Focusing on the physical properties of diamond and sapphire, this monograph provides readers with essential details on crystal structure and growth, mechanical properties, thermal properties, optical properties, light scattering of diamond and sapphire crystals, and sapphire lasers. Various physical properties are comprehensively discussed: Mechanical properties include hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength, and Young's modulus. Thermal properties include thermal expansion, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. Optical properties of diamond and sapphire include transmission, refractive index, and absorption. Light scattering includes Raman scattering and Brillouin scattering. Sapphire lasers include chromium-doped and titanium-doped lasers. Aimed at researchers and industry professionals working in materials science, physics, electrical engineering, and related fields, this monograph is the first to concentrate solely on physical properties of these increasingly important materials.

Crystallography is one of the most multidisciplinary sciences, with roots in fields as varied as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, computation and earth and planetary science. The structural knowledge gained from crystallography has been instrumental in acquiring new levels of understanding in numerous scientific areas. Perspectives in Crystallography provides an overview of the current state of the field, reviews its historical origins and explains how crystallography contributes to the sustainability of life. This book resonates with the recent United Nations and UNESCO International Year of Crystallography, a celebration of its achievements and importance, undertaken with the International Union of Crystallography. The author of this book is the editor in chief of Crystallography Reviews, where some of the contents have been previously published. Here, subjects of interest to specialists and non-specialists have been brought together in a single source. The book opens with a description of the ways to explain crystallography to diverse general audiences. It also addresses various topics in crystallography, including: The evolution and importance of synchrotron radiation to crystallography The structural chemistry and biology of colouration in marine crustacea Predicting protonation states of proteins versus crystallographic experimentation The book then offers a projection of crystal structure analysis in the next 100 years and concludes by emphasizing the societal impacts of crystallography that allow for sustainability of life. Perspectives in Crystallography offers a threefold look into the past, present and long-term development and relevance of crystal structure analysis. It is concerned not only with the state of the field, but with its role in the perpetuation of life on earth. As such, it is a reference of vital interest to a bro

Crystal engineers aim to control the way molecules aggregate in the crystalline phase and are therefore concerned with crystal structure prediction, polymorphism, and discovering the relative importance of different types of intermolecular forces and their influence on molecular structure. In order to design crystal structures, knowledge of the types, strengths, and nature of possible intermolecular interactions is essential. Non-covalent interactions involving p-systems is a theme that is under extensive investigation as these interactions can be inductors for the assembly of a vast array of supramolecular architectures.

"The Importance of Pi-Interactions in Crystal Engineering"covers topics ranging from the identification of interactions involving p-systems, their impact on molecular and crystal structure in both organic and metallorganic systems, and how these interactions might be exploited in the design of new materials. Specialist reviews are written by internationally recognized researchers drawn from both academia and industry.

"The Importance of" Pi-"Interactions in Crystal Engineering"provides an essential overview of this important aspect of crystal engineering for both entrants to the field as well as established practitioners, and for those working in crystallography, medicinal and pharmaceutical sciences, solid-state chemistry, physical chemistry, materials and nanotechnology

Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics, Second Edition relies on only introductory level chemistry and physics as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science. Liquid crystals combine the material properties of solids with the flow properties of fluids. As such they have provided the foundation for a revolution in low-power, flat-panel display technology (LCDs). In this book, the essential elements of liquid crystal science are introduced and explained from the perspectives of both the chemist and physicist. This new edition relies on only introductory level physics and chemistry as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science and is, therefore, ideal for students and recent graduates. Features Introduces and explains the essential elements of liquid crystal science, including discussion of how liquid crystals have been utilized for innovative and important applications. New to this edition are over 300 figures, 90 end-of chapter exercises, and an increased scope that includes recent developments. Combines the knowledge of two eminent scientists in the field; they have fully updated and expanded the text to cover undergraduate/graduate course work as well as current research in what is now a billion-dollar industry. Immerses the reader in the vocabulary, structures, data, and kinetic models, rapidly building up an understanding of the theories and models in current use. Begins with a historical account of the discovery of liquid crystals and continues with a description of how different phases are generated and how different molecular architectures affect liquid crystal properties.

The third edition of the Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Ten Volume Set is a definitive collection of articles covering the latest technologies in application areas such as medicine, environmental science, food science and geology. Meticulously organized, clearly written and fully interdisciplinary, the Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Ten Volume Set provides foundational knowledge across the scope of modern analytical chemistry, linking fundamental topics with the latest methodologies. Articles will cover three broad areas: analytical techniques (e.g., mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, atomic spectrometry); areas of application (e.g., forensic, environmental and clinical); and analytes (e.g., arsenic, nucleic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), providing a one-stop resource for analytical scientists.

