This book shows how the fundamentals of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy are practically implemented and illustrates the diversity of current applications. The technique is used at various levels, and applications are presented in order of increasing difficulty, with reference to theoretically obtained results. This book features a diverse array of application examples, from fields such as ionizing radiation dosimetry, neurodegenerative diseases, structural transitions in proteins, and the origins of terrestrial life. The final chapter of this book highlights the principles and applications of the technique of ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy, followed by a brief introduction to advanced EPR techniques such as electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM), hyperfine sub-level correlation (HYSCORE), pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR), and continuous wave electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) experiments.

"This book presents the reader with a fresh and unconventional approach to teaching crystallographic symmetry. Whereas traditional crystallography textbooks make a heavy use of algebra and rapidly become very technical, this book adopts in the first few chapters a 'pictorial' approach based on the symmetry diagrams of the International Tables for Crystallography. Readers are led step-by-step through simple 'frieze' and 'wallpaper' patterns, with many examples from the visual arts. At the end of chapter 3 they should be able to identify and analyse all these simple symmetries and apply to them the nomenclature and symbols of the International Tables. Mathematical formalism is introduced later on in the book, and by that time the reader will have gained a solid intuitive grasp of the subject matter. This book will provide graduate students, advanced undergraduate students and practitioners in physics, chemistry, earth sciences and structural biology with a solid foundation to master the International Tables of Crystallography, and to understand the relevant literature"--

Although originally invented and employed by physicists, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has proven to be a very efficient technique for studying a wide range of phenomena in many fields, such as chemistry, biochemistry, geology, archaeology, medicine, biotechnology, and environmental sciences. Acknowledging that not all studies require the same level of understanding of this technique, this book thus provides a practical treatise clearly oriented toward applications, which should be useful to students and researchers of various levels and disciplines. In this book, the principles of continuous wave EPR spectroscopy are progressively, but rigorously, introduced, with emphasis on interpretation of the collected spectra. Each chapter is followed by a section highlighting important points for applications, together with exercises solved at the end of the book. A glossary defines the main terms used in the book, and particular topics, whose knowledge is not required for understanding the main text, are developed in appendices for more inquisitive readers.

There is no question that the field of solid state electronics, which essentially began with work at Bell laboratories just after World War II, has had a profound impact on today's Society. What is not nearly so widely known is that advances in the art and science of crystal growth underpin this technology. Single crystals, once valued only for their beauty, are now found, in one form or another in most electronic, optoelectronic and numerous optical devices. These devices, in turn, have permeated almost every home and village throughout the world. In fact it is hard to imagine what our electronics industry, much less our entire civilization, would have been like if crystal growth scientists and engineers were unable to produce the large, defect free crystals required by device designers.
This book brings together two sets of related articles describing advances made in crystal growth science and technology since World War II. One set is from the proceedings of a Symposium held in August 2002 to celebrate 50 years of progress in the field of crystal growth. The second contains articles previously published in the newsletter of the American Association for Crystal Growth in a series called "Milestones in Crystal Growth."
The first section of this book contains several articles which describe some of the early history of crystal growth prior to the electronics revolution, and upon which modern crystal growth science and technology is based. This is followed by a special article by Prof. Sunagawa which provides some insight into how the successful Japanese crystal growth industry developed. The next section deals with crystal growth fundamentals including concepts of solute distribution, interface kinetics, constitutional supercooling, morphological stability and the growth of dendrites. The following section describes the growth of crystals from melts and solutions, while the final part involves thin film growth by MBE and OMVPE.
These articles were written by some of the most famous theorists and crystal growers working in the field. They will provide future research workers with valuable insight into how these pioneering discoveries were made, and show how their own research and future devices will be based upon these developments.
.Articles written by some of the most famous theorists and crystal growers working in the field
.Valuable insight into how pioneering discoveries were made.
.Show how their own research and future devices will be based upon these developments"

This book features the essential material for any graduate or advanced undergraduate course covering solid-state electrochemistry. It provides the reader with fundamental course notes and numerous solved exercises, making it an invaluable guide and compendium for students of the subject. The book places particular emphasis on enhancing the reader's expertise and comprehension of thermodynamics, the Kroeger-Vink notation, the variation in stoichiometry in ionic compounds, and of the different types of electrochemical measurements together with their technological applications. Containing almost 100 illustrations, a glossary and a bibliography, the book is particularly useful for Master and PhD students, industry engineers, university instructors, and researchers working with inorganic solids in general.

