Dislocations are lines of irregularity in the structure of a solid analogous to the bumps in a badly laid carpet. Like these bumps they can be easily moved, and they provide the most important mechanism by which the solid can be deformed. They also have a strong influence on crystal growth and on the electronic properties of semiconductors.
.Influence of dislocations on piezoelectric behavior
.New mechanisms for hardening in twinned crystals
.Bringing theories of martensite transformation into agreement
.Atomic scale motion of dislocations in electron microscopy
.Dislocation patterns deduced from X-ray diffraction
.Role of dislocations in friction
.Dislocation motion in quasicrystals

The Molecular Solid State Founding Editor: J. D. Dunitz ETH Zentrum, ZA1/4rich, Switzerland This new series reports on advances in the field of molecular solid state chemistry. Each volume focuses on selected areas and highlights methods and results in syntheses, properties and applications. Future volumes will provide a continuing forum for the discussion of chemical, physical, biological and crystallographic aspects of the molecular solid state. Theoretical Aspects and Computer Modeling of the Molecular Solid State Edited by Angelo Gavezzotti, University of Milan, Italy Focusing on crystal symmetry, intermolecular forces and the thermodynamics of solids and phase transitions, this first volume in the series provides the basic theoretical framework for understanding the molecular solid state. This compendium of reviews opens the way to the computer modeling of molecules and molecular crystals, enabling the reproduction and prediction of structural and energetic properties. This forms the basis for understanding the exciting developments in experimental techniques and the design and creation of novel materials. An appreciation of the underlying theories and uses of molecular modeling packages is essential for the solid state chemist. Angelo Gavezzotti is a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Milan and a renowned expert in the theoretical and computer modeling of organic solids. He provides an introductory chapter on crystal symmetry and molecular recognition, a topic that is essential in understanding how crystals grow and how crystal properties are related to the physical properties of solids. Theoretical Aspects and Computer Modeling of the Molecular Solid State isinvaluable to theoretical chemists in materials science, crystallography and solid state chemistry.

This survey of the important types of inorganic and organic crystal structures treats its subject thoroughly and in sufficient depth for undergraduate modules in chemistry courses. Features of this book are the instructions for 3D stereoviewing which is central to a full appreciation of the presentation. Clear directions for making your own stereo have been provided in the book, which enables readers to examine the plentiful stereo of lattices and crystal structures which are illustrated.
The introductory chapter explains point-group and space-group symmetry insofar as required to understand lattices and crystal structures. Crystal structures are sub-divided according to the atomic force mainly responsible for cohesion in the solid state, The descriptions of the structures are gi in crystallographic terms, including data on the space group, molecular symmetry and molecular geometry. Discussions of bonding theory for each sub-division of the structures enhance and strengthen the author s presentation.
The book stems from the author s successful lecture courses, tested and refined in class teaching. It draws as necessary on equilibrium thermodynamics and other chemical topics, with avoidance of advanced mathematics, A level being the prerequisite.
Examines the important types of inorganic and organic crystal structuresIncludes instructions for making simple stereoviewers and computer programsDraws, as necessary, on equilibrium thermodynamics and other chemical topics, with avoidance of advanced mathematics"

Designed for easy use by both beginning and experienced protein crystallographers, the second edition of Practical Protein Crystallography is an essential handbook for any scientist interested in solving a protein structure. The book includes examples of actual experiments and data, electron density maps, and computer methods. This second edition has new material covering CCP4, SHELX, cryocrystallography, MAD and automated fitting.
Key Features
* In-depth coverage of every aspect of crystallography
* Coverage of the small details that can make or break projects
* Strongly application-oriented
* Exceptionally well illustrated
* Simple and easy-to-follow robust methods
* Tutorials with actual data available on the Web
* Useful for a broad spectrum of scientists

This book invites you on a systematic tour through the fascinating world of crystals and their symmetries. The reader will gain an understanding of the symmetry of external crystal forms (morphology) and become acquainted with all the symmetry elements needed to classify and describe crystal structures. The book explains the context in a very vivid, non-mathematical way and captivates with clear, high-quality illustrations. Online materials accompany the book; including 3D models the reader can explore on screen to aid in the spatial understanding of the structure of crystals. After reading the book, you will not only know what a space group is and how to read the International Tables for Crystallography, but will also be able to interpret crystallographic specifications in specialist publications. If questions remain, you also have the opportunity to ask the author on the book's website.

Computer simulation techniques are now having a major impact on almost all areas of the physical and biological sciences. This book concentrates on the application of these methods to inorganic materials, including topical and industrially relevant systems including zeolites and high Tc superconductors.
The central theme of the book is the use of modern simulation techniques as a structural tool in solid state science. Computer Modelling in Inorganic Crystallography describes the current range of techniques used in modeling crystal structures, and strong emphasis is given to the use of modeling in predicting new crystal structures and refining partially known structures. It also reviews new opportunities being opened up by electronic structure calculation and explains the ways in which these techniques are illuminating our knowledge of bonding in solids.
Key Features
* Includes a thorough review of the technical basis of relevant contemporary methodologies including minimization, Monte-Carlo, molecular dynamics, simulated annealing methods, and electronic structure methods
* Highlights applications to amorphous and crystalline solids
* Surveys simulations of surface and defect properties of solids
* Discusses applications to molecular and inorganic solids

This sixth edition of what was previously known as the Brief Teaching Edition of Volume A provides an introduction to the basic crystallographic data for space groups found in Volume A, for symmetry relations between space groups in Volume A1 and for subperiodic groups in Volume E of International Tables for Crystallography, to magnetic space groups and to the symmetry database that forms part of International Tables Online at https: //it.iucr.org. It is designed for graduate students and young researchers who are new to the field of crystallographic symmetry, and includes many illustrative examples to help readers to understand and use these different kinds of information. Selected tables of symmetry data from the full volumes in the series are also included, making this a handy aid for classroom teaching. References are also provided to further specialized sources for those who need to go deeper into the subject and to textbooks for those who need more background information.

How do crystals nucleate and grow? Why and how do crystals form such a wide variety of morphologies, from polyhedral to dendritic and spherulitic forms? These are questions that have been posed since the seventeenth century, and are still of vital importance today both for modern technology, and to understand the Earth's interior and the formation of minerals by living organisms. In this book, Ichiro Sunagawa sets out clearly the atomic processes behind crystal growth, and describes case studies of complex systems from diamond, calcite and pyrite, to crystