This volume presents a collection of revised refereed papers selected from the presentations at the Fourth International Workshop on Computer Aided Systems Theory - CAST '94, held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in May 1994.
The 31 full papers included in the book were chosen from originally 82 submissions and reflect the state of the art in the area of computer aided systems theory. The volume is divided into sections on foundations, methods, and tools and environments.

Das Buch fuhrt in die CAE-Methoden ein und behandelt die spezifischen Fragestellungen von CAE-Methoden in der Fahrzeugtechnik. Zunachst werden Grundlagen zur Modellbildung und zu Diskretisierungsverfahren fur partielle Differentialgleichungen dargestellt. Die anschliessenden Kapitel beschreiben die Inhalte Temperaturausgleich, Mehrkorpersimulationen sowie Statik und Dynamik elastischer Korper. Es folgt ein Kapitel uber Finite-Elemente. Anschliessend werden die fahrzeugspezifischen Themen Crash- und Insassensimulation, Akustik, Statik und Dynamik von Rohkarosserien, Mehrkorpersimulationen und Lebensdauer, Stromungssimulation und Reifen-Fahrbahn-Wechselwirkungen behandelt. Erganzt werden die Inhalte durch Kapitel uber nichtlineare Phanomene und Optimierungsverfahren."

Das erste Fachgesprach "Autonome Mobile Systeme" fand im November 1985 in Karlsruhe statt. Es wurde von P. Levi und U. Rembold veranstaltet und hatte zum Ziel, die damals noch jungen Aktivitaten auf diesem Gebiet in der damaligen Bundesrepublik Deutschland zu sortie- ren und vollstlindig darzustellen. Dieses Fachgebiet hat mittlerweile einen solchen Umfang angenommen, daB von einer vollstlindigen Darstellung der entsprechenden Arbeiten nicht mehr die Rede sein kann. Neuere Fachgesprache vermitteln daher nur reprlisentive Querschnitte und bertlcksichtigen seit den beiden letzen Jahren auch internationale Beitrage. Mit der Anzahl der Beitrage wuchs auch der Fachgesprachsbeirat, ihm gehoren seit einigen Jahren die filnf Mitglieder an, die auch die Beitrage dieses Bandes ausgewahlt haben. Ferner wuchs auch die Anzahl der veranstaltenden Hochschulen an. Das Fachgesprach wurde sieben- mal in Karlsruhe veranstaltet, zweimal fand es in Mtinchen statt, wobei es 1987 mit dem Kolloquium des erfolgreichen SFB 331 "Informationsverarbeitung in autonomen, mobilen Handhabungssystemen" zusammengelegt wurde. Zu seinem lOjlihrigen Jubilaum wird das Fachgesprach dieses Jahr in Stuttgart veranstaltet. Damit verbunden ist eine Neuerung beim Tagungsband. Er erscheint erstmals in der Serie "Informatik aktuell" und solI damit filr eine verswkte Breitenwirkung unseres Fachgespraches sorgen.

This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the third European Computer Aided Systems Theory workshop, EUROCAST '93, held in Spain in February 1993. The workshop emphasizes interdisciplinarity with the specificgoal of creating a synergy between fields such as systems theory, computer science, systems engineering and related areas. The contributions in this volume are strongly related to current problems in CAST research. They emphasize an engineering point of view concerning systems theory. Since the computer is an essential instrument in CAST research, there are close relations to specific topics incomputer science. The papers are grouped into parts on systems theory and systems technology, specific methods, and applications.

What is AutoCAD? AutoCAD is the world's most popular computer-aided drafting package for the personal computer (PC). It is a fully functional 2D and 3D CAD program. Full 3D wire frame representation was incorporated in the program with the launch of Release 10 in 1988. Release 11 brought additional 3D facilities in cluding some solid modelling capabilities. These capabilities were enhanced with Release 12 of the program for DOS and Windows. Its popularity has made AutoCAD the de facto industry standard for PC-CAD with a host of other program developers providing application software conforming to the AutoCAD format. As a fully functional drafting program, AutoCAD can achieve anything that can be drawn on a drawing board. The main benefits of CAD come more from being able to edit and exchange drawing information rapidly rather than simply replacing the drawing board. Starting to use AutoCAD is a difficult step as it requires a certain amount of new skill development. Once you have made the commitment to learn how to use the program and implement it in your everyday work the benefits will soon accrue. You will quickly discover that there are many things that you can do with AutoCAD that you could never do with a drawing board. With AutoCAD your drawings become more than just black lines on a white sheet of paper. The AutoCAD drawing is a database of information."