New models for dislocation structure and motion are presented for nanocrystals, nucleation at grain boundaries, shocked crystals, interphase interfaces, quasicrystals, complex structures with non-planar dislocation cores, and colloidal crystals. A review of experimentally established main features of the magnetoplastic effect with their physical interpretation explains many diverse results of this type. The model has many potential applications for forming processes influenced by magnetic fields.
Dislocation model for the magnetoplastic effect
New mechanism for dislocation nucleation and motion in nanocrystals
New models for the dislocation structure of interfaces between crystals with differing crystallographic structure
A unified view of dislocations in quasicrystals, with a new model for dislocation motion
A general model of dislocation behavior in crystals with non-planar dislocation cores
Dislocation properties at high velocities
Dislocations in colloidal crystals"

This proceedings volume contains research data on structural investigation of materials of high industrial value. In particular, the following issues are discussed: phase characterization by diffraction methods, application of direct methods for solving crystal structure from powder diffraction, electron crystallography, Rietveld method application, defects and substructure analysis in materials, new X-ray methods, small angle scattering studies of crystalline and amorphous solids, phase transformation studies including crystallography of the reversible martensitic transformation, structure of noncrystalline materials, structure and properties of new materials.

Epigenetic Technological Applications is a compilation of state-of-the-art technologies involved in epigenetic research. Epigenetics is an exciting new field of biology research, and many technologies are invented and developed specifically for epigenetics study. With chapters covering the latest developments in crystallography, computational modeling, the uses of histones, and more, Epigenetic Technological Applications addresses the question of how these new ideas, procedures, and innovations can be applied to current epigenetics research, and how they can keep pushing discovery forward and beyond the epigenetic realm.

Hardbound. The apatites and related calcium phosphates have been of considerable interest to biologists, mineralogists, and inorganic and industrial chemists for many years. This book contains a detailed description of the structures and structural interrelationships of the calcium orthophosphates, including the apatites. Their preparation, crystal growth and dissolution, chemical reactions including thermal decomposition, IR, Raman and NMR spectra and various physical properties are discussed. Apatites other than those containing calcium and phosphorus are included. Synthetic, mineral and biological carbonate apatites are also considered. A wide, but critical coverage of the literature is given, which includes a substantial amount not written in English. Research from many disciplines is included which results in a comprehensive compilation of recent work.

Crystals are everywhere, from natural crystals (minerals) through the semiconductors and magnetic materials in electronic devices and computers or piezoelectric resonators at the heart of our quartz watches to electro-optical devices. Understanding them in depth is essential both for pure research and for their applications. This book provides a clear, thorough presentation of their symmetry, both at the microscopic space-group level and the macroscopic point-group level. The implications of the symmetry of crystals for their physical properties are then presented, together with their mathematical description in terms of tensors. The conditions on the symmetry of a crystal for a given property to exist then become clear, as does the symmetry of the property. The geometrical representation of tensor quantities or properties is presented, and its use in determining important relationships emphasized. An original feature of this book is that most chapters include exercises with complete solutions. This allows readers to test and improve their understanding of the material. The intended readership includes undergraduate and graduate students in materials science and materials-related aspects of electrical and optical engineering; researchers involved in the investigation of the physical properties of crystals and the design of applications based on crystal properties such as piezoelectricity, electro-optics, optical activity and all those involved in the characterization of the structural properties of materials.

The Lectures: Conjugated Polymers in Layered Hosts; M.G. Kanatzidis, et al. Staging in Intercalated Graphites, Polymers, and Fullerenes; E.J. Mele. Seminars and Communications: Size-Mismatch Melting in Two Dimensions; N. Mousseau, M.F. Thorpe. Tight Binding Molecular Dynamics for Intercalation Chemistry; M. Menon, et al. Local Oscillator Model for Superconducting Fullerenes; Z. Gedik, S. Ciraci. Some Optical Properties of Fullerenes; B. Friedman. Photoluminescence of Solid State Fullerenes; H.J. Byrne, et al. Magnetic Properties of Alkali Metal Intercalated Fullerides; P. Byszewski, et al. Charge Transport and Percolation in Conducting Polymers; J. Voit. Overview on the Chemistry of Intercalation in Graphite of Binary Metallic Alloys; P. Lagrange. Mineralomimetic Inclusion Behavior of Cadmium Cyanide Systems; T. Iwamoto, et al. 36 additional articles. Index.

