The term "gender" was first distinguished from "sex" in the 1950s when psychologists began to discuss the idea of "gender roles," behaviors and responsibilities given to people by a society rather than flowing from their biology. Since then, leaders across disciplines have sought to better understand the roles of biology, psychology, and culture on gender. New language has emerged alongside rich scientific inquiry and research. Increased visibility of transgender and nonbinary communities has brought awareness to a range of gender diverse experiences, while legal battles, wage disparities, and health inequities continue to prove gender's relevancy in today's world. In this book, Laura Erickson-Schroth and Benjamin Davis guide readers through the knowns and unknowns of gender, asking questions such as: What is the difference between sex, gender identity, and gender expression? Were ancient societies matriarchal? How different are male and female brains, really? What role does language play in the ways we think about gender? What do we know about sex and gender in non-human species? What are the current frontiers in gender equality? Gender: What Everyone Needs to Know (R) is an easy-to-read guide that takes readers on a much-needed tour of perspectives on gender and identity in the 21st century.The book is written in a question-and-answer format, and Erickson-Schroth and Davis cover topics such as current definitions; the history of gender as concept; therole of biology, psychology, and culture on gender; and gender norms over time and across the globe.

The Michigan State Constitution provides an outstanding constitutional and historical account of the state's governing charter. In addition to an overview of Michigan's constitutional history, it provides an in-depth, section-by-section analysis of the entire constitution, detailing important changes that have been made since its drafting. This treatment, along with a list of cases, index, and bibliography provides an unsurpassed reference guide for students, scholars, and practitioners of Michigan's constitution. Previously published by Greenwood, this title has been brought back in to circulation by Oxford University Press with new verve. Re-printed with standardization of content organization in order to facilitate research across the series, this title, as with all titles in the series, is set to join the dynamic revision cycle of The Oxford Commentaries on the StateConstitutions of the United States.
The Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States is an important series that reflects a renewed international interest in constitutional history and provides expert insight into each of the 50 state constitutions. Each volume in this innovative series contains a historical overview of the state's constitutional development, a section-by-section analysis of its current constitution, and a comprehensive guide to further research.
Under the expert editorship of Professor G. Alan Tarr, Director of the Center on State Constitutional Studies at Rutgers University, this series provides essential reference tools for understanding state constitutional law. Books in the series can be purchased individually or as part of a complete set, giving readers unmatched access to these important political documents.

This timely book explores the extent to which national security has affected the intersection between human rights and the exercise of state power. It examines how liberal democracies, long viewed as the proponents and protectors of human rights, have transformed their use of human rights on the global stage, externalizing their own internal agendas. Contextualizing human rights goals, structures and challenges in the immediate post-UDHR era, key chapters analyse the role that national security has played in driving competition between individual rights and rhetoric-laden, democracy-reinforcing approaches to collective rights of security. Internationally diverse authors offer evocative insights into the ways in which law is used to manipulate both intra and interstate relationships, and demonstrate the constant tensions raised by a human rights system that is fundamentally state-centric though defined by individuals' needs and demands. Acknowledging the challenges in contemporary human rights practice, policy and discourse as features of transitional eras in human rights, this forward-thinking book identifies opportunities to correct past inadequacies and promote a stronger system for the future. This is a hard-hitting and much needed study for students and scholars of human rights, security law, constitutional law and international relations more widely. Its practical dimensions will also greatly benefit practitioners in the field.

