This volume deals with the technologies of crystal fabrication, of crystal machining, and of epilayer production and is the first book on industrial and scientific aspects of crystal and layer production. Highest-quality crystals and epitaxical layers form the base for many of industries technological advances, including telecommunication, computer and electric energy technology, and those technologies based on lasers and nonlinear-optic crystals. Furthermore, automobile electronics, audiovisual equipment and infrared night-vision all depend on high-quality crystals and epilayers, as do novel technologies currently in development and planned for the future.

This book contains 29 contributions of leading crystal technologists covering the following topics: General aspects of crystal growth technology Silicon Compound semiconductors Oxides and halides Crystal machining Epitaxy and layer deposition

Scientific and technological problems of production and machining of industrial crystals are discussed by top experts, most of the m from the major growth industries and crystal growth centres.

It is anticipated that this volume will serve all scientists and engineers involved in crystal and epilayer fabrication. In addition, it will be useful for the users of crystals, for teachers and graduate students in materials sciences, in electronic and other functional materials, chemical and metallurgical engineering, micro-and optoelectronics including nanotechnology, mechanical engineering and precision-machining, microtechnology, and in solid-state sciences. Also consultants and specialists will profit from this book, as will those interested in crystals, epilayers, and their productionfor saving energy (GaN- and SiC-based high-power electronics and light-emitting diodes for illumination) and for renewable energy sources (economic high-efficiency solar cells and forthcoming laser-fusion energy).

This is the first comprehensive book on the dynamical diffraction of X-rays since the development of synchrotron radiation. Up-to-date, with extensive references, it is required knowledge for x-ray optics and x-ray characterization of materials. An excellent reference book for graduate students and researchers.

Superb study begins with fundamentals of x-ray diffraction theory using Fourier transforms, then applies general results to various atomic structures, amorphous bodies, crystals and imperfect crystals. Elementary laws of X-ray diffraction on crystals follow as special case. Highly useful for solid-state physicists, metallographers, chemists and biologists. 1963 edition. 154 illustrations. Appendixes. Index.

This book is designed to help those with little or no background in the field of defect chemistry to apply its principles and to interpret the related behaviour of materials. It is the product of a course for advanced undergraduates and graduate students that the author taught at Lehigh University for over twenty years. The course is highly interdisciplinary and has been attended by students from the departments of chemical engineering, chemistry, electrical engineering, computer science, geology, materials science and engineering, and physics. The book is intended for use either as a text on such a course, or as a reference work that covers the major principles of defect chemistry.

This book is by far the most comprehensive treatment of point and space groups, and their meaning and applications. Its completeness makes it especially useful as a text, since it gives the instructor the flexibility to best fit the class and goals. The instructor, not the author, decides what is in the course. And it is the prime book for reference, as material is much more likely to be found in it than in any other book; it also provides detailed guides to other sources.Much of what is taught is folklore, things everyone knows are true, but (almost?) no one knows why, or has seen proofs, justifications, rationales or explanations. (Why are there 14 Bravais lattices, and why these? Are the reasons geometrical, conventional or both? What determines the Wigner-Seitz cells? How do they affect the number of Bravais lattices? Why are symmetry groups relevant to molecules whose vibrations make them unsymmetrical? And so on). Here these analyses are given, interrelated, and in-depth. The understanding so obtained gives a strong foundation for application and extension. Assumptions and restrictions are not merely made explicit, but also emphasized.In order to provide so much information, details and examples, and ways of helping readers learn and understand, the book contains many topics found nowhere else, or only in obscure articles from the distant past. The treatment is (often completely) different from those elsewhere. At least in the explanations, and usually in many other ways, the book is completely new and fresh. It is designed to inform, educate and make the reader think. It strongly emphasizes understanding.The book can be used at many levels, by many different classes of readers - from those who merely want brief explanations (perhaps just of terminology), who just want to skim, to those who wish the most thorough understanding. remove remove

This book walks you through the fundamental deformation and damage mechanisms. It lends the reader the key to open the doors into the maze of deformation/fracture phenomena under various loading conditions. Furthermore it provides the solution method to material engineering design and analysis problems, for those working in the aerospace, automotive or energy industries. The book introduces the integrated creep-fatigue theory (ICFT) that considers holistic damage evolution from surface/subsurface crack nucleation to propagation in coalescence with internally-distributed damage/discontinuities.