The Product Data Technology Advisory Group, short PDTAG, was established on 30 September 1992 under the auspices of the ESPRIT CIME Division of the Directorate General XIII of the European Commission. Its goals include promoting European cooperation and improving the European infrastructure in Product Data Technology, particularly in connection with the new standard STEP (ISO 10303). The dissemination of information on Product Data Technology and on European contributions to STEP is of crucial importance to this development. The current volume is the first title in a new PDTAG subseries to Springer Publishers' Research Reports ESPRIT. This new subseries intends to form a comprehensive repository of publications on Product Data Technology resulting from ESPRIT Projects and from European contributions to standardisation based on ISO/STEP. PDTAG welcomes the opportunity to make this information more accessible under the format of a coherent subseries within the established framework of Research Reports ESPRIT. Much valuable background on the new international PDT standard can thus be found in the same collection.

This book combines a deep understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of design and form (geometries with an understanding and treatment of Computer Aided Design (CAD) techniques. It enables readers and users to gain a more global working perspective in any field where the implementation of 2- and 3-dimensional design is necessary, from engineering, architecture, art, and a wide variety of computer-related fields and industries.

The numerous publications on spline theory during recent decades show the importance of its development on modern applied mathematics. The purpose of this text is to give an approach to the theory of spline functions, from the introduction of the phrase "spline" by I.J. Schoenbergin 1946 to the newest theories of spline-wavelets or spline-fractals, emphasizing the significance of the relationship between the general theory and its applications. In addition, this volume provides material on spline function theory, as well as an examination of basic methods in spline functions. The authors have complemented the work with a reference section to stimulate further study.

The working conference dealt with recent developments in the field of modelling and optimization and with knowledge based decision support systems. This contributed to the realiza- tion of the aims of the working group 7.6 which are: - to promote theoretical research in the field of optimization including mathematical programming and optimal control; -to encourage the development of sophisticated knowledge based systems in which refined optimization models and algorithms are used; - to contribute to the exchange and dissemination of information and collective experience among the inter- ested groups and individuals; - to support the practical ap- plication of such systems in control, engineering, industry, economy etc. A selection of papers is included into this proceedings vo- lume since they reflect the current state of research in areas of interest to the field of (KB)DDS, and/or they are the value for the dissemination and exchange of information related to research topicsof interest, and/or they describe relevant practical experience related to designing, buil- ding, implementing and using (KB)DSS.

Die Tagung CAD '92 ist die erste Fachtagung der Gesellschaft f}r Informatik zum Thema "Rechnerunterst}tztes Entwerfen und Konstruieren". Schwerpunkte der Tagung sind neue Konzepte zur Realisierung anwendungsorientierter CAD-Systeme. Der Einsatz und die Entwicklung zuk}nftiger Generationen von CAD-Systemen werden von den folgenden Aspekten gepr{gt sein: - zunehmende Funktionalit{t - Erweiterung von Basis-Systemen um Anwendungsmodule - produktorientierte Konstruktions- und Arbeitsplanungslogiken - benutzergerechte und anwendungsbezogene Gestaltung der Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation - anforderungsgerechte Informationsbereitstellung f}r die Produktionsvorbereitung - Anwendung von Methoden der Wissensverarbeitung - zunehmende internationale Standardisierung - Wirtschaftlichkeit und Produktivit{t Das Ziel der Tagung ist daher die Darstellung innovativer Technologien, Methodologien undKonzepte der Informatik f}r den integrativen und wirtschaftlichen Einsatz der Rechnerunterst}tzung in Entwicklung, Konstruktion und Arbeitsplanung.

Algorithms provide the basic foundation for all computational processes. This volume presents algorithms at the foundational level and also at the various levels between this level and the user application. Some of these algorithms are classical and have become well established in the field. This material is therefore a rich source of information and is still relevant and up to date. The basic primitives of computer graphics have remained unchanged: lines, circles, conics, curves and characters. This volume contains reference material in all these areas. The higher levelsof contouring and surface drawing are also well covered. Developments in hardware architectures have continued since the first printing, but the basic principles of hardware/software trade-offs remain valid. This reprint is being published as a Study Edition to make the material more accessible to students and researchers in the field of computer graphics andits applications. The continuing popularity of the original book demonstrates the value and timeliness of its contents.