As public infrastructure, health and other services are being delivered more frequently through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and concessions, this timely book explores these complex contractual arrangements involving cooperation between public and private sectors. It considers how PPPs have become increasingly prevalent following the 2008 financial crisis and examines the applicable legal regimes that are still, to a large extent, unclear to many. Containing in-depth investigation into EU law and comparative national experiences in relation to PPPs and concessions in 7 EU Member States and the UK, the contributions in this incisive book address the weak points in the current legal regime. Chapters analyse the risks faced by contracting authorities in connection to PPPs and concessions while highlighting good practices from different countries that may be considered for wider adoption across the EU. Public-Private Partnerships and Concessions in the EU will be a key resource for scholars and students of public administrative law and businesses seeking to procure contracts to create PPPs, as well as being of value to practitioners and policy makers at both EU and national levels. Contributors include: P. Bogdanowicz, K. Bonsignore, R. Caranta, P. Cerqueira Gomes, A. Christidis, M.E. Comba, D.C. Dragos, N. Gabayet, C. Kroenke, P. Patrito, C. Risvig Hamer, P. Telles, P. Valcarcel Fernandez, R. Vornicu

This collection identifies and discusses the connections between human dignity and democracy from theoretical, substantive, and comparative perspectives. Drawing on detailed analyses of national and transnational law, it provides timely insights into uses of human dignity to promote and challenge ideas of identity and solidarity. Highlighting human dignity's significance for inclusive democracy, the book's thirteen chapters underline how threats to human dignity can also be a danger to democracy itself. Critical analysis of the commitment to protect the dignity of all human beings following the rise of nationalism, illiberalism and identity politics are thoroughly reviewed. The volume further addresses urgent questions about today's democratic societies in the context of Europe's multiple crises. Written in an accessible style, this innovative book will be an excellent resource for both scholars of human dignity and human rights law, European law and politics, as well as non-experts looking to further their understanding of the topic.

Tennesseans pioneered innovations in self-government beginning in 1772, and they have continued to do so since the enactment of their first formal constitution in 1796. Over time, Tennessee has adopted, abolished, and changed it's constitution as political and social needs demanded and allowed.
In The Tennessee State Constitution, Lewis L. Laska provides a comprehensive introduction to Tennessee's constitution including a history of its development beginning in the 1700s, article-by-article commentary on the constitution itself, and an extensive bibliography of Tennessee constitutional history. This essential guide to the Tennessee constitution also presents valuable commentary on the constitution's preamble and 11 articles including the declaration of rights, the distribution of powers, the executive department, elections, impeachments, the judicial department, state and county officers, militia, disqualification, oaths, bribery of electors, new counties, and miscellaneous provisions.
Also included are an annotated bibliography of Tennessee constitutional history including references to pre-statehood compacts, the constitutions of 1796 and 1835, the Civil War, Reconstruction and the 1865 amendments, the constitution of 1870, attempted constitutional reform, and five constitutional conventions from 1953 to 1977. A table of cases completes this unsurpassed reference guide that will be referred to and relied upon by constitutional scholars and students as well as legal historians. Previously published by Greenwood, this title has been brought back in to circulation by Oxford University Press with new verve. Re-printed with standardization of content organization in order to facilitate research across the series, this title, as with all titles in the series, is set to join the dynamic revision cycle of The Oxford Commentaries on the StateConstitutions of the United States.
The Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States is an important series that reflects a renewed international interest in constitutional history and provides expert insight into each of the 50 state constitutions. Each volume in this innovative series contains a historical overview of the state's constitutional development, a section-by-section analysis of its current constitution, and a comprehensive guide to further research.
Under the expert editorship ofProfessor G. Alan Tarr, Director of the Center on State Constitutional Studies at Rutgers University, this series provides essential reference tools for understanding state constitutional law. Books in the series can be purchased individually or as part of a complete set, giving readers unmatched access to these important political documents.

Large-scale adverse health and developmental outcomes related to tobacco affect millions of people across the world, raising serious questions from a human rights perspective. In response to this crisis, this timely book provides a comprehensive analysis of the promotion and enforcement of human rights protection in tobacco control law and policy at international, regional, and domestic levels. This thought-provoking book offers significant new insights to the topic, laying the foundations for a human rights based approach to tobacco control. Addressing the function of law as a tool to help combat one of the major public health challenges facing society, contributions by global scholars rebut human rights claims presented by the tobacco industry. Emphasis is instead placed upon the human rights of vulnerable individuals, children in particular, as a result of smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke. Illustrating ways in which the right to health can be advanced with regards to tobacco control, smoking and the use of e-cigarettes, this important book will be a vital resource for human rights and health law scholars and practitioners as well as policy makers in public health law. Contributors include: D. Barrett, D. Beyleveld, O.A. Cabrera, A. Constantin A. Garde, M.E. Gispen, L. Gruszczynski, J. Hannah, S. Karjalainen, L. Lane, S. Lierman, A.L. McCarthy, A. Mitchell, S. Negri, O. Nnamuchi, M. Roberts, A. Schmidt, M. Sormunen, A. Taylor, B. Toebes, M. van Westendorp, Y. Zhang

This fresh and insightful Research Handbook delivers global perspectives on information law and governance, delving into principles of information law in the areas of trade secrecy, privacy, data protection and cybersecurity. Providing US, Japanese and European perspectives, this Research Handbook presents an overview of legal regimes concerning the protection of information, with a particular focus on trade secrecy protection. Top international contributors offer analyses of general principles of information law, rights in data, the tension between trade secrecy and the freedom of information and the cross-fertilisation between national and regional data protection regimes. Presenting an interdisciplinary and holistic approach to information law and governance, this innovative Research Handbook will be useful to those researching trade secrets, privacy and data security laws. The broad range of perspectives will also appeal to attorneys and information professionals who are engaged in information governance activities on behalf of their clients or employers.

Building upon the growing body of scholarship on the factors and actors that influence the extent to which states implement human rights law, this cutting-edge Research Handbook takes an interdisciplinary approach to exploring the roles of actors within supranational human rights bodies, the decisions and judgements they make, and the tools they use to facilitate human rights implementation. Eminent scholars and practitioners in the field reflect on why states implement, or fail to implement, obligations and decisions from the supranational level. The Research Handbook reviews the relevant terminology, recent trends, and the theoretical and methodological perspectives and strategies, before rethinking these explanations and offering original scholarship on human rights implementation. Chapters then consider the roles and interplay of various domestic and international actors involved in human rights implementation, including parliaments, national courts, civil society and treaty bodies. The Research Handbook concludes by assessing tools of implementation, including monitoring systems, the role of negotiations and diplomacy, compliance hearings, and the use of IT for compliance. Exploring the entire process of human rights law implementation from recommendation to execution to follow up, this comprehensive Research Handbook will be an invaluable resource to students, scholars and practitioners interested in the decisions and judgements behind the implementation of human rights law.

If one counts the production of constitutional documents alone, the nineteenth century can lay claim to being a 'constitutional age'; one in which the generation and reception of constitutional texts served as a center of gravity around which law and politics consistently revolved. This volume critically re-examines the role of constitutionalism in that period, in order to counter established teleological narratives that imply a consistent development from absolutism towards inclusive, participatory democracy. Various aspects of constitutional histories within and outside of Europe are examined from a comparative, transnational, and multidisciplinary historical perspective, organized around five key themes. The first part looks at constitutions as anti-revolutionary devices, and addresses state building, monarchical constitutionalism, and restorations. The second part takes up constitutions and the justification of new social inequalities, focusing on women's suffrage, human rights, and property. The third part uses individual country studies to take on questions of how constitutions served to promote nationalism. The use of constitutions as instruments of imperialism is covered in the fourth part, and the final part examines the ways that constitutions function simultaneously as legal and political texts.
These themes reflect a certain skepticism regarding any easy relationship between stated constitutional ideals and enacted constitutional practices. Taken together, they also function as a general working hypothesis about the role of constitutions in the establishment and maintenance of a domestically and internationally imbalanced status quo, of which we are the present-day inheritors. More particularly, this volume addresses the question of the extent to which nineteenth-century constitutionalism may have set the stage for new forms of domination and discrimination, rather than inaugurating a period of 'progress' and increasing equality.