At the time of its original publication this reissued 'classic' text, co-written by the Nobel Laureate of 1954, Max Born, represented the final account of the subject and in many ways it still does. The book is divided into four sections. The first of these is very general in nature and deals with the general statistical mechanics of ideal lattices, leading to the electric polarizability and to the scattering of light. The second part deals with the properties of long lattice waves; the third with thermal properties and the fourth with optical properties.

The application of neutron scattering to polymers has been extremely successful during the last two decades. This book presents, for the first time, both the theories and experimental examples which are needed to understand how these techniques can be applied. Now available in paperback for the first time this book is specifically written to introduce the newcomer and non-expert to the experimental techniques and the basic theory necessary to understand the results.

This classic text of elementary dislocation theory has been reprinted to fulfil persistent demand. Yet because it approaches elementary dislocation theory from its most basic level, the material contained in the volume is as up-to-date as when first published. The text addresses topics which are fundamental to the theory of dislocation behaviour, such as Burgers vectors and internal stresses of dislocations.

Concise, logical, and mathematically rigorous, this introduction to the theory of dislocations is addressed primarily to students and researchers in the general areas of mechanics and applied mathematics. Its scope encompasses those aspects of dislocation theory which are closely related to the theories of elasticity and macroscopic plasticity, to modern continuum mechanics, and to the theory of cracks and fracture. The volume incorporates several new and original pieces of work, including a development of the theory of dislocation motion and plastic strain for non-linear materials, a new discussion of the line tension model, revised calculations of the Peierls resistance, and a new development of the van der Merwe theory of crystal interfaces.

The renowned Oxford Chemistry Primers series, which provides focused introductions to a range of important topics in chemistry, has been refreshed and updated to suit the needs of today's students, lecturers, and postgraduate researchers. The rigorous, yet accessible, treatment of each subject area is ideal for those wanting a primer in a given topic to prepare them for more advanced study or research. Moreover, cutting-edge examples and applications throughout the texts show the relevance of the chemistry being described to current research and industry. Learning features provided in the primers, including questions at the end of every chapter and interactive online MCQs, encourage active learning and promote understanding. Furthermore, frequent diagrams, margin notes, further reading, and glossary definitions all help to enhance a student's understanding of these essential areas of chemistry. This primer provides a succinct account of the technique of X-ray crystallography for determining structure in the solid state. Engaging examples of practical applications are described throughout, emphasising the importance of this field to modern research and industry. Furthermore, end of chapter exercises and online multiple choice questions enable students to test their own understanding of the subject. Online Resource Centre The Online Resource Centre to accompany X-Ray Crystallography features: For registered adopters of the text: * Figures from the book available to download For students: * Downloadable CIF data files * Multiple-choice questions for self-directed learning * Full worked solutions to the end-of-chapter exercises

Crystal structures and their associated electronic features play an enormous role in chemistry, constituting the most fundamental basis for analyzing and predicting properties of solid-state materials. In Crystal Structure: Properties, Characterization and Determination, the authors begin by discussing some of the refining models and X-ray data treatments for single-crystals containing heavy atoms, such as transition metals or lanthanides.Valuable information on crystal structures and microstructures may be obtained from the observation of high-resolution images if conditions associated iwth crystal thickness and defocus values are satisfied. These images include information not only on accurate atomic coordinates of cations but also on the ordered arrangements of oxygen atoms and oxygen vacancies.In the concluding study, measurements of the heat capacity of Y3-xErxAl5O12 (x=0,0.6,1.1,3), and mixed Er3-xTmx Al5O12, (x=0,1,2,3) and Er2HoAl5O12 solid solutions were carried out in the temperature range of 1.9 to 220 K in magnetic fields up to 9T. The findings suggest that heat capacity variations at low temperatures were impacted by Schottky anomalies.

The thoroughly updated Laboratory Manual: Minerals and Rocks: Exercises in Crystal and Mineral Chemistry, Crystallography, X-ray Powder Diffraction, Mineral and Rock Identification, and Ore Mineralogy, 3e, is for use in the mineralogy laboratory and covers the subject matter in the same sequence as the Manual of Mineral Science, 23e.