This book walks you through the fundamental deformation and damage mechanisms. It lends the reader the key to open the doors into the maze of deformation/fracture phenomena under various loading conditions. Furthermore it provides the solution method to material engineering design and analysis problems, for those working in the aerospace, automotive or energy industries. The book introduces the integrated creep-fatigue theory (ICFT) that considers holistic damage evolution from surface/subsurface crack nucleation to propagation in coalescence with internally-distributed damage/discontinuities.

A unique text presenting practical information on the topic of nucleation and crystal growth processes from metastable solutions and melts Nucleation and Crystal Growth is a groundbreaking text thatoffers an overview and description of the processes and phenomena associated with metastability of solutions and melts. The author--a noted expert in the field--puts the emphasis on low-temperature solutions that are typically involved in crystallization in a wide range of industries. The text begins with a review of the basic knowledge of solutions and the fundamentals of crystallization processes. The author then explores topics related to the metastable state of solutions and melts from the standpoint of three-dimensional nucleation and crystal growth. Nucleation and Crystal Growth is the first text that contains a unified description and discussion of the many processes and phenomena occurring in the metastable zone of solutions and melts from the consideration of basic concepts of structure of crystallization. This important text: Outlines an interdisciplinary approach to the topic and offers an essential guide for crystal growth practitioners in materials science, physics, and chemical engineering Contains a comprehensive content that details the crystallization processes starting from the initial solutions and melts, all the way through nucleation, to the final crystal products Presents a unique focus and is the first book on understanding, and exploiting, metastability of solutions and melts in crystallization processes Written for specialists and researchers in the fields of materials science, condensed matter physics, and chemical engineering. Nucleation and Crystal Growth is a practical resource filled with hands-on knowledge of nucleation and crystal growth processes from metastable solutions and melts.

Liquid Crystal Sensors discusses novel applications of liquid crystals that lie beyond electrically driven optical switches and displays. The main focus is on recent progress in the area of sensors based on low molar mass and polymer liquid crystals. This area of research became "hot" in recent years since the possibilities for applications of liquid crystal sensors are growing in many areas, ranging from the detection of mechanical displacements to the detection of environmental pollutants and chemical agents. This book is well-suited for students, as well as scientists from different backgrounds. For students and researchers new to the field, it gives a thorough introduction. For experienced researchers it shows the latest breakthroughs and serves as an inspiration for solving problems or sparking new ideas. Key Features: Emphasizes how liquid crystals are extremely sensitive to external stimuli and therefore can be used for the construction of stimuli-responsive devices, such as sensors Includes the contributions of editors who are deeply involved in the field and author chapters on hot topics such as the sensitivity of liquid crystals to pollutants, UV light, and strain Provides an exclusive on LC sensors where having the data in one place will be very useful to the community Gives more information on sensors and broadens the scope by having a contributed volume rather than authored Combines recent data on advances in the area of liquid crystal sensors that includes many types of liquid crystal materials

Understanding the mechanisms of crystallization processes on the molecular level is an essential step in the control of the formation of crystals. These crystals may be a desirable solid product or an undesirable precipitate. Crystallization Processes

• covers the theory, research, applications and control of crystallization processes from a homogeneous liquid to a solid phase.
• considers the behaviour of ions and molecules in homogeneous supersaturated solutions and also in liquid metals and ionic melts.
• discusses recent work on ionic solvation desolvation phenomena, association of ions and molecules in solution and precipitation and dissolution of crystals.
• includes the mechanism of crystallization of calcium carbonate and other simple inorganic electrolytes, amino acids, lipids and proteins.

Crystallization Processes is a valuable source of information for all who are interested in the behaviour of solutions especially the theoretical and practical aspects of crystallization phenomena. These include physical, inorganic and organic chemists, materials scientists and chemical engineers who wish to optimize industrial processes. The Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry fills the increasing need to present authoritative, comprehensive and fully up-to-date accounts of the many aspects of solution chemistry. Internationally recognized experts from research or teaching institutions in various countries are invited to contribute to the series.

Due to its interdisciplinary nature, crystallography is of major importance to a wide range of scientific disciplines including physics, chemistry, molecular biology, materials science and mineralogy. However, information is currently divided amongst traditional physics, chemistry and materials science books. This book collates previously disparate literature into one comprehensive and practical source, providing a thorough understanding of the information contained in crystallographic data files and the application of x-ray diffraction methods. The book has been written for final year and postgraduate students.