English courts have traditionally held a policy of judicial restraint towards regulatory decisions in the commercial context. This book provides a critical view of the courts' deferential attitude and advocates a more intensive form of judicial review which is more satisfactory in terms of individual justice.
Addressing the issue in three parts, the orthodox common law position on judicial review is first set out, demonstrating the deferential approach of the courts and highlighting the limited scope of review in a commercial context. The regulator's expertise and institutional autonomy, and the demands of administrative efficiency, all contribute to preventing the courts from interfering with the development of regulatory policies.
The book then moves on to consider how current policy appears to be inconsistent with the relevant values of English public law which protect individuals from capricious and arbitrary executive action - particularly the right of the applicant to obtain an independent assessment of the validity of the impugned decision by a court which acts as ultimate arbiter of law.
Setting out an alternative model based on European human rights law, the book contends close supervision is necessary over decisions which alter or determine the operation of markets in order to reach a level of judicial control that is consistent with the requirements of fairness and reasonableness in this area and with proper respect for the rights of the parties involved. This alternative approach finds its roots in the principle of proportionality, which entails a greater judicial attenuation of administrative autonomy in order to ensure that actions do not go beyond what it is strictly necessary to achieve the desired outcome.

In The Sovereignty of Law Trevor Allan presents an accessible introduction to his influential common law constitutional theory - an account of the unwritten constitution as a complex articulation of legal and moral principles. The British constitution is conceived as a coherent set of fundamental principles of the rule of law, legislative supremacy, and separation of powers. These principles combine to provide an overarching unity of legality, legitimacy, and democracy, reconciling political authority with individual freedom. Drawing on the work of Lon Fuller and Ronald Dworkin, Allan emphasizes the normative character of legal interpretation - understanding the implications of statute and precedent by reference to moral ideals of legality and liberty. Allan denies that constitutional law can be reduced to empirical facts about legislative or judicial conduct or opinion. There is no 'rule of recognition' from the lawyer's interpretative viewpoint - only a moral theory of the nature and limits of political authority, which lawyers must construct in order to make sense of legal and constitutional practice. A genuine republicanism, protecting individual independence, requires the safeguards afforded by judicial review, which must ensure that governmental action is consistent with the rule of law; and the rule of law encompasses not merely the formal equality of all before the law, as enacted or declared, but a more fundamental idea of equal citizenship. Allan's interpretative approach is applied to a wide range of contemporary issues of public law; his response to critics and commentators seeks to deepen the argument by exploring the theoretical grounds of these current debates and controversies.

This is the first book to offer a profound, practical analysis of the framework for the judicial and pre-judicial protection of rights under the supranational banking supervision and resolution powers in the European Banking Union (EBU). It is also unique in its in-depth commentary on the developing case law from the European Court of Justice in this new field of EU litigation. Key features include: clarity on the procedural requirements for judicial review a comprehensive commentary on the existing case law of EU courts in the field insight and analysis from front-line practitioners, as well as expert scholars a detailed and up-to-date examination of banking supervision and resolution in the EBU discussion of the development of EBU law as a crucial area of EU law and its integration into the EU's legal order. This book is a must-read for practitioners in the field of banking law and regulation. In particular it will be the authoritative reference point for those working in European and national public institutions such as supervisory and resolution authorities, courts, central banks and ministries of finance, as well as those working in or advising private organisations concerned with the exercise of supervisory and resolution powers. The book will also be of significant interest to scholars and postgraduate students of EU financial and banking law and governance.