Plasticity of crystals in a microscopic viewpoint, especially on the basis of dislocation (linear defects in crystal) motion, is detailed from the data obtained mainly by the strain-rate cycling tests associated with ultrasonic oscillation for several kinds of alkali-halide single crystals at low temperatures. Topics discussed include process for thermal activated overcoming of the short-range obstacle by a dislocation; strain-rate cycling tests associated with ultrasonic oscillation; influence of state of impurities on the effective stress due to the impurities; effective stress and critical temperature of KCl doped with various divalent cations; and the Friedel relation and thermally activated flow parameters of KCl doped with various divalent cations.

The science of the arrangement of atoms in solids is known as crystallography. In single crystals, the effects of the crystalline arrangement of atoms is often easy to see macroscopically, because the natural shapes of crystals reflect the atomic structure. In addition, physical properties are often controlled by crystalline defects. The understanding of crystal structures is an important prerequisite for understanding crystallographic defects. Topics discussed in this new book include in situ protein crystal diffraction screening; structures and properties of 3D-4F and 3D chiral Schiff base complexes; crystal dehydration techniques; case studies on crystal structure determination involving H atoms; and cleavage fracture crystallography.

Fibre (rod) and sheet-shaped crystals with specified size for use as final products without additional machining are required in various applications of modern engineering. In order to avoid formation of internal mechanical stress in the crystal, lateral surface shaping without contact with container walls is preferred. As the crystal is not restricted by crucible walls, its cross-section is determined by the meniscus-shaping capillary forces and the heat and mass-exchange in the melt-crystal system. Any variation of the pulling rate, pressure, temperature gradient in the furnace, and melt temperature at the meniscus base leads to a change in the crystal cross-section and to pinch formation. Over the past two decades, many experimental and theoretical studies have been reported on a powerful approach to crystal lateral surface shaping without contact with container walls, namely the so-called edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) technique. The shape and size of a single crystal grown by EFG is determined by the shape and size of the meniscus, (i.e: the liquid bridge retained between the die and the crystal) which depend on the radius or half-thickness of the die and other properties such as pulling rate, pressure, temperature gradient and melt temperature. In this book, theoretical and numerical results are obtained using a non-linear mathematical model of the EFG method. Theoretical results presented for fibres and sheets are rigorously obtained on the basis of the equations of the model. Numerical results are obtained on the basis of theoretical results using experimental data. Such results offer a complete package of the possibilities of the model for equipment designers and practical crystal growers.

Experimental and theoretical aspects of crystal growth and its applications, e.g. in devices, are within the scope of these new books . Experimental and theoretical contributions are included in the following fields: theory of nucleation and growth, molecular kinetics and transport phenomena, crystallisation in viscous media such as polymers and glasses; crystal growth of metals, minerals, semiconductors, superconductors, magnetics, inorganic, organic and biological substances in bulk or as thin films; molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapour deposition, growth of III-V and II-VI and other semiconductors; characterisation of single crystals by physical and chemical methods; apparatus, instrumentation and techniques for crystal growth, and purification methods; multi-layer heterostructures and their characterisation with an emphasis on crystal growth and epitaxial aspects of electronic materials.

The three-dimensional aspects of molecular shape can be crucial to both properties and reactions. The Third Dimension explores the arrangements of atoms in molecules and in different types of solids. Initial chapters describe the common crystal structures and how they are related to close-packed arrangements of ions. Metallic, ionic, molecular and extended covalent crystals are covered; major types of crystal defects are also discussed. The book then introduces isomerism, and explores the stereochemical consequences of the tetrahedral carbon atom. Chirality is also investigated. The book concludes with a Case Study on Liquid Crystals, which describes structures, properties and applications. As visualisation in 3D is an important part of this book, the accompanying CD-ROMs provide video material, interactive questions and exercises using models to aid understanding of crystals, organic molecules and stereochemistry. All necessary programs are provided. The Molecular World series provides an integrated introduction to all branches of chemistry for both students wishing to specialise and those wishing to gain a broad understanding of chemistry and its relevance to the everyday world and to other areas of science. The books, with their Case Studies and accompanying multi-media interactive CD-ROMs, will also provide valuable resource material for teachers and lecturers. (The CD-ROMs are designed for use on a PC running Windows 95, 98, ME or 2000.)