Epigenetic Technological Applications is a compilation of state-of-the-art technologies involved in epigenetic research. Epigenetics is an exciting new field of biology research, and many technologies are invented and developed specifically for epigenetics study. With chapters covering the latest developments in crystallography, computational modeling, the uses of histones, and more, Epigenetic Technological Applications addresses the question of how these new ideas, procedures, and innovations can be applied to current epigenetics research, and how they can keep pushing discovery forward and beyond the epigenetic realm.

Liquid crystals (LCs) were discovered over a century ago, but their profound impact was in the past four decades through their successful implementation into electronic devices that we are using every day. The research on liquid crystals actively continues in the 21st century and offers unlimited potential in various display or non-display applications. This book covers novel topics related to LCs and is intended for a wide range of researchers in both, academia and industry, from beginners to advanced level professionals in many scientific areas, viz. materials science and engineering, chemistry, physics, optics, photonics, nanotechnology, electrical engineering, and so on. The book contains topics on nematic and cholesteric LCs, in the form of films or particles, as well as modified LC behaviour with variety of dopants, micron and nano-sized particles, microencapsulation of LC particles and modelling of their behaviour under an externally applied field. Topics related to the effect on nanomaterials on LC behaviour, as well as structural and magnetic properties of different types of iron-containing liquid crystals (metallo-mesogens) are covered, as well. Finally, an overview of different alignment technologies for nematic liquid crystals such as mechanical rubbing of polymer films, obliquely-deposited inorganic films, photo-irradiated, IB-bombarded and patterned surfaces, are briefly reviewed along with several novel alignment concepts. The state of the art in respective fields related to LCs in each chapter is given by leading experts.

Since the discovery of the first liquid crystal in 1888 by the Austrian biologist Friedrich Reinitzer with the considerable assistance of the German physicist Otto Lehman, who in that time had been universally recognised authority in the field of microscope technique, thousands and thousands of liquid crystals have been synthesised among them nematics, short-pitch cholesterics and various kinds of smectics such as smectic-A and smectic-C. The smectic-A or smectic-C phases grow from a nematic or unwinded large-pitch cholesteric oriented in the middle part of the cells and from strongly-deformed nematic or unwinded large-pitch cholesteric layer in the boundary regions of the liquid crystal cells.

Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) represent an outstanding class of nanomaterials that have the capability to localize light at the nanoscale by exploiting a phenomenon called localized plasmon resonance. The book is aimed at reviewing recent efforts devoted to utilize NPs in many research fields, such as photonics, optics, and plasmonics. In this framework, particular interest is devoted to active plasmonics, a quite broad concept that indicates those applications in which NPs play an active role, like realization of gain-assisted means, utilization of NPs embedded in liquid crystalline and flexible materials, and exploitation of renewable solar energy. The book puts together contributions from outstanding research groups in the field of plasmonic nanomaterials all over the world. It provides basic and advanced knowledge in the fields of plasmonics, photonics, and optics and covers research on plasmonic nanomaterials for applications ranging from plasmonics to photonics.

Hydrothermal crystal growth offers a complementary alternative to many of the classical techniques of crystal growth used to synthesise new materials and grow bulk crystals for specific applications. This specialised technique is often capable of growing crystals at temperatures well below their melting points and thus potentially offers routes to new phases or the growth of bulk crystals with less thermal strain. Borate crystals are widely used as nonlinear optical, laser and luminescent materials due to their diversified structures, and good chemical and physical properties. The growth of high-quality borate crystals is required for their applications. A fundamental problem for borate crystal growth is the high-temperature melt structures in the crystal growth systems. This book discusses several crystals and the crystal growth processes.

Quartz, zeolites, gemstones, perovskite type oxides, ferrite, carbon allotropes, complex coordinated compounds and many more -- all products now being produced using hydrothermal technology. Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology brings together the latest techniques in this rapidly advancing field in one exceptionally useful, long-needed volume. The handbook provides a single source for understanding how aqueous solvents or mineralizers work under temperature and pressure to dissolve and recrystallize normally insoluble materials, and decompose or recycle any waste material. The result, as the authors show in the book, is technologically the most efficient method in crystal growth, materials processing, and waste treatment. The book gives scientists and technologists an overview of the entire subject including: A Evolution of the technology from geology to widespread industrial use. A Descriptions of equipment used in the process and how it works. A Problems involved with the growth of crystals, processing of technological materials, environmental and safety issues. A Analysis of the direction of today's technology.

