This book covers developments in the field of thermotropic liquid crystals and their functional importance. It also presents advances related to different sub-areas pertinent to this interdisciplinary area of research. This text brings together research from synthetic scientists and spectroscopists and attempts to bridge the gaps between these areas. New physical techniques that are powerful in characterizing these materials are discussed.

Optically Anomalous Crystals begins with an historical introduction covering the contributions of Brewster, Biot, Mallard, Brauns, Tamman, and many other distinguished crystallographers. From this follows a tutorial in crystal optics. Further chapters discuss the two main mechanisms of optical dissymmetry: the piezo-optic effect, and the kinetic ordering of atoms. The text then tackles complex, inhomogeneous crystals, and the complex optical properties resulting from the superposition of anomalies having various etiologies. The book treats the literature comprehensively, but uses illustrations from the authors' laboratories as the subjects of detailed analyses. This is an invaluable text for crystallographers, mineralogists, and petrologists interested in the growth of minerals and synthetic crystals, and their optical properties. It is also ideally suited to students of optical mineralogy, professional scientists and engineers and historians of science.

X-ray crystallography has long been a vital method for studying the structure of proteins and other macromolecules. As the importance of proteins continues to grow, in fields from biochemistry and biophysics to pharmaceutical development and biotechnology, many researchers have found that a knowledge of X-ray diffraction is an indispensable tool. In this new edition of his essential work, Dr. Jan Drenth, recognized internationally for his numerous contributions to crystallographic research, has provided an up-to-date and technically rigorous introduction to the subject. Principles of Protein X-ray Crystallography provides the theoretical background necessary to understand how the structure of proteins is determined at atomic resolution. It is intended to serve as an introduction for graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and established scientists who want to use protein crystallography in their own endeavors, or need to understand the subject in order to critically evaluate the literature. New additions to the book include a section on twinning, an additional chapter on crystal growth and a discussion of single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD).

This systematic and comprehensive monograph is devoted to parametric X-ray radiation (PXR). This radiation is generated by the motion of electrons inside a crystal, whereby the emitted photons are diffracted by the crystal and the radiation intensity critically depends on the parameters of the crystal structure. Nowadays PXR is the subject of numerous theoretical and experimental studies throughout the world. The first part of the book is a theoretical treatment of PXR, which includes a new approach to describe the radiation process in crystals. The second part is a survey of PXR experimental results and the possible applications of PXR as a tool for crystal structure analysis and a source of tunable X-ray radiation.

This 1998 study introduces the physical principles of how and why crystals grow. The first three chapters recall the fundamental properties of crystal surfaces at equilibrium. The next six chapters describe simple models and basic concepts of crystal growth including diffusion, thermal smoothing of a surface, and applications to semiconductors. Following chapters examine more complex topics such as kinetic roughness, growth instabilities, and elastic effects. A brief closing chapter looks back at the crucial contributions of crystal growth in electronics during the twentieth century. The book focuses on growth using molecular beam epitaxy. Throughout, the emphasis is on the role played by statistical physics. Informative appendices, interesting exercises and an extensive bibliography reinforce the text.

Ferroelectric thin films continue to attract much attention due to their developing applications in memory devices, FeRAM, infrared sensors, piezoelectric sensors and actuators. This book, aimed at students, researchers and developers, gives detailed information about the basic properties of these materials and the associated device physics. The contributing authors are acknowledged experts in the field.

X-ray multiple-wave diffraction, sometimes called multiple diffraction or N-beam diffraction, results from the scattering of X-rays from periodic two or higher-dimensional structures, like 2-d and 3-d crystals and even quasi crystals. The interaction of the X-rays with the periodic arrangement of atoms usually provides structural information about the scatterer. Unlike the usual Bragg reflection, the so-called two-wave diffraction, the multiply diffracted intensities are sensitive to the phases of the structure factors in volved. This gives X-ray multiple-wave diffraction the chance to solve the X-ray phase problem. On the other hand, the condition for generating an X ray multiple-wave diffraction is much more strict than in two-wave cases. This makes X-ray multiple-wave diffraction a useful technique for precise measure ments of crystal lattice constants and the wavelength of radiation sources. Recent progress in the application of this particular diffraction technique to surfaces, thin films, and less ordered systems has demonstrated the diver sity and practicability of the technique for structural research in condensed matter physics, materials sciences, crystallography, and X-ray optics. The first book on this subject, Multiple Diffraction of X-Rays in Crystals, was published in 1984, and intended to give a contemporary review on the fundamental and application aspects of this diffraction."

