This book aims to provide expert guidance to researchers experienced in classical technology, as well as to those new to the field. A variety of perspectives on Photonic Crystal Fibres (PCFs) is presented together with a thorough treatment of the theoretical, physical and mathematical foundations of the optics of PCFs. The range of expertise of the authors is reflected in the depth of coverage, which will benefit those approaching the subject for a variety of reasons and from diverse backgrounds. The study of PCFs enables us to understand how best to optimize their applications in communication or sensing, as devices confining light via new mechanisms (such as photonic bandgap effects). It also assists us in understanding them as physically important structures which require a sophisticated mathematical analysis when considering questions related to the definition of effective refractive index, and the link between large finite systems and infinite periodic systems. This book offers access to essential information on foundation concepts of a dynamic and evolving subject. It is ideal for those who wish to explore further an emerging and important branch of optics and photonics.

Chemical crystallography is the study of the principles of chemistry behind crystals and their use in describing structure-property relations in solids. The principles that govern the assembly of crystal and glass structures are described, models of many of the technologically important crystal structures are studied, and the effect of crystal structure on the various fundamental mechanisms responsible for many physical properties are discussed. This new book presents and reviews data on the co-ordination chemistry of several metal complexes with dipicolinic acid and the crystal structure of some anti-malarial metal complexes.

Technological and computational advances in the past decade have meant a vast increase in the study of crystalline matter in both organic, inorganic and organometallic molecules. These studies revealed information about the conformation of molecules and their coordination geometry as well as the role of intermolecular interactions in molecular packing especially in the presence of different intermolecular interactions in solids. This resulting knowledge plays a significant role in the design of improved medicinal, mechanical, and electronic properties of single and multi-component solids in their crystalline state. Understanding Intermolecular Interactions in the Solid State explores the different techniques used to investigate the interactions, including hydrogen and halogen bonds, lone pair-pi, and pi-pi interactions, and their role in crystal formation. From experimental to computational approaches, the book covers the latest techniques in crystallography, ranging from high pressure and in situ crystallization to crystal structure prediction and charge density analysis. Thus this book provides a strong introductory platform to those new to this field and an overview for those already working in the area. A useful resource for higher level undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers across crystal engineering, crystallography, physical chemistry, solid-state chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and materials science.

A photonic crystal fiber (also called microstructure fiber, holey fiber, holeassisted fiber, or micro-structured optical fiber, etc.) is a single material optical fiber which obtains its waveguide properties from an arrangement of very tiny and closely spaced airholes which go through the whole length of the fiber. Unlike the traditional fiber, both the core and cladding are made from the same material in PCFs and light can be well confined and guided properly through the fiber by the mechanism of either total internal reflection (TIR) or photonic band gap (PBG). This book discusses the characteristics, performance and applications of photonic crystals. Chapter One reviews the design characteristics and optical properties. Chapter Two studies band structure of metal/dielectric photonic crystals. Chapter Three describes the splitting method in multicore photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Chapter Four focuses on switches, isolators, circulators, and multifunctional components for optical and THz regions based on 2D photonic crystals with magneto-optical resonators.

The book presents a unified and self-sufficient and reader-friendly introduction to the anisotropic elasticity theory necessary to model a wide range of point, line, planar and volume type crystal defects (e.g., vacancies, dislocations, interfaces, inhomogeneities and inclusions).The necessary elasticity theory is first developed along with basic methods for obtaining solutions. This is followed by a detailed treatment of each defect type. Included are analyses of their elastic fields and energies, their interactions with imposed stresses and image stresses, and the interactions that occur between them, all employing the basic methods introduced earlier.All results are derived in full with intermediate steps shown, and 'it can be shown' is avoided. A particular effort is made to describe and compare different methods of solving important problems. Numerous exercises (with solutions) are provided to strengthen the reader's understanding and extend the immediate text.In the 2nd edition an additional chapter has been added which treats the important topic of the self-forces that are experienced by defects that are extended in more than one dimension. A considerable number of exercises have been added which expand the scope of the book and furnish further insights. Numerous sections of the book have been rewritten to provide additional clarity and scope.The major aim of the book is to provide, in one place, a unique and complete introduction to the anisotropic theory of elasticity for defects written in a manner suitable for both students and professionals.

This comprehensively revised - essentially rewritten - new edition of the 1990 edition (described as "extremely useful" by MATHEMATICAL REVIEWS and as "understandable and comprehensive" by Scitech) guides readers through the dense array of mathematical information in the International Tables Volume A. Thus, most scientists seeking to understand a crystal structure publication can do this from this book without necessarily having to consult the International Tables themselves. This remains the only book aimed at non-crystallographers devoted to teaching them about crystallographic space groups.

X-Ray Crystallography is a well-balanced, thorough, and clearly written introduction to the most important and widely practiced technique to determine the arrangement of atoms in molecules and solids. Featuring excellent illustrations and homework problems throughout, the book is intended both for advanced undergraduate and graduate students who are learning the subject for the first time, as well as for those who have practical experience but seek a text summarizing the theory of diffraction and X-ray crystallography. It is organized into three parts: Part 1 deals with symmetry and space groups, Part 2 explains the physics of X rays and diffraction, and Part 3 examines the methods for solving and refining crystal structures. The discussion proceeds in a logical and clear fashion from the fundamentals through to advanced topics such as disorder, twinning, microfocus sources, low energy electron diffraction, charge flipping, protein crystallography, the maximum likelihood method of refinement, and powder, neutron, and electron diffraction. The author's clear writing style and distinctive approach is well suited for chemists, biologists, materials scientists, physicists, and scientists from related disciplines. A detailed Instructor's Manual is available for adopting professors.

The Atlas-monograph presents a novel approach to the study of the development of snow cover based on its crystal morphology and the fundamental laws of natural symmetry. The Atlas displays more than 320 microphotos of crystals of depth hoar and newly fallen, wind-transported, and small- and medium-grained snow in various mountain and flatland regions of Russia. The principal types of geometrical symmetry are shown along with the phase forms of crystal growth and decomposition and constructive and regressive metamorphism in both loose and dense snow. Illustrated are the morphological features of contact interaction between particles in crystal aggregates under free and tightly packed conditions of growth. Phototables of crystals are furnished with schematics and essential explanatory comments underscoring the most important crystal-morphological features of the hydrothermal fields and the fields of deforming stresses in the snowpack. The presented conceptual model describes the unclosed sublimation-metamorphic evolution cycle of seasonal snow cover and the regional variants of this cycle as its polymorphic (in that number regional) modifications. This model serves as a cornerstone of evolutionary concept. Snow cover is represented as a natural community of the shapes of growing crystals interacting with each other and exposed to environmental influences. It is worked out of the empirical deterministic models describing the sublimation-metamorphic cycle of seasonal snow cover and the polymorphic variants of this cycle. The main driving force of processes yielding an evolutionary row of crystals is the internal interactions within a snow pack. For all that the factor of time (the age of the genetic player) plays a crucial role in sublimation metamorphism. Stadiality of the forms of crystal growth and self-development snow layers are revealed. They are a result of the successive process of superposition of ice crystal-chemical symmetry and dissymmetry of the whole system. Soil-snow-atmosphere, according to the known P. Curie principle. The book is intended for glaciologists and snow scientists employed in the study of the structure of snow cover and in avalanche forecasting as well as for specialists in the field of mineralogical crystallography and crystal growth.

