Fuzzy Logic in Action: Applications in Epidemiology and Beyond, co-authored by Eduardo Massad, Neli Ortega, Laecio Barros, and Claudio Struchiner is a remarkable achievement. The book brings a major paradigm shift to medical sciences exploring the use of fuzzy sets in epidemiology and medical diagnosis arena. The volume addresses the most significant topics in the broad areas of epidemiology, mathematical modeling and uncertainty, embodying them within the framework of fuzzy set and dynamic systems theory. Written by leading contributors to the area of epidemiology, medical informatics and mathematics, the book combines a very lucid and authoritative exposition of the fundamentals of fuzzy sets with an insightful use of the fundamentals in the area of epidemiology and diagnosis. The content is clearly illustrated by numerous illustrative examples and several real world applications. Based on their profound knowledge of epidemiology and mathematical modeling, and on their keen understanding of the role played by uncertainty and fuzzy sets, the authors provide insights into the connections between biological phenomena and dynamic systems as a mean to predict, diagnose, and prescribe actions. An example is the use of Bellman-Zadeh fuzzy decision making approach to develop a vaccination strategy to manage measles epidemics in Sao Paulo. The book offers a comprehensive, systematic, fully updated and self- contained treatise of fuzzy sets in epidemiology and diagnosis. Its content covers material of vital interest to students, researchers and practitioners and is suitable both as a textbook and as a reference. The authors present new results of their own in most of the chapters. In doing so, they reflect the trend to view fuzzy sets, probability theory and statistics as an association of complementary and synergetic modeling methodologies.

A unified and systematic description of analysis and decision problems within a wide class of uncertain systems, described by traditional mathematical methods and by relational knowledge representations. Prof. Bubnicki takes a unique approach to stability and stabilization of uncertain systems.

This book is the fourth in a series on novel low power design architectures, methods and design practices. It results from of a large European project started in 1997, whose goal is to promote the further development and the faster and wider industrial use of advanced design methods for reducing the power con sumption of electronic systems. Low power design became crucial with the wide spread of portable infor mation and communication terminals, where a small battery has to last for a long period. High performance electronics, in addition, suffers from a per manent increase of the dissipated power per square millimeter of silicon, due to the increasing clock-rates, which causes cooling and reliability problems or otherwise limits the performance. The European Union's Information Technologies Programme 'Esprit' did therefore launch a 'Pilot action for Low Power Design', which eventually grew to 19 R&D projects and one coordination project, with an overall budget of 14 million EURO. It is meanwhile known as European Low Power Initiative for Electronic System Design (ESD-LPD) and will be completed in the year 2002. It involves to develop or demonstrate new design methods for power reduction, while the coordination project takes care that the methods, experiences and results are properly documented and publicised."

This book approaches the realisation of digital terrain and landscape data through clear and practical examples. From data provision and the creation of revealing analyses to realistic depictions for presentation purposes, the reader is led through the world of digital 3-D graphics. The authors deep knowledge of the scientific fundamentals and many years of experience in 3-D visualization enable them to lead the reader through a complex subject and shed light on previously murky virtual landscapes.

Here is an ideal textbook on software visualization, written especially for students and teachers in computer science. It provides a broad and systematic overview of the area including many pointers to tools available today. Topics covered include static program visualization, algorithm animation, visual debugging, as well as the visualization of the evolution of software. The author's presentation emphasizes common principles and provides different examples mostly taken from seminal work. In addition, each chapter is followed by a list of exercises including both pen-and-paper exercises as well as programming tasks.

Soft computing embraces methodologies for the development of intelligent systems that have been successfully applied to a large number of real-word problems. This collection of keynote papers, presented at the 7th On-line World Conference on Soft Computing in Engineering Design and Manufacturing, provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in fuzzy, neural and evolutionary computing techniques and applications in engineering design and manufacturing.

Features:
- New and highly advanced research results at the forefront of soft computing in engineering design and manufacturing.
- Keynote papers by world-renowned researchers in the field.
- A good overview of current soft computing research around the world.