This volume contains the 5 invited papers and 72 selected papers that were presented at the Fifth International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. This is the first IEA/AIE conference to take place outside the USA: more than 120 papers were received from 23 countries, clearly indicating the international character of the conference series. Each paper was reviewed by at least three referees. The papers are grouped into parts on: CAM, reasoning and modelling, pattern recognition, software engineering and AI/ES, CAD, vision, verification and validation, neural networks, machine learning, fuzzy logic and control, robotics, design and architecture, configuration, finance, knowledge-based systems, knowledge representation, knowledge acquisition and language processing, reasoning and decision support, intelligent interfaces/DB and tutoring, fault diagnosis, planning and scheduling, and data/sensor fusion.

The world-renowned workbook that has been teaching AutoCAD users for more than two decades is more engaging and relevant than ever. For those new to the world of AutoCAD, as well as those honing long-time skills, there is simply no better resource on the market than the Beginning AutoCAD 2019 Exercise Workbook. Industry-expert authors and Professors Cheryl Strock and Steve Heather introduce two novel features in AutoCAD 2019, including Drawing Compare and Shared Views, both of which facilitate a greater capacity for colleagues and clients to share and comment upon changes and additions to drawings in real-time. All of the game-changing features of AutoCAD 2018 are highlighted throughout this new Edition, most significantly the inclusion of both METRIC and INCH measurements side-by-side on all exercises as well as the phenomenal feature of SHX font importation during document upload, allowing for fully editable text on PDF documents. ALL NEW CAD TIPS WOVEN THROUGHOUT/FOR FURTHER ENGAGEMENT! For the first time, this top-selling Workbook will include a dynamic, new feature called CAD Tips which will be interspersed throughout the lessons to further engage readers as well as provide value-added insider information from a long-time expert in the field. NEW AND IMPROVED FEATURES: - All exercises will now include metric equivalents alongside the original imperial measurements. - Drawing Compare and Shared Views, making working with clients and 3rd parties infinitely easier. - New CAD Tips scattered throughout the book, providing shortcuts and suggestions from our expert author. - Additional new features being released by AutoCAD to beta testers.

This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the second European workshop EUROCAST '91, held in Krems, Austria, in April 1991. It gives an overview of the current state of Computer Aided Systems Theory research and its relation to CAD applications in the engineering fields. CAST research requires the application of the most advanced information processing technology in software and hardware for the implementation of CAST method base systems. Engineers in the field of information and control engineering have the opportunity in CAST to present the state ofthe art in modeling tools to computer scientists. EUROCAST '91 proved that CAST research is still in an early state of development. The papers in the volume are organized into sections on systems theory and CAST methodology, modeling environments, CAST method base systems and artificial vision, and information and control systems.

In 1984, while I was following his postgraduate course on VLSI design, my supervisor Dr. David Skellern, asked me if I was interested in investigating intelligent approaches to automatic Ie floorplanning. He told me then: "a circuit that works always looks nice, has a clever data and control flow. A fast way to look at students' Ie projects is by looking at their fioorplans.". Later, I took a course on Knowledge Engineering (KE) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Professor John Gero, who encouraged me to investigate this area of design automation. The resources for such development were really poor at IS&E as KE was a relatively new field of research in Australia at that time. \'Vhatever the difficulties (a good programmmer never blames his tools as David Skellern used to tell me), I undertook the investigation of Knowledge-Based approaches to Ie ftoor planning as my PhD thesis subject with the help of my supervisor and John Gero and the encouragement of all researchers at IS&E , who provided an exciting environment for my research. This volume reports the results of my research during 1984, 1985, 1986, and 1987. The voulme deals with Ie ftoorplanning from four perspectives: floorplanning strategy, Knowledge Engineering in the Ie domain, the development of knowledge-based fioorplan ning processes and new floorplanning algorithms for use in the overall strategy.