In this volume, contributions covering the theoretical and practical aspects of multicomponent crystals provide a timely and contemporary overview of the state-of-the art of this vital aspect of crystal engineering/materials science. With a solid foundation in fundamentals, multi-component crystals can be formed, for example, to enhance pharmaceutical properties of drugs, for the specific control of optical responses to external stimuli and to assemble molecules to allow chemical reactions that are generally intractable following conventional methods. Contents Pharmaceutical co-crystals: crystal engineering and applications Pharmaceutical multi-component crystals: improving the efficacy of anti-tuberculous agents Qualitative and quantitative crystal engineering of multi-functional co-crystals Control of photochromism in N-salicylideneaniline by crystal engineering Quinoline derivatives for multi-component crystals: principles and applications N-oxides in multi-component crystals and in bottom-up synthesis and applications Multi-component crystals and non-ambient conditions Co-crystals for solid-state reactivity and thermal expansion Solution co-crystallisation and its applications The salt-co-crystal continuum in halogen-bonded systems Large horizontal displacements of benzene-benzene stacking interactions in co-crystals Simultaneous halogen and hydrogen bonding to carbonyl and thiocarbonylfunctionality Crystal chemistry of the isomeric N,N'-bis(pyridin-n-ylmethyl)-ethanediamides, n = 2, 3 or 4 Solute solvent interactions mediated by main group element (lone-pair) (aryl) interactions

This is the first book to provide a comprehensive treatment of theories and applications in the rapidly expanding field of the crystallography of modular materials. Molecules are the natural modules from which molecular crystalline structures are built. Most inorganic structures, however, are infinite arrays of atoms and some kinds of surrogate modules, e.g. co-ordination polyhedra, are usually used to describe them. In recent years the attention has been focused on complex modules as the basis for a systematic description of polytypes and homologous/polysomatic series (modular structures). This representation is applied to the modelling of unknown structures and understanding nanoscale defects and intergrowths in materials. The Order/Disorder (OD) theory is fundamental to developing a systematic theory of polytypism, dealing with those structures based on both ordered and disordered stacking of one or more layers. Twinning at both unit-cell and micro-scale, together with disorder, causes many problems, "demons", for computer-based methods of crystal structure determination. This book develops the theory of twinning with the inclusion of worked examples, converting the "demons" into useful indicators for unravelling crystal structure. In spite of the increasing use of the concepts of modular crystallography for characterising, understanding and tailoring technological crystalline materials, this is the first book to offer a unified treatment of the results, which are spread across many different journals and original papers published over the last twenty years.

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths: Including Actinides, Volume 59, presents the latest release in this continuous series that covers all aspects of rare earth science, including chemistry, life sciences, materials science and physics.

Dynamical Theory of X-ray Diffraction is the first comprehensive book on the dynamical diffraction of X-rays since the development of synchrotron radiation. The first part provides an introduction to the subject, followed by a detailed treatment of perfect and slightly and highly deformed crystals. The last part gives three applications of the theory: X-ray optics, locations of atoms at surfaces, and X-ray diffraction topography. The book is abundantly illustrated. It will be a useful reference work for graduate students, lecturers, and researchers.

Synchrotron radiation sources are now used routinely by thousands of research scientists and engineers throughout the world to perform experiments in biology, physics, materials science, chemistry and so on. The very best of these sources are based upon the use of undulator and wiggler insertion devices that can enhance the intensity of the radiation by many orders of magnitude. This book, which is part of the Oxford Series on Synchrotron Radiation, brings together both a detailed step by step description of the radiation properties from these devices as well as an explanation of the practical realization of actual devices using available magnet technologies. The book is aimed at not just the users but also the providers of synchrotron radiation. It takes the reader through the fundamental issues, and provides sufficient depth so as to be an indispensable reference to light source designers, accelerator physicists and insertion device specialists. The approach taken is to provide the reader with all of the essential information and to back this up with practical examples and illustrations wherever possible.

From tilings to quasicrystal structures and from surfaces to the n-dimensional approach, this book gives a full, self-contained in-depth description of the crystallography of quasicrystals. It aims not only at conveying the concepts and a precise picture of the structures of quasicrystals, but it also enables the interested reader to enter the field of quasicrystal structure analysis. Going beyond metallic quasicrystals, it also describes the new, dynamically growing field of photonic quasicrystals. The readership will be graduate students and researchers in crystallography, solid-state physics, materials science, solid- state chemistry and applied mathematics.

New materials addressed for the first time include the chapters on minerals by Barber et al and the chapter on dislocations in colloidal crystals by Schall and Spaepen. Moriarty et al extend the first principles calculations of kink configurations in bcc metals to high pressures, including the use of flexible boundary conditions to model dilatational effects. Rabier et al clarify the issue of glide-shuffle slip systems in diamond cubic and related III-V compounds. Metadislocations, discussed by Feuerbacher and Heggen, represent a new type of defect in multicomponent metal compounds and alloys.
Kink mechanisms for dislocation motion at high pressure in bcc metals

Dislocation core structures identified in silicon at high stress

Metadislocations, a new type of defect, identified and described

Extension of dislocation concepts to complex minerals

First observations of dislocations in colloidal crystals