A collection of methodologies aimed at researchers and professional design and manufacturing engineers who develop and apply intelligent systems in computer engineering.

Hugo de Man Professor Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Senior Research Fellow IMEC The steady evolution of hardware, software and communications technology is rapidly transforming the PC- and dot.com world into the world of Ambient Intelligence (AmI). This next wave of information technology is fundam- tally different in that it makes distributed wired and wireless computing and communication disappear to the background and puts users to the foreground. AmI adapts to people instead of the other way around. It will augment our consciousness, monitor our health and security, guide us through traffic etc. In short, its ultimate goal is to improve the quality of our life by a quiet, reliable and secure interaction with our social and material environment. What makes AmI engineering so fascinating is that its design starts from studying person to world interactions that need to be implemented as an int- ligent and autonomous interplay of virtually all necessary networked electronic intelligence on the globe. This is a new and exciting dimension for most elect- cal and software engineers and may attract more creative talent to engineering than pure technology does. Development of the leading technology for AmI will only succeed if the engineering research community is prepared to join forces in order to make Mark Weiser's dream of 1991 come true. This will not be business as usual by just doubling transistor count or clock speed in a microprocessor or increasing the bandwidth of communication.

This book analyzes the causes of failures in computing systems, their consequences, as weIl as the existing solutions to manage them. The domain is tackled in a progressive and educational manner with two objectives: 1. The mastering of the basics of dependability domain at system level, that is to say independently ofthe technology used (hardware or software) and of the domain of application. 2. The understanding of the fundamental techniques available to prevent, to remove, to tolerate, and to forecast faults in hardware and software technologies. The first objective leads to the presentation of the general problem, the fault models and degradation mechanisms wh ich are at the origin of the failures, and finally the methods and techniques which permit the faults to be prevented, removed or tolerated. This study concerns logical systems in general, independently of the hardware and software technologies put in place. This knowledge is indispensable for two reasons: * A large part of a product' s development is independent of the technological means (expression of requirements, specification and most of the design stage). Very often, the development team does not possess this basic knowledge; hence, the dependability requirements are considered uniquely during the technological implementation. Such an approach is expensive and inefficient. Indeed, the removal of a preliminary design fault can be very difficult (if possible) if this fault is detected during the product's final testing.

When I attended college we studied vacuum tubes in our junior year. At that time an average radio had ?ve vacuum tubes and better ones even seven. Then transistors appeared in 1960s. A good radio was judged to be one with more thententransistors. Latergoodradioshad15-20transistors and after that everyone stopped counting transistors. Today modern processors runing personal computers have over 10milliontransistorsandmoremillionswillbeaddedevery year. The difference between 20 and 20M is in complexity, methodology and business models. Designs with 20 tr- sistors are easily generated by design engineers without any tools, whilst designs with 20M transistors can not be done by humans in reasonable time without the help of Prof. Dr. Gajski demonstrates the Y-chart automation. This difference in complexity introduced a paradigm shift which required sophisticated methods and tools, and introduced design automation into design practice. By the decomposition of the design process into many tasks and abstraction levels the methodology of designing chips or systems has also evolved. Similarly, the business model has changed from vertical integration, in which one company did all the tasks from product speci?cation to manufacturing, to globally distributed, client server production in which most of the design and manufacturing tasks are outsourced.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Numerical Methods and Applications, NMA 2010, held in Borovets, Bulgaria, in August 2010. The 60 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions for inclusion in this book. The papers are organized in topical sections on Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods, environmental modeling, grid computing and applications, metaheuristics for optimization problems, and modeling and simulation of electrochemical processes.

In its updated second edition, this book has been extensively revised on a chapter by chapter basis. The book accurately reflects the syntax and semantic changes to the SystemVerilog language standard, making it an essential reference for systems professionals who need the latest version information. In addition, the second edition features a new chapter explaining the SystemVerilog "packages," a new appendix that summarizes the synthesis guidelines presented throughout the book, and all of the code examples have been updated to the final syntax and rerun using the latest version of the Synopsys, Mentor, and Cadance tools.