Software development environments are integrated sets of tools, techniques and processes that assist in the sys- tematic development of software products. They are intended to support all phases of the software development cycle: requirements definition, design, implementation, test, and maintenance. These Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools typically make use of graphic manipulation facilities and rely on some form of development database to exchange various types of design objects between tools. Facilitated by the availability of powerful workstations, implementations of these technologies are now within reach of every software developer. This volume presents the proceedings of a symposium organized by the GI (Gesellschaft fA1/4r Informatik), the GMD (Gesellschaft fA1/4r Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung) and ESEC (European Software Engineering Conferences). The symposium brought together application development managers and top specialists involved in the selection and introduction of software development tools, leading developers of such tools and well known authorities from the research community. The proceedings contain first-hand information on practical experiences and requirements, development directions and strategies, and key research issues and results.

Reiner Anderl The Advanced Modelling part of the CAD*I project aimed at the development of a new generation of modelling techniques as a basic functionality of future CAD/CAM systems. The methodology and concepts for advanced modelling techniques, their availability in the communication interface of a CAD/CAM system and their influence on internal interfaces in the software architecture of a CAD/CAM system are fundamental results of advanced modelling work. These results form the basis for the development of a new generation of CAD/CAM systems which are called product modelling systems. CAD/CAM systems today mainly support the geometric description of a technical part or its description as a technical drawing. Advanced geometric modelling capabilities deal with parametric design functions embedded into CAD/CAM systems. However, development strategies for future CAD/CAM systems are directed toward the following: 1. The development of product modelling systems and 2. the development of integrated systems based on CAD, CAP (Computer Aided Planning), CAM and other CIM (Computer Integrated Manu facturing) functionalities."

This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the MIT-JSME Workshop on Cooperative Product Development held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, November 20/21, 1989. The 28 selected papers are organized into the following six categories: - Frameworks, dealing with problem-solving architectures, - Organizational issues, investigating strategies for organizing engineering activities for effective utilization of computer-aided tools, - Negotiation techniques, dealing with conflict detection and resolution between various agents, - Transaction management issues, dealing with interaction issues between the agents and the central communication medium, - Design methods, dealing with techniques utilized by individual agents, - Visualization techniques, including user Interfaces and physical modeling techniques. Sponsorship and financial support for the workshop was provided by the Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), the Intelligent Engineering Systems Laboratory at MIT, and Bell Atlantic Knowledge Systems, Inc.

With the SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) architecture and system software as the underlying foundation, Sun Microsys terns is delivering a new model of computing-easy workgroup computing-to enhance the way people work, automating processes across groups, departments, and teams locally and globally. Sun and a large and growing number of companies in the computer industry have embarked on a new approach to meet the needs of computer users and system developers in the 1990s. Originated by Sun, the approach targets users who need a range of compatible computer systems with a variety of application soft ware and want the option to buy those systems from a choice of vendors. The approach also meets the needs of system developers to be part of a broad, growing market of compatible systems and software-developers who need to design products quickly and cost-effecti vel y. The SPARe approach ensures that computer systems can be easy to use for all classes of users and members of the workgroup, end users, system administrators, and software developers. For the end user, the SPARC technologies facilitate system set-up and the daily use of various applications. For the system administrator supporting the computer installation, setting up and monitoring the network are easier. For the software developer, there are ad vanced development tools and support. Furthermore, the features of the SPARC hardware and software technologies ensure that SPARC systems and applications play an important role in the years to come."

In this ESPRIT research report of a group of engineers in the CAD*I project the possibility of using a database management system (DBMS) for computer aided design (CAD) purposes is analyzed and conditions are derived that enable CAD systems to manage CAD models containing increasing amounts of data and more and more intelligent relations. Today CAD models constitute isolated islands of data stored in independent files, and to create and maintain relations between pieces of information stored in several models (files) in a multi-user environment is a complex task. At a conceptual level, a relational DBMS associated with the language SQL (ISO standard) is the ideal tool to create and maintain such relations. At the implementation level, it is of the highest importance to define the optimum granularity of information to be stored in the database in order to get a good response time from such a system.