This book takes a new approach to post-socialist constitutional change in Europe and Eurasia. It views these constitutions as the products of the collapse of Europe's last empire, the Soviet Union. This book therefore seeks to understand these constitutions as more than just post-authoritarian texts, but also as post-colonial ones. This post-colonial paradigm provides a new set of tools for understanding constitutional dynamics in key countries within the European Union as well as the former Soviet republics to the East. In particular, it helps explain democratic backsliding in Central Europe (such as Hungary and Poland), authoritarian resilience in many of the former Soviet republics (including Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan) as well as ongoing struggles about national identity in places like Ukraine and Moldova. Partlett and Kupper's application of the post-colonial paradigm to the former Soviet world contributes to our understanding of post-colonial constitutionalism. This insightful book therefore appeals to the comparative constitutional academic community as well as the broader academic community interested in post-colonialism. It will also be of interest to a general audience interested in better understanding the former socialist bloc countries.

Companies, lawyers, privacy officers, compliance managers, as well as human resources, marketing and IT professionals are increasingly facing privacy issues. While information on privacy topics is freely available, it can be diffcult to grasp a problem quickly, without getting lost in details and advocacy. This is where Determann's Field Guide to Data Privacy Law comes into its own - identifying key issues and providing concise practical guidance for an increasingly complex field shaped by rapid change in international laws, technology and society. This fourth revised edition reflects significant changes to data privacy law since 2017 such as the entering into force of the EU General Data Protection Regulation, as well as the challenges companies face with respect to data monetization, cloud adoption and the Internet of Things. With data privacy law enforcement at an all time high, readers will benefit from this introduction to key data privacy concepts and the useful practical guidance on starting, maintaining and auditing compliance programs. Step-by-step direction on drafting privacy documentation is provided, with 'how-to' suggestions for tackling other tasks and projects. Finally, the book offers an A-Z list of hot topics, organized by commonly used words and terms. This should be on the desk and in the briefcase of every compliance officer and corporate counsel. New to this Edition: updated guidance based on EU GDPR enforcement, the California Consumer Privacy Act, the CLOUD Act and other new laws in-depth discussion of pros and cons of cross-border transfer compliance mechanisms trends, tips and terms for contracts roadmap for addressing data subject access and deletion rights checklists for marketing and data monetization programs guidance for impact assessments and accountability documentation information relating to hot topics in privacy such as clinical trials, artificial intelligence, connected cars risk mitigation suggestions for product manufacturers Key Features: A-Z of data privacy provides snapshot of key topics practical guide to starting, maintaining and auditing privacy compliance programs glossaries of key acronyms and terms help the user to navigate through the field sample documentation and checklists to ensure the clearest possible guidance advice on drafting documentation and tools to complete an end-to-end process concise overview of the practical requirements of data privacy compliance worldwide clear structure facilitates quick reference.

Weaving together theoretical, historical, and legal approaches, this book offers a fresh perspective on the concept of allegiance and its revival in recent times, identifying and contextualising its evolving association with theories of citizenship. The book explores how allegiance was historically owed in return for the sovereign's protection but has been redeployed by modern governments to justify the withdrawal of protection. It examines allegiance from multiple perspectives, including laws for the revocation of citizenship, new ideas of citizenship education, the doctrine of treason, oaths of allegiance, naturalisation tests, and theories of belonging. This thought-provoking book ultimately finds allegiance to be a feudal concept that is inappropriate in the liberal democratic state, and is misplaced, even dangerous, in its association with modern citizenship. Rejecting allegiance, but reaching a constructive resolution, it explores modern alternatives to describe the bond between citizens, advancing a new perspective on the 'enigma' of belonging. With its carefully constructed analysis, this work will prove pivotal in furthering our understanding of allegiance and citizenship. Its legal-theoretical account of a complex and under-theorised concept make it valuable reading for legal and political theorists, legal historians, and scholars of citizenship, law, and social politics.

This timely book is a crucial resource on the rich diversity of African constitutional law, making a significant contribution to the increasingly important field of comparative constitutional law from a historically understudied region. Offering an examination of substantive topics from multiple jurisdictions, it emphasises issues of local importance while also providing varied perspectives on common challenges across the continent. Divided into four thematic parts, chapters cover a wide array of subjects including a variety of constitutional rights, the regulation of political parties, constitutional formation and amendments, and the influence of regional organizations. Featuring contributions both from scholars from Africa and from outside the region, the book elucidates Africa's place within the growing discourse of comparative constitutional law. Opening up new cases and vistas of study, this book will be a vital read for all scholars and students of comparative constitutional law. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policymakers working on constitutional issues, as well as those interested in African politics and constitutional development more broadly.