Statistical timing analysis is an area of growing importance in nanometer te- nologies' as the uncertainties associated with process and environmental var- tions increase' and this chapter has captured some of the major efforts in this area. This remains a very active field of research' and there is likely to be a great deal of new research to be found in conferences and journals after this book is published. In addition to the statistical analysis of combinational circuits' a good deal of work has been carried out in analyzing the effect of variations on clock skew. Although we will not treat this subject in this book' the reader is referred to [LNPS00' HN01' JH01' ABZ03a] for details. 7 TIMING ANALYSIS FOR SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS 7.1 INTRODUCTION A general sequential circuit is a network of computational nodes (gates) and memory elements (registers). The computational nodes may be conceptualized as being clustered together in an acyclic network of gates that forms a c- binational logic circuit. A cyclic path in the direction of signal propagation 1 is permitted in the sequential circuit only if it contains at least one register . In general, it is possible to represent any sequential circuit in terms of the schematic shown in Figure 7.1, which has I inputs, O outputs and M registers. The registers outputs feed into the combinational logic which, in turn, feeds the register inputs. Thus, the combinational logic has I + M inputs and O + M outputs.

Advanced Formal Verification shows the latest developments in the verification domain from the perspectives of the user and the developer. World leading experts describe the underlying methods of today's verification tools and describe various scenarios from industrial practice. In the first part of the book the core techniques of today's formal verification tools, such as SAT and BDDs are addressed. In addition, multipliers, which are known to be difficult, are studied. The second part gives insight in professional tools and the underlying methodology, such as property checking and assertion based verification. Finally, analog components have to be considered to cope with complete system on chip designs.

The papers in this book show the tremendous potential of emerging computing paradigms such as genetic algorithms, evolutionary computing, and neural networks for solving problems of engineering design.

This book contains selected contributions from the 7th CIRP International Seminar on Computer Aided Tolerancing, which was held on 24-25 April 2001, at the Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, France.

Tolerancing research is of major importance in the fields of design, manufacturing and inspection. Designers use tolerancing as a tool for expressing functional intents and for managing geometrical variations during a product life cycle. This book focuses in particular on Geometrical Product Specification and Verification which is an integrated tolerancing view and metrology proposed for ISO/TC213. Common geometrical bases for a language allowing to describe both functional specification and inspection procedures are provided. An extended view of the uncertainty concept is also given.

Geometric Product Specification and Verification: Functionality Integration is an excellent resource to anyone interested in computer aided tolerancing, as well as CAD/CAM/CAQ. It can also be used as a good starting point for advanced research activity and is a good reference for industrial issues. A global view of geometrical product specification, models for tolerance representation, tolerance analysis, tolerance synthesis, tolerance in manufacturing, tolerance management, tolerance inspection, tolerancing standards, industrial applications and CAT systems are also included. "

This book contains the revised contributions of 18 tutorial speakers at the seventh AACD '98 in Copenhagen, April 28-30, 1998. The conference was organized by OIe Olesen, ofthe Technical University of Denmark. The pro gram committee consisted of Johan H. Huijsing from Delft University ofTechnology, The Netherlands, Willy Samsen from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium and Rudy J. van de Plassche, Philips Research, The Netherlands. The pro gram was concentrated around three important topics in analog circuit design. Each of these three topics has been covered by six papers. Each of the three chapters of this book contains the six papers of one topic. The three topics are: I-Volt Electronics Design and implementation ofMixed Modes Systems. Low-Noise and RF power Amplifies for the communication. Other topics, which have been covered in this series before are: 1992 OpAmps ADC's AnalogCAD. 1993 Mixed-Mode AlD design Sensor Interfaces Communication circuits. 1994 Low-Power low-Voltage Integrated Filters Smart Power. 1995 Low-Noise, Low-Power, Low-Voltage Mixed Mode with CAD Tirals Voltage, Current and Time References. vii viii 1996 RF CMOS circuit design BandpassSigma Delta and other Converters Translinear circuits. 1997 RF A-D Converters Sensor and Actuator Interfaces Low-noise Oscillators, PLL's and and Synthesizers. We hope to serve the analog design community with these series of books and plan to continue this series in the future.