Despite the tremendous advances in the techniques and equipment for carrying out high-pressure crystallography, the application or exploration of the high-pressure variable in detailed structural studies remains rare. The chapters in this book provide a set of lecture notes and supplementary material for a course on high pressure crystallography. The material comprises state-of-the-art reviews of high-pressure experiments using X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques at synchrotron and neutron facilities and in the laboratory, as well as complementary experimental high-pressure techniques and theoretical methods for investigating matter at elevated pressures. The materials studies range from elemental solids and liquids to inorganic compounds, minerals, organic compounds, clathrates and pharmaceutical compounds, to large biological molecules such as proteins and viruses.
The book provides a reference for workers in high-pressure science wishing to learn more about crystallography and for established crystallographers potentially interested in high pressure as a variable, as well as an introductory guide to new researchers in the field.

Despite the tremendous advances in the techniques and equipment for carrying out high-pressure crystallography, the application or exploration of the high-pressure variable in detailed structural studies remains rare. The chapters in this book provide a set of lecture notes and supplementary material for a course on high pressure crystallography. The material comprises state-of-the-art reviews of high-pressure experiments using X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques at synchrotron and neutron facilities and in the laboratory, as well as complementary experimental high-pressure techniques and theoretical methods for investigating matter at elevated pressures. The materials studies range from elemental solids and liquids to inorganic compounds, minerals, organic compounds, clathrates and pharmaceutical compounds, to large biological molecules such as proteins and viruses.
The book provides a reference for workers in high-pressure science wishing to learn more about crystallography and for established crystallographers potentially interested in high pressure as a variable, as well as an introductory guide to new researchers in the field.

Crystallographers have to apply many mathematical methods in their daily work. Mathematical Techniques in Crystallography and Materials Science brings together common and less familiar mathematical procedures used in studies of the structures and physical properties of solids. This practical guide and reference serves as a unified source book for students and professionals, and it provides a solid basis for further studies in more specialized literature. Based Prince s decades of practical experience, it can be recommended as an introduction for beginners in crystallography, as a refresher and handy guide for crystallographers working on specific problems, and as a reference for others seeking a dictionary of basic mathematical and crystallographic terms. The third edition further clarifies key points, as well as offers new sections on two topics: the projection matrix and the fast Fourier transform. "

Fiber Crystal Growth from the Melt reviews the growth, modelling, characterization and application of single crystal fibers are reviewed. Due to their very large length-to-diameter ratio together with perfect crystallographic structure and chemical homogeneity, such fibers have mechanical and physical properties that approach the theoretical values. Fukuda explains how their ultra-high strength enables their application as reinforcing agents in structural components. And he elucidates how and why fiber crystals are particularly well suited for wave guiding, tunable narrow-band filters and nonlinear optics and for the generation of green, blue and violet wavelenghts, and also as micro lasers and laser modulators. The book is suitable for specialists and students in the fields of materials science, crystal growth, physics, chemistry, crystallography, optics, mechanics and engineering.

Physics of laser crystals has been constantly developing since the invention of the laser in 1960. Nowadays, more than 1500 wide-band-gap and semiconductors crystals are suitable for the production of the laser effect. Different laser devices are widely used in science, medicine and communication systems according to the progress achieved in the development of laser crystal physics. Scintillators for radiation detection also gained benefit from these developments. Most of the optically active materials offer laser radiations within the 500 to 3000 nm region with various quantum efficiency which fit the usual applications. However, new crystals for laser emissions are needed either in the blue, UV and VUV - region or far IR- region, especially for medicine, computer microchip production and for undiscovered practical uses. Scientific problems of the growth and properties of laser crystals are discussed in numerous books and scientific journals by many scientists working in the field. Therefore, we thought that joint discussions of the scientific and technical problems in laser physics will be useful for further developments in this area. We have proposed to held a Workshop on Physics of Laser Crystals for attempting to induce additional advances especially in solid state spectroscopy. This NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) was hold in Kharkiv * Stary Saltov th nd (Ukraine) on august 26 - September 2 , 2002, and was mainly devoted to the consideration 0 f modem approaches and Iast results in physics of laser crystals.

