction to the subject. It provides readers with the basic knowledge and skills of draughting and takes them on to more interesting and advanced engineering drawing techniques and procedures. This latest revision of Ostrowsky's popoular Engineering Drawing represents a comprehensive introductory course in engineering drawing and sketching, and is sutiable for a wide range of college and university engineering students. The author concentrates on the techniques fundamental to effective drawing, key knowledge that is needed wether the drawings are carried out by hand, or via a CAD package. Copious illustrations and a clear, step-by-step approach make this book ideal for distance learning and assignment-based study.

In dem Band wird die Vorgehensweise unter dem Finite-Elemente-Programm Pro/MECHANICA anhand von anschaulichen Beispielen erlautert. Leser lernen die wesentlichen Merkmale kennen: Aufbau des FEM-Modells, Analysen, Konvergenzmethoden, Ergebnisauswertung. Alle Aufgaben werden Schritt fur Schritt erklart und sind mit Screenshots illustriert. Die 2. Auflage ist mit Hinweisen zu den Verbesserungen in Pro/MECHANICA Wildfire 5.0 versehen, zusatzliche Tipps und Tricks sowie Referenzbeispiele machen die Arbeitsschritte noch leichter verstandlich.

Your real-world introduction to mechanical design with Autodesk Inventor 2016 Mastering Autodesk Inventor 2016 and Autodesk Inventor LT 2016 is a complete real-world reference and tutorial for those learning this mechanical design software. With straightforward explanations and practical tutorials, this guide brings you up to speed with Inventor in the context of real-world workflows and environments. You'll begin designing right away as you become acquainted with the interface and conventions, and then move into more complex projects as you learn sketching, modeling, assemblies, weldment design, functional design, documentation, visualization, simulation and analysis, and much more. Detailed discussions are reinforced with step-by-step tutorials, and the companion website provides downloadable project files that allow you to compare your work to the pros. Whether you're teaching yourself, teaching a class, or preparing for the Inventor certification exam, this is the guide you need to quickly gain confidence and real-world ability. Inventor's 2D and 3D design features integrate with process automation tools to help manufacturers create, manage, and share data. This detailed guide shows you the ins and outs of all aspects of the program, so you can jump right in and start designing with confidence. * Sketch, model, and edit parts, then use them to build assemblies * Create exploded views, flat sheet metal patterns, and more * Boost productivity with data exchange and visualization tools * Perform simulations and stress analysis before the prototyping stage This complete reference includes topics not covered elsewhere, including large assemblies, integrating other CAD data, effective modeling by industry, effective data sharing, and more. For a comprehensive, real-world guide to Inventor from a professional perspective, Mastering Autodesk Inventor 2016 and Autodesk Inventor LT 2016 is the easy-to-follow hands-on training you've been looking for.

Moderne Unternehmen mussen komplexe Innovationsprozesse beherrschen koennen. Die, fur Probleme ursachlichen, wechselseitigen Abhangigkeiten werden von den Autoren analysiert, modelliert und Loesungsvorschlage dargestellt. Hierbei werden Moeglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Innovationsprozesse integrierter Sach- und Dienstleistungen (Produkt-Service Systeme (PSS)) aufgezeigt. Effektivitat und Effizienz der Innovationsprozesse, die aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven betrachtet werden, sind dabei zentrale Schwerpunkte, denn darin liegen die wesentlichen Herausforderungen innovativ wirkender Unternehmen in der Industrie.

Bei den Entwurfstatigkeiten lassen sich bezUglich der graphischen EDV-Unter stUtzung zwei Bereiche mit unterschiedlichen Anforderungen abgrenzen: (1) der gestalterische Entwurf, bei dem die Geometrie eines Objektes oder Systems festgelegt wird und (2) der funktionale Entwurf, bei dem es um die VerknUpfung von Elementen zu einem System (Objekt) geht. Wichtigste Informationstrager und Mittel der Informationsdarstellung sind in beiden Bereichen leichnungen: beim gestalterischen Entwurf die maBstabsgerechte technische leichnung, beim funktionalen Entwurf verschiedene Arten von Blockdiagrammen. Dieser Aufsatz befaBt sich mit der EDV - UnterstUtzung des zweiten Bereiches insbesondere durch interaktive graphische Verfahren und Datenbanktechniken. 2. Anforderungen an ein CAD - System fUr den funktionalen Entwurf Ein EDV-System zur UnterstUtzung des funktionalen Entwurfs /1/ sollte dem Anwender eine gewohnte und bewahrte Schnittstelle bieten: die Darstellung der Informationen ( d.h. des funktionalen Modells) durch Blockdiagramme und ihre Manipulation mit problemangepaBten Operationen. Diese Forderungen werden zum Teil erfUllt durch all gemei ne rechnergestUtzte lei chensysteme oder besser durch lei chensysteme fUr Blockdiagramme /2,3/. Diese unterscheiden sich von allgemeinen leichensystemen durch di e Beschrankung der mogl ichen Operati onen auf das Ei nfUgen/Loschen von Symbol en und deren Verbindung durch Linien, die nur an vorgegebene SymbolanschlUsse herangefUhrt werden konnen. Den Symbol en konnen auBer den AnschluBpunkten im allgemeinen auch noch Texte als Attribute zugeordnet werden."

AutoCAD 2015 for Interior Design and Space Planning helps students understand the commands and features of AutoCAD 2015 and demonstrates how to use the program to complete interior design and space planning projects. Covering both two- and three-dimensional drawings, the text provides abundant exercises that walk students step-by-step through the use of AutoCAD prompts and commands. Using numerous illustrations, the text captures the essence of this powerful program and the importance it plays in the interior design, architecture and space planning professions. Features include: * Covers new AutoCAD 2015 interface * Progresses from basic commands to complex drawing exercises. * Provides over 100 exercises and projects. * Highlights seven projects appropriate for interior design, space planning and architecture students. * Includes coverage of the AutoCAD DesignCenter * Covers solid modeling in two chapters