Crystal Growth of Si Ingots for Solar Cells Using Cast Furnaces is the first book written to both comprehensively describe these concepts and technologies and compare the strengths and weaknesses of various techniques. Readers will learn about the basic growth and characterization of Si crystals, including sections on the history of cast methods for Si ingots for solar cells. Methods discussed include the dendrite cast method, as well as other significant technologies, including the high-performance (HP) cast and mono-like cast methods. These concepts, growth mechanisms, growth technologies, and the problems that still need to be solved are all included in this comprehensive volume.

Small angle solution scattering (SAS) is increasingly being applied to biological problems. It is a complementary technique that, when applied in appropriate circumstances with carefully structured questions, can provide unique information not available from other techniques. While small angle solution scattering has been around for some time, a confluence of recent developments has dramatically enhanced its power. Intense third generation X-ray sources, low noise detectors, development of new algorithms and the computational power to take advantage of these have all matured, and use of free-electron x-ray laser sources is on the horizon. Whole new classes of experiments and analyses have been created as a result. These include the generation of molecular envelopes, the ability to do time-resolved studies, and the ability to account for structural changes using modelling based on the SAS data. The technical improvements have also reduced the amount of time and material needed to carry out an experiment. Beamtime at synchrotron sources is in demand, workshops on the subject are popular and researchers adopting the technique as part of their repertoire are growing. With these in mind, this book was written to guide structural biologists who may wish to adopt the technique, understand its strengths and weaknesses or just have a general interest in its potential.

The last ten years have seen a revolution in our understanding of the mechanisms of biological crystal growth. While it had long been assumed that crystallisation would occur by the same classical mechanisms which form the basis for most descriptions of crystallisation processes, it is now becoming apparent that this is not the case. There are a number of key observations which have changed our view of crystallisation mechanisms. While it had long been assumed that crystalline biominerals typically form by ion-by-ion growth, it is now recognised that they often precipitate via amorphous precursor phases. This is well established for calcium carbonate and there is growing evidence that biogenic crystalline calcium phosphate phases may form via an analogous route. Recent re-examination of the structure of many calcium carbonate biominerals is also suggesting that "non-classical" crystallisation pathways, where crystals grow from the assembly of precursor particles, may also be widespread. Significantly, these mechanisms are not unique to the biological world. Possibly partly inspired by the identification of these biogenic mineralisation strategies, there is currently great interest from the general crystal growth community in these new and controversial ideas. A number of studies on crystal nucleation have recently re-examined classical nucleation theory, and the observation of pre-nucleation clusters is a recurrent theme of great interest. This controversial result apparently contradicts classical nucleation theory which leads the subject of crystal nucleation and growth via assembly to demand attention. The Scientific Committee warmly invites you to take part in this thought-provoking Discussion and looks forward to welcoming you to Leeds.

The book intends to give a state-of-the-art overview of flexoelectricity, a linear physical coupling between mechanical (orientational) deformations and electric polarization, which is specific to systems with orientational order, such as liquid crystals.Chapters written by experts in the field shed light on theoretical as well as experimental aspects of research carried out since the discovery of flexoelectricity. Besides a common macroscopic (continuum) description the microscopic theory of flexoelectricity is also addressed. Electro-optic effects due to or modified by flexoelectricity as well as various (direct and indirect) measurement methods are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the role of flexoelectricity in pattern-forming instabilities.While the main focus of the book lies in flexoelectricity in nematic liquid crystals, peculiarities of other mesophases (bent-core systems, cholesterics, and smectics) are also reviewed. Flexoelectricity has relevance to biological (living) systems and can also offer possibilities for technical applications. The basics of these two interdisciplinary fields are also summarized.

This book aims to provide expert guidance to researchers experienced in classical technology, as well as to those new to the field. A variety of perspectives on Photonic Crystal Fibres (PCFs) is presented together with a thorough treatment of the theoretical, physical and mathematical foundations of the optics of PCFs. The range of expertise of the authors is reflected in the depth of coverage, which will benefit those approaching the subject for a variety of reasons and from diverse backgrounds. The study of PCFs enables us to understand how best to optimize their applications in communication or sensing, as devices confining light via new mechanisms (such as photonic bandgap effects). It also assists us in understanding them as physically important structures which require a sophisticated mathematical analysis when considering questions related to the definition of effective refractive index, and the link between large finite systems and infinite periodic systems. This book offers access to essential information on foundation concepts of a dynamic and evolving subject. It is ideal for those who wish to explore further an emerging and important branch of optics and photonics.