This insightful book offers a critical reflection on the sustainability and effectiveness of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and its legacy over the last 70 years. Exploring the problems surrounding universality, proliferation and costs, it asks the provocative question, can we still afford human rights? Expert contributors illustrate the interdependence between these three key issues in an unprecedented way, addressing many of the contemporary criticisms voiced against the human rights system and the reasons for popular skepticism about human rights. In order to interrogate the deficiencies of the UDHR, chapters analyse the following questions: Can and should we keep claiming that human rights are universal? Is their proliferation rendering human rights meaningless? And have human rights become too costly? The book concludes that there is a pressing need for a renewed and lasting commitment to human rights. We cannot afford not to afford human rights. This book will be a valuable resource for academics and students of international relations, the political sciences and comparative legal studies. Covering policy and advocacy issues as well as the evolution of case law regarding particular human rights, it will also be beneficial for policy-makers and human rights practitioners.

Although Native Americans have been subjugated by every American government since The Founding, they have persevered and, in some cases, thrived. What explains the existence of separate, semi-sovereign nations within the larger American nation? In large part it has been victories won at the Supreme Court that have preserved the opportunity for Native Americans to 'make their own laws and be ruled by them.' The Supreme Court could have gone further, creating truly sovereign nations with whom the United States could have negotiated on an equal basis. The Supreme Court could also have done away with tribes and tribalism with the stroke of a pen. Instead, the Court set a compromise course, declaring tribes not fully sovereign but also something far more than a mere social club. This book describes several of the most famous Supreme Court cases impacting the course of Native American history. The author provides an analysis of canonical American Indian Law cases with historical and legal context and brings a fresh perspective to the issues. Law students, policy makers and judges looking for an introduction to American Indian Law will gain an understanding of this complicated history. This exploration will also appeal to academics interested in a new perspective on old and current cases.

This Research Handbook is an insightful overview of the key rules, concepts and tensions in privacy and data protection law. It highlights the increasing global significance of this area of law, illustrating the many complexities in the field through a blend of theoretical and empirical perspectives. Providing an excellent in-depth analysis of global privacy and data protection law, it explores multiple regional and national jurisdictions, bringing together interdisciplinary international contributions from Europe and beyond. Chapters cover critical topics in the field, including key features of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), border surveillance, big data, artificial intelligence, and biometrics. It also investigates the relationship between privacy and data protection law and other fields of law, such as consumer law and competition law. With its detailed exploration and insights into privacy and data protection, this Research Handbook will prove a useful resource for information and media law students as well as academics researching fields such as data protection and privacy law and surveillance or security studies.

Market and competition authorities operate in a complex environment with conflicting stakeholder demands. Balancing the various interests of the authority and stakeholder in an objective and impartial manner is strategic to achieving the goals of the legislation imposed. In a fresh approach examining the actions of an authority when a regulation is applied, Annetje Ottow argues the vital importance of the behaviour of authorities, focusing on five fundamental good agency principles: legality, independence, transparency, effectiveness, and responsibility, or, LITER. These principles provide agencies and those reviewing their actions with a framework for agency design and action. Combining theory and practice to provide insight into agencies' organization and behaviour, this book outlines and analyses behavioural issues using an ecosystemic method, addressing how independent agencies should be assessed, and which principles should apply. Using cases from the Netherlands and the UK, Ottow examines the key processes of authorities against the LITER principles, and opens the debate on 'how to regulate the agency'.