In addition, readers get a close look at the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites, fluorides, sulfides, tungstates, and molybdates, as well as native elements and simple oxides. Delving into the commercial production of various types, the authors clarify the effects of temperature, pressure, solvents, and various other chemical components on the hydrothermal processes.
Gives an overview of the evolution of HydrothermalTechnology from geology to widespread industrial useDescribes the equipment used in the process and how it worksDiscusses problems involved with the growth of crystals, processing of technological materials, and environmental and safety issues "

* This extension to Volume A presents a systematic treatment of the maximal subgroups and minimal supergroups of the crystallographic plane groups and space groups * The second edition contains new chapters on building trees of group-subgroup relations for crystal structures that can be derived from an aristotype and on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, and a detailed discussion of the listed supergroup data * Essential for those interested in phase transitions, the systematic compilation of crystal structures and twinning phenomena

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths: Including Actinides, Volume 61 presents the latest release in this continuous series that covers all aspects of rare earth science, including chemistry, life sciences, materials science and physics.

Basic Crystallography J. -J. Rousseau Department of Physics, University of Maine, Le Mans, France Translated from the French by A. James, University of Picardie, France Basic Crystallography deals with the basic principles of geometrical crystallography which are introduced through the study of lattices, symmetry operations and the enumeration and construction of point groups and space groups. Stereographic projection is used to enable students to visualise crystallographic structures in real space. The author devotes the second part of the book to X-ray crystallography, showing how different diffraction directions depend on the lattice and how spot intensities are related to the unit-cell. To give students an understanding of the principles of structural determination, the classical techniques of diffraction and methods of interpreting spectra are examined. To tackle the more challenging aspects of the subject, help is given to the student in the form of exercises with answers and a computer disk accompanies the book allowing readers to work through exercises and plot their own crystallographic data. Written primarily for final year undergraduate students of physics, chemistry, materials science and geometry the book will also be useful for engineering students.

Dislocations are lines of irregularity in the structure of a solid analogous to the bumps in a badly laid carpet. Like these bumps they can be easily moved, and they provide the most important mechanism by which the solid can be deformed. They also have a strong influence on crystal growth and on the electronic properties of semiconductors.
.Influence of dislocations on piezoelectric behavior
.New mechanisms for hardening in twinned crystals
.Bringing theories of martensite transformation into agreement
.Atomic scale motion of dislocations in electron microscopy
.Dislocation patterns deduced from X-ray diffraction
.Role of dislocations in friction
.Dislocation motion in quasicrystals

The Molecular Solid State Founding Editor: J. D. Dunitz ETH Zentrum, ZA1/4rich, Switzerland This new series reports on advances in the field of molecular solid state chemistry. Each volume focuses on selected areas and highlights methods and results in syntheses, properties and applications. Future volumes will provide a continuing forum for the discussion of chemical, physical, biological and crystallographic aspects of the molecular solid state. Theoretical Aspects and Computer Modeling of the Molecular Solid State Edited by Angelo Gavezzotti, University of Milan, Italy Focusing on crystal symmetry, intermolecular forces and the thermodynamics of solids and phase transitions, this first volume in the series provides the basic theoretical framework for understanding the molecular solid state. This compendium of reviews opens the way to the computer modeling of molecules and molecular crystals, enabling the reproduction and prediction of structural and energetic properties. This forms the basis for understanding the exciting developments in experimental techniques and the design and creation of novel materials. An appreciation of the underlying theories and uses of molecular modeling packages is essential for the solid state chemist. Angelo Gavezzotti is a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Milan and a renowned expert in the theoretical and computer modeling of organic solids. He provides an introductory chapter on crystal symmetry and molecular recognition, a topic that is essential in understanding how crystals grow and how crystal properties are related to the physical properties of solids. Theoretical Aspects and Computer Modeling of the Molecular Solid State isinvaluable to theoretical chemists in materials science, crystallography and solid state chemistry.

This survey of the important types of inorganic and organic crystal structures treats its subject thoroughly and in sufficient depth for undergraduate modules in chemistry courses. Features of this book are the instructions for 3D stereoviewing which is central to a full appreciation of the presentation. Clear directions for making your own stereo have been provided in the book, which enables readers to examine the plentiful stereo of lattices and crystal structures which are illustrated.
The introductory chapter explains point-group and space-group symmetry insofar as required to understand lattices and crystal structures. Crystal structures are sub-divided according to the atomic force mainly responsible for cohesion in the solid state, The descriptions of the structures are gi in crystallographic terms, including data on the space group, molecular symmetry and molecular geometry. Discussions of bonding theory for each sub-division of the structures enhance and strengthen the author s presentation.
The book stems from the author s successful lecture courses, tested and refined in class teaching. It draws as necessary on equilibrium thermodynamics and other chemical topics, with avoidance of advanced mathematics, A level being the prerequisite.
Examines the important types of inorganic and organic crystal structuresIncludes instructions for making simple stereoviewers and computer programsDraws, as necessary, on equilibrium thermodynamics and other chemical topics, with avoidance of advanced mathematics"