This text provides managers of architecture/engineering firms with advice on how to organize and streamline their computer-aided drafting and design (CADD) departments. Strategies are included for setups ranging from a two-person team to an extensive workstation network led by a CADD Systems Manager. The authors cover software selection, standards of operations, proper styles of department management, and systems of reoganization and storage that promote quicker file access. A chapter on CADD disaster-handling helps users recognize warning signs, make the right diagnosis, and avoid typical pitfalls. A straightforward guide to AutoCAD simplifies use of customized commands to meet specific needs. Sample training programs for engineers and other CADD users make it easy to bring office professionals into the systems. Pros and cons of different workstations layouts, managerial organizations, and plotter choices are thoroughly discussed. CADD graphics standards, menu systems for CADD and CADD workstation distribution are also covered. Numerous illustrations througout clarify key concepts. This book should be of interest to managers of architecture/engineering firms.

This book is concerned with problems and solutions associated with the exchange of data between different computer aided design, engineering and manufacturing (CAx) systems. After an analysis of the current problems a new strategy consisting of a test methodology, check software and tools for the improvement of the data exchange process are discussed. The particular problems associated with the transfer of curve and surface data are expanded upon and new methods to overcome them presented. With all these tools a system-specific adaption of neutral files is made possible. Thus the integration of several incompatible CAx systems within devel- opment and production processes can be effectively improved. In order to exclude incorrect data a new methodology for neutral file processor tests has been worked out. Finally, the benefits resulting from this new strategy are shown by the example of data transfer not only between CAx systems but also between consecutive production processes.

This second book in our series Artificial Intelligence and Society explores the issues involved in the design and application of human-centred systems in the manufacturing area. At first glance it may appear that a book on this topic is somewhat peripheral to the main concerns of the series. In fact, although starting from an engineering perspective, the book addresses some of the pivotal issues confronting those who apply new technology in general and artificial intelligence (AI) systems in particular. Above all, the book invites us to consider whether the present applications of technology are such as to make the best use of human skill and ingenuity and at the same time provide for realistic and economically sustainable systems design solutions. To do so it is necessary to provide systems which support the skill, and are amenable to the cultures, of the areas of application in question. In a philosophical sense it means providing tools to support skills rather than machines which replace them, to use Heidegger's distinction. The book gives an authoritative account of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) tradition of human-centredness and provides a participatory design ap proach which focuses on collaborative learning and enhancement and creation of new skills. It also argues that collaboration should be supported by institutions through the creation of supportive infrastructures and research environments. It emphasises the optimisation of practical knowledge with the help of scientific knowledge and rejects the alternative."

Dr AIvy Ray Smith Executive Vice President, Pixar The pOlyglot language of computer animation has arisen piecemeal as a collection of terms borrowed from geometry, film, video, painting, conventional animation, computer graphiCS, computer science, and publishing - in fact, from every older art or science which has anything to do with pictures and picture making. Robi Roncarelli, who has already demonstrated his foresight by formally identifying a nascent industry and addressing his Computer Animation Newsletter to it, here again makes a useful contribution to it by codifying its jargon. My pleasure in reading his dictionary comes additionally from the many historical notes sprinkled throughout and from surprise entries such as the one referring to Zimbabwe. Just as Samuel Johnson's dictionary of the English language was a major force in stabilizing the spelling of English, perhaps this one will serve a similar purpose for computer animation. Two of my pets are "color" for "colour" and "modeling" "modelling", under the rule that the shorter accepted spelling is always preferable. [Robi, are you reading this?] [Yes, AIvy!] Now I commend this book to you, whether you be a newcomer or an oldtimer.

The content of this book is an information model for technical drawings, the so-called "Drafting Model". The Drafting Model is a part of a complex information model describing product definition data, their applications and their representations. The definition of the information model is a central component of the development of STEP, a future international standard for the exchange of product defmition data. Here the Drafting Model particularly encloses descriptions for the representations of organizational drawing data, tolerances, dimensions and surface attributes such as surface fmish symbols (a survey of the whole content is shown in the figure above). Additional to that requirements for the Presentation Model concerning the representation of geometry as well as the integration process for both the Drafting and the Presentation Models are formulated. The extent of the Drafting Model is restricted to the application area "Mechanical Engineering". Within the Drafting Model the annotation representations are described on the one hand informally and on the other hand formally using a high level language for information modeling, EXPRESS. Principally the representations of the annotation are described according to the international drawing standards. Thus the semantics pertinent to the specific graphical appearance are maintained. The data structures provide formal descriptions of annotations at a high generation level, which means that a "way" is defmed how to generate these annotations.