Law is a radical and accessible look at the English legal system. It aims to set out a highly critical examination of the English legal system and legal profession. The politicised nature of the critique distinguishes the book from others and provides an alternative approach currently lacking from legal publications. Its aims are: To illustrate the central role of money in the English legal system. To explain the ongoing presence of class justice. To revisit dissenting voices of English law. To discuss law as an industry. To continue to emphasise the illegality of the Iraq war. To argue for the demystification of English legal rules. To put forward realistic suggestions for alternative legal practice.

The Hawaii State Constitution provides an outstanding constitutional and historical account of the state's governing charter. In addition to an overview of Hawaii's constitutional history, it provides an in-depth, section-by-section analysis of the entire constitution, detailing the many significant changes that have been made since its initial drafting. This treatment, along with a table of cases, index, and bibliography provides an unsurpassed reference guide for students, scholars, and practitioners of Hawaii's constitution. Previously published by Greenwood, this title has been brought back in to circulation by Oxford University Press with new verve. Re-printed with standardization of content organization in order to facilitate research across the series, this title, as with all titles in the series, is set to join the dynamic revision cycle of The Oxford Commentaries onthe State Constitutions of the United States.
The Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States is an important series that reflects a renewed international interest in constitutional history and provides expert insight into each of the 50 state constitutions. Each volume in this innovative series contains a historical overview of the state's constitutional development, a section-by-section analysis of its current constitution, and a comprehensive guide to further research.
Under the expert editorship of Professor G. Alan Tarr, Director of the Center on State Constitutional Studies at Rutgers University, this series provides essential reference tools for understanding state constitutional law. Books in the series can be purchased individually or as part of a complete set, giving readers unmatched access to these important political documents.

This exciting Research Handbook combines practitioner and academic perspectives to provide a comprehensive, cutting edge analysis of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR), as well as the connection between ESCR and other rights. Offering an authoritative analysis of standards and jurisprudence, it argues for an expansive and inclusive approach to ESCR as human rights. Expert contributors discuss ESCR-related structures and mechanisms in the international, regional and domestic spheres, and chapters explore the details, interpretations and current developments of each thematic right, illustrating the critical cross-cutting and fault line issues relating to global ESCR. Taking a far-sighted approach, contributors critically assess the failure of dominant human rights paradigms to address ESCR and/or create a framework for multilateral responses to emerging global threats, arguing that a robust, reinforced ESCR approach and practice is needed to meet the human rights challenges of the 2020s. This Research Handbook is a valuable contribution to the human rights field. Providing an overview of ESCR-related systems, cases and challenges around the world, it will be particularly beneficial for advocates, scholars and students interested in international human rights as well as to lawyers and judges considering ESCR in the context of domestic law. International and local NGOs and human rights organizations will also find this an essential guide on mechanisms to advance ESCR as human rights. Contributors include: R. Balakrishnan, J. Bourke-Martignoni, M.V. Bras Gomes, L. Chenwi, J. Chowdhury, A. Corkery, C. de Albuquerque, K. Donald, J. Dugard, S. Gloppen, M. Gomez, J. Heintz, D. Ikawa, V. Krsticevic, C. O'Cinneide, K. Paterson, B. Porter, V. Roaf, I. Saiz, M. Sepulveda, C. Vallejo, F. Veriava, S. Wilson, A.E. Yamin

The Supreme Court's decision in the Health Care Case, NFIB v. Sebelius, gripped the nation's attention during the spring of 2012. No one could have predicted the strange coalition of justices and arguments that would eventually lead the Court to uphold the Affordable Care Act's principal provisions. The constitutional case against the ACA was originally written off as frivolous, but after oral argument at the Court, many predicted that the unthinkable had now become likely. When the Supreme Court delivered its complicated and fractured decision, it offered new interpretations to four different clauses in the Constitution. This volume gathers together reactions to the decision from an ideologically diverse selection of the nation's leading scholars of constitutional, administrative, and health law. They offer novel insights into the meaning of the health care decision for President Obama, the Roberts Court, and the debate over constitutional interpretation.