Physics of laser crystals has been constantly developing since the invention of the laser in 1960. Nowadays, more than 1500 wide-band-gap and semiconductors crystals are suitable for the production of the laser effect. Different laser devices are widely used in science, medicine and communication systems according to the progress achieved in the development of laser crystal physics. Scintillators for radiation detection also gained benefit from these developments. Most of the optically active materials offer laser radiations within the 500 to 3000 nm region with various quantum efficiency which fit the usual applications. However, new crystals for laser emissions are needed either in the blue, UV and VUV - region or far IR- region, especially for medicine, computer microchip production and for undiscovered practical uses. Scientific problems of the growth and properties of laser crystals are discussed in numerous books and scientific journals by many scientists working in the field. Therefore, we thought that joint discussions of the scientific and technical problems in laser physics will be useful for further developments in this area. We have proposed to held a Workshop on Physics of Laser Crystals for attempting to induce additional advances especially in solid state spectroscopy. This NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) was hold in Kharkiv * Stary Saltov th nd (Ukraine) on august 26 - September 2 , 2002, and was mainly devoted to the consideration 0 f modem approaches and Iast results in physics of laser crystals.

The book addresses the most recent developments in structural and functional proteomics underlying the recent contributions given in these areas by our laboratory to the instrumentations, the methods and the procedures as mutuated from the nanoscale sciences and technologies. These developments introduced in the last few years make now possible protein massive identification (mass spectrometry and biomolecular arrays down to nanoamounts) and protein structural characterization in solution and in crystals down to the atomic scale to an extent and to a degree so far unmatched. Emphasis is placed in the growth by nanobiofilm template of protein crystals of any type and size from millimeter to micron, leading in combination with microfocus synchrotron technology and atomic force microscopy to the definition of a new field called nanocrystallography. The few useful examples being shown, concerning yet structurally unsolved proteins, point this very promising approach nanotechnology-based in structural proteomics using highly focused X-rays. This has not to be confused with the important study of nanocrystals, both organic and inorganic, and novel diamond like nanocomposite materials and devices having 3D protein crystals as matrices to be equilibrated with nanoparticles/gold/silver to be utilized in the most diversified electronic applications here also summarized. vii Acknowledgments We are particularly grateful to Giuseppe Zanotti at the University of Padova for his fundamental collaboration during all the crystallographic studies.

Optical fibres have for almost three decades been fabricated from solid glass. It was, therefore, a radical change that took place, when researchers in the late 90s started to fabricate hair-thin optical fibres with numerous microscopic air holes running along the length of the fibres. These microstructured fibres did not only mark the introduction of tailored materials with unique spectral properties in fibre optics, but it also opened the perspective of the applicability of photonic bandgap materials at optical wavelengths. In this respect, a completely new guiding mechanism was demonstrated, and a revolution in fibre optics had started. Photonic Crystal Fibres describes the fundamental properties of these new optical waveguides, outlines how they are fabricated, and how they are treated from a theoretical and numerical point of view. A detailed description of the different classes of photonic crystal fibres is given, and a spectrum of different applications and new fibre types are presented. Photonic Crystal Fibres describes the fundamental properties of the optical waveguides known under the terms of photonic crystal fibres, microstructured fibres, or holey fibres. treated from a theoretical and numerical point of view. The book presents a detailed description of the different classes of photonic crystal and photonic bandgap fibres, and it broadens out a spectrum of novel applications and new fibre types.

There have been many advances in x-ray crystallography since the production of the third edition of this book, and the authors have endeavoured to introduce a number of them into this new edition. The overall plan of the book has been maintained because we believe that it has been well received in the academic community, but substantial revisions have been carried out and new material and chapters added. In particular, we have extended the discussion of the theory of x-ray diffraction and added new chapters on structure determination from powder data, on macromolecular crystallography, and on computational procedures in x-ray crystallography. We consider that x-ray crystallography is a universal tool for studying molecular structure, a view upheld by the pioneers in the subject, notably W.H. & W.L. Bragg, J. D. Bernal, Dorothy Hodgkin (nA(c)e Crowfoot), Kathleen Lonsdale (nA(c)e Yardley), and Linus Pauling, so that the broadening of the scope of the text in this way is fully justified.
We have maintained the practice of devising problems to illustrate the work of each chapter, and have provided detailed, tutorial solutions. The appendices contain mostly mathematical procedures related to the material of the main text.

This edition is accompanied by a suite of computer programs on a compact disc. The programs enable the reader to participate fully in many of the aspects of x-ray crystallography discussed in the book. In particular, the program system XRAY* is interactive, and enables the reader to follow through, at the monitor screen, the computational techniques involved in single-crystal structure determination, albeit in two dimensions. Several sets of x-ray data areprovided for practice with this system.