This book gives a thorough treatment of the rapidly-expanding field of coherent X-ray optics, which has recently experienced something of a renaissance with the availability of third-generation synchrotron sources. It is the first book of its kind. The author begins with a treatment of the fundamentals of X-ray diffraction for both coherent and partially coherent radiation, together with the interactions of X-rays with matter. X-ray sources, optical elements and detectors are then discussed, with an emphasis on their role in coherent X-ray optics. Various facets of coherent X-ray imaging are then discussed, including holography, interferometry, self imaging, phase contrast and phase retrieval. Lastly, the foundations of the new field of singular X-ray optics are examined. Most topics are developed from first principles, with numerous references given to the contemporary research literature. This book will be useful to X-ray physicists and students, together with optical physicists and engineers who wish to learn more about the fascinating subject of coherent X-ray optics.

2012 marked the centenary of one of the most significant discoveries of the early twentieth century, the discovery of X-ray diffraction (March 1912, by Laue, Friedrich, and Knipping) and of Bragg's law (November 1912). The discovery of X-ray diffraction confirmed the wave nature of X-rays and the space-lattice hypothesis. It had two major consequences: the analysis of the structure of atoms, and the determination of the atomic structure of materials. The momentous impact of the discovery in the fields of chemistry, physics, mineralogy, material science, biochemistry and biotechnology has been recognized by the General Assembly of the United Nations by establishing 2014 as the International Year of Crystallography. This book relates the discovery itself, the early days of X-ray crystallography, and the way the news of the discovery spread round the world. It explains how the first crystal structures were determined, and recounts which were the early applications of X-ray crystallography. It also tells how the concept of space lattice has developed since ancient times, and how our understanding of the nature of light has changed over time. The contributions of the main actors of the story, prior to the discovery, at the time of the discovery and immediately afterwards, are described through their writings and are put into the context of the time, accompanied by brief biographical details.

This book is divided in two parts. Part I provides a brief but accurate summary of all the basic ideas, theories, methods, and conspicuous results of structure analysis and molecular modelling of the condensed phases of organic compounds: quantum chemistry, the intermolecular potential, force field and molecular dynamics methods, structural correlation, and thermodynamics. This Part is written in simple and intuitive form, so that the reader may easily find there the essential background for the discussions in the second part. Part II exposes the present status of studies in the analysis, categorization, prediction and control, at a molecular level, of intermolecular interactions in liquids, solutions, mesophases, and crystals. The main focus is here on the links between energies, structures, and chemical or physical properties.

In 1912 Lawrence Bragg explained the interaction of X-rays with crystals, and he and his father, William thereby pioneered X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. They then led the latter field internationally for fifty years, when most areas of science were transformed by the knowledge they created: physics, chemistry, geology, materials science, electronics, and most recently biology and medical science. This book charts how this humble pair (William English, his son Australian) rose from obscurity to international prominence and then back to current, undeserved obscurity. Attention is also given to the crucial roles of both father and son during the dreadful years of the First World War, and to William's early and unshakeable belief in the dual wave and particle natures of radiation and his eventual vindication.
Unlike earlier studies, the book highlights the intimate interactions between father and son that made their project possible, emphasizes personal, family, and wider human relationships, and offers new insights into teaching and research in a British colonial setting.

This book brings together new leading-edge research on bosons, ferromagnetism and crystal growth.

Experimental and theoretical aspects of crystal growth and its applications, e.g. in devices, are within the scope of these new books . Experimental and theoretical contributions are included in the following fields: theory of nucleation and growth, molecular kinetics and transport phenomena, crystallisation in viscous media such as polymers and glasses; crystal growth of metals, minerals, semiconductors, superconductors, magnetics, inorganic, organic and biological substances in bulk or as thin films; molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapour deposition, growth of III-V and II-VI and other semiconductors; characterisation of single crystals by physical and chemical methods; apparatus, instrumentation and techniques for crystal growth, and purification methods; multi-layer heterostructures and their characterisation with an emphasis on crystal growth and epitaxial aspects of electronic materials.