Networks on Chip presents a variety of topics, problems and approaches with the common theme to systematically organize the on-chip communication in the form of a regular, shared communication network on chip, an NoC for short.

As the number of processor cores and IP blocks integrated on a single chip is steadily growing, a systematic approach to design the communication infrastructure becomes necessary. Different variants of packed switched on-chip networks have been proposed by several groups during the past two years. This book summarizes the state of the art of these efforts and discusses the major issues from the physical integration to architecture to operating systems and application interfaces. It also provides a guideline and vision about the direction this field is moving to. Moreover, the book outlines the consequences of adopting design platforms based on packet switched network. The consequences may in fact be far reaching because many of the topics of distributed systems, distributed real-time systems, fault tolerant systems, parallel computer architecture, parallel programming as well as traditional system-on-chip issues will appear relevant but within the constraints of a single chip VLSI implementation.

The book is organized in three parts. The first deals with system design and methodology issues. The second presents problems and solutions concerning the hardware and the basic communication infrastructure. Finally, the third part covers operating system, embedded software and application. However, communication from the physical to the application level is a central theme throughout the book.

The book serves as an excellent reference source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.

Design automation of electronic and hybrid systems is a steadily growing field of interest and a permanent challenge for researchers in Electronics, Computer Engineering and Computer Science. System Design Automation presents some recent results in design automation of different types of electronic and mechatronic systems. It deals with various topics of design automation, ranging from high level digital system synthesis, through analogue and heterogeneous system analysis and design, up to system modeling and simulation. Design automation is treated from the aspects of its theoretical fundamentals, its basic approach and its methods and tools. Several application cases are presented in detail. The book consists of three chapters: High-Level System Synthesis (Digital Hardware/Software Systems). Here embedded systems, distributed systems and processor arrays as well as hardware-software codesign are treated. Also three special application cases are discussed in detail; Analog and Heterogeneous System Design (System Approach and Methodology). This chapter copes with the analysis and design of hybrid systems comprised of analog and digital, electronic and mechanical components; System Simulation and Evaluation (Methods and Tools). In this chapter object-oriented Modelling, analog system simulation including fault-simulation, parameter optimization and system validation are regarded. The contents of the book are based on material presented at the Workshop System Design Automation (SDA 2000) organised by the Sonderforschungsbereich 358 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft at TU Dresden.

The application of geometric algebra to the engineering sciences is a young, active subject of research. The promise of this field is that the mathematical structure of geometric algebra together with its descriptive power will result in intuitive and more robust algorithms.

This book examines all aspects essential for a successful application of geometric algebra: the theoretical foundations, the representation of geometric constraints, and the numerical estimation from uncertain data. Formally, the book consists of two parts: theoretical foundations and applications. The first part includes chapters on random variables in geometric algebra, linear estimation methods that incorporate the uncertainty of algebraic elements, and the representation of geometry in Euclidean, projective, conformal and conic space. The second part is dedicated to applications of geometric algebra, which include uncertain geometry and transformations, a generalized camera model, and pose estimation.

Graduate students, scientists, researchers and practitioners will benefit from this book. The examples given in the text are mostly recent research results, so practitioners can see how to apply geometric algebra to real tasks, while researchers note starting points for future investigations. Students will profit from the detailed introduction to geometric algebra, while the text is supported by the author's visualization software, CLUCalc, freely available online, and a website that includes downloadable exercises, slides and tutorials.

A look at important new tools and algorithms for future product modeling systems, based on a seminar at the International Conference and Research Center for Computer Science, Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany, presented by internationally recognised experts in CAD technology.

This practical guide and introduction to the design of key RF building blocks used in high data rate transmitters emphasizes CMOS circuit techniques applicable to oscillators and upconvertors. The book is written in an easily accessible manner, without losing detail on the technical side.

The motivation for starting the work described in this book was the interest that Hewlett-Packard's microwave circuit designers had in simulation techniques that could tackle the problem of finding steady state solutions for nonlinear circuits, particularly circuits containing distributed elements such as transmission lines. Examining the problem of computing steady-state solutions in this context has led to a collection of novel numerical algorithms which we have gathered, along with some background material, into this book. Although we wished to appeal to as broad an audience as possible, to treat the subject in depth required maintaining a narrow focus. Our compromise was to assume that the reader is familiar with basic numerical methods, such as might be found in [dahlquist74] or [vlach83], but not assume any specialized knowledge of methods for steady-state problems. Although we focus on algorithms for computing steady-state solutions of analog and microwave circuits, the methods herein are general in nature and may find use in other disciplines. A number of new algorithms are presented, the contributions primarily centering around new approaches to harmonic balance and mixed frequency-time methods. These methods are described, along with appropriate background material, in what we hope is a reasonably satisfying blend of theory, practice, and results. The theory is given so that the algorithms can be fully understood and their correctness established.

Formal Design Theory (PDT) is a mathematical theory of design. The main goal of PDT is to develop a domain independent core model of the design process. The book focuses the reader's attention on the process by which ideas originate and are developed into workable products. In developing PDT, we have been striving toward what has been expressed by the distinguished scholar Simon (1969): that "the science of design is possible and some day we will be able to talk in terms of well-established theories and practices. " The book is divided into five interrelated parts. The conceptual approach is presented first (Part I); followed by the theoretical foundations of PDT (Part II), and from which the algorithmic and pragmatic implications are deduced (Part III). Finally, detailed case-studies illustrate the theory and the methods of the design process (Part IV), and additional practical considerations are evaluated (Part V). The generic nature of the concepts, theory and methods are validated by examples from a variety of disciplines. FDT explores issues such as: algebraic representation of design artifacts, idealized design process cycle, and computational analysis and measurement of design process complexity and quality. FDT's axioms convey the assumptions of the theory about the nature of artifacts, and potential modifications of the artifacts in achieving desired goals or functionality. By being able to state these axioms explicitly, it is possible to derive theorems and corollaries, as well as to develop specific analytical and constructive methodologies.

This book is the third in a series of books collecting the best papers from the three main regional conferences on electronic system design languages, HDLCon in the United States, APCHDL in Asia-Pacific and FDL in Europe. Being APCHDL bi-annual, this book presents a selection of papers from HDLCon'Ol and FDL'OI. HDLCon is the premier HDL event in the United States. It originated in 1999 from the merging of the International Verilog Conference and the Spring VHDL User's Forum. The scope of the conference expanded from specialized languages such as VHDL and Verilog to general purpose languages such as C++ and Java. In 2001 it was held in February in Santa Clara, CA. Presentations from design engineers are technical in nature, reflecting real life experiences in using HDLs. EDA vendors presentations show what is available - and what is planned-for design tools that utilize HDLs, such as simulation and synthesis tools. The Forum on Design Languages (FDL) is the European forum to exchange experiences and learn of new trends, in the application of languages and the associated design methods and tools, to design complex electronic systems. FDL'OI was held in Lyon, France, around seven interrelated workshops, Hardware Description Languages, Analog and Mixed signal Specification, C/C++ HW/SW Specification and Design, Design Environments & Languages, Real-Time specification for embedded Systems, Architecture Modeling and Reuse and System Specification & Design Languages.

Memory Architecture Exploration for Programmable Embedded Systems addresses efficient exploration of alternative memory architectures, assisted by a "compiler-in-the-loop" that allows effective matching of the target application to the processor-memory architecture. This new approach for memory architecture exploration replaces the traditional black-box view of the memory system and allows for aggressive co-optimization of the programmable processor together with a customized memory system.
The book concludes with a set of experiments demonstrating the utility of this exploration approach. The authors perform architecture and compiler exploration for a set of large, real-life benchmarks, uncovering promising memory configurations from different perspectives, such as cost, performance and power.