Photonic Crystals are the newest types of optical material being developed for commercial applications in industry. They are likely to provide an exciting new tool for the manipulations of photons and have received the attention of both academia and industry. Roadmap on Photonic Crystals gives a detailed explanation of the background of photonic crystals, the theories behind them, numerical simulations, crystal structures, fabrication processes, evaluation methods and proposed applications. This also includes a roadmap addressing future development and applications.
Industrial scientists, post-doctoral researchers and graduate students will find Roadmap on Photonic Crystals a useful tool in the understanding of the critical aspects of photonic crystals.

An innovative, unified, and comprehensive treatment of the geometric and electronic structure of surfaces. The book emphasizes fundamental aspects, such as the principles of surface crystallography and thermodynamics, the forces driving the rearrangement of the atoms, and the relationship between bonding and electronic structure. It especially illuminates the relationship between surface orientation, chemistry, energetics, and the resulting properties. Principles of Surface Physics develops general physical arguments and methods that enable readers to analyse novel surfaces and interfaces of new materials. This makes the book an indispensable reference to all those studying growth, surface-molecule interactions, self-assembled structures, and materials engineering.

This work deals with the effect of crystal symmetry in determining the tensor properties of crystals. Although this is a well-established subject, the author provides a fresh approach using group theory and, in particular, the method of symmetry coordinates, which has not been used in previous books. Using this approach, all tensors of a given rank and type can be handled together, even when they involve very different physical phenomena. Applications to technologically important phenomena as diverse as the electro-optic, piezoelectric, photoelastic, piezomagnetic, and piezoresistance effects, as well as magnetothermoelectric power and third-order elastic constants, are presented. Attention is also given to special magnetic properties - that is, those that require the concepts of time reversal and magnetic symmetry, an important subject not always covered in other books in this area. This book should be of interest to researchers in solid state physics and materials science, and should also be suitable as a text for graduate students in physics and engineering taking courses in solid state physics.

Crystals are the unacknowledged pillars of the world of modern technology. Today's technological developments depend critically on the availability of suitable single crystals, whether for lasers, semiconductors, magnetic devices, optical devices, superconductors or telecommunication. In spite of great technological advances in recent years, we are still at an early stage with respect to the growth of several important crystals such as diamond, silicon carbide, PZT and gallium nitride. This book covers all important aspects of crystal growth and growth techniques, together with relevant case studies. Particular emphasis is placed on new approaches designed to overcome the present limitations on crystal growth. The book will be essential reading for all scientists working on crystal growth.

Coverings are efficient ways to exhaust Euclidean N-space with congruent geometric objects. Discrete quasiperiodic systems are exemplified by the atomic structure of quasicrystals. The subject of coverings of discrete quasiperiodic sets emerged in 1995. The theory of these coverings provides a new and fascinating perspective of order down to the atomic level. The authors develop concepts related to quasiperiodic coverings and describe results. Specific systems in 2 and 3 dimensions are described with many illustrations. The atomic positions in quasicrystals are analyzed.

There has been an explosion of interest in the study of molecular crystals, and their applications in optics and electronics. This advanced 1994 textbook describes their chemical and physical structure, their optical and electronic properties and the reactions between neighbouring molecules in crystals. The author has taken into account research areas which have undergone extremely rapid development since the first edition was published in 1987. For instance, this edition features the applications of molecular materials in high-technology devices. There is also an additional chapter on C60 and organic non-linear optic materials. The level of treatment is aimed at first-year postgraduates or workers in industrial research laboratories wishing to gain insights into organic solid state materials. Molecular Crystals is also suitable for special topics in final year undergraduate courses in chemistry, physics and electronic engineering.

This book gives an up-to-date introduction to the structure, physical properties and applications of quasicrystalline alloys. It covers quasiperiodic tilings and the determination and modelling of the atomic structure of quasicrystals. The electronic properties, determined from measurements of the partial electronic density of states and the calculation of the electronic structure, play a key role in this introduction, as does an extensive discussion of the determination and simulation of the atomic dynamics. For the application of these aperiodic crystals, defects are a critical issue. Thus the book also presents a detailed treatement of the study of defects in quasicrystals by high resolution electron microscopy and ion channeling, as well as computer simulations of defects and fracture in decorated tilings.

The accurate determination of the structure of molecular systems provides information about the consequences of weak interactions both within and between molecules. These consequences impact the properties of the materials and the behaviour in interactions with other substances. The book presents modern experimental and computational techniques for the determination of molecular structure. It also highlights applications ranging from the simplest molecules to DNA and industrially significant materials.

Readership Graduate students and researchers in structural chemistry, computational chemistry, molecular spectroscopy, crystallography, supramolecular chemistry, solid state chemistry and physics, and materials science.