Experimental and theoretical aspects of crystal growth and its applications, e.g. in devices, are within the scope of these new books. Experimental and theoretical contributions are included in the following fields: theory of nucleation and growth, molecular kinetics and transport phenomena, crystallisation in viscous media such as polymers and glasses; crystal growth of metals, minerals, semiconductors, superconductors, magnetics, inorganic, organic and biological substances in bulk or as thin films; molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapour deposition, growth of III-V and II-VI and other semiconductors; characterisation of single crystals by physical and chemical methods; apparatus, instrumentation and techniques for crystal growth, and purification methods; and multilayer heterostructures and their characterisation with an emphasis on crystal growth and epitaxial aspects of electronic materials.

Clear, concise explanation of the logical development of basic crystallographic concepts. Extensive discussion of crystals and lattices, symmetry, crystal systems and geometry, x-ray diffraction, determination of atomic positions and more. Well-chosen selection of problems, with answers. Ideal for a course in crystallography or as a supplement to physical chemistry courses. "This is truly a delightful monograph"-Canadian Chemical Education. 1969 edition. 114 illustrations.

X-ray crystallography is the main method used to determine the structure of biological molecules (mainly proteins). Most biological scientists find it hard to understand the process of working out a structure using crystallographic methods because they don't have a mathematical background. X-ray crystallography is explained here without maths and reading this book will enable all biologists to asses the quality and accuracy of biological structures.

Crystallographic & Structural Alalysis of Iron Carbonyls

Structure and Dynamics of Biomolecules is a manual describing the principles behind various types of experiments on biological samples using synchrotron radiation or neutrons and provides the technical understanding needed for interpreting the data collected. It is based on the HERCULES lecture series.

This book is intended as an easy to read supplement to the often brief descriptions of hydrogen bonding found in most undergraduate chemistry and molecular biology textbooks. It describes and discusses current ideas concerning hydrogen bonds ranging from the very strong to the very weak, with introductions to the experimental and theoretical methods involved.

This book deals with the phenomenological theory of first-order structural phase transitions, with a special emphasis on reconstructive transformations in which a group-subgroup relationship between the symmetries of the phases is absent. It starts with a unified presentation of the current approach to first-order phase transitions, using the more recent results of the Landau theory of phase transitions and of the theory of singularities. A general theory of reconstructive phase transitions is then formulated, in which the structures surrounding a transition are expressed in terms of density-waves, providing a natural definition of the transition order-parameters, and a description of the corresponding phase diagrams and relevant physical properties. The applicability of the theory is illustrated by a large number of concrete examples pertaining to the various classes of reconstructive transitions: allotropic transformations of the elements, displacive and order-disorder transformations in metals, alloys and related structures, crystal-quasicrystal transformations.

A powerful and relatively new method for extracting detailed crystal structural information from X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data, the Rietveld method attracts a great deal of interest from researchers in physics, chemistry, materials science, and crystallography. Now available in paperback, this book comprises chapters from international researchers on all aspects of this important technique. It will be of great interest to all researchers in the fields, as well as graduate students seeking a solid introduction and comprehensive survey.

Contributors: R. A. Young (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA); H. M. Rietveld (Netherlands Energy Research Foundation); E. Prince (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg); T. M. Sabine (University of Technology, Broadway); R. J. Hill (CSIRO Divisionof Mineral Products, Port Melbourne); J. W. Richardson Jr. (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne); R. L. Snyder (New York State College of Ceramics, USA); R. Delhez, Th. H. de Keijser, E. J. Mittemeijer, and E. J. Sonneveld (Laboratory of Metallurgy, Delft University of Technology); J. I. Langford (University of Birmingham, UK); D. Louër (Université de Rennes, France); P. Suortti (ESRF, Grenoble, Switzerland); C. Bärlocher (ETH Zentrum, Zürich); W. I. F. David (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK); J. D. Jorgensen (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne); R. B. von Dreele (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA); F. Izumi (National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials, Tsukuba, Japan); H. Toraya (Nagoya Institute of Technology, Asahigaoka); A. K. Cheetham (University of California, Santa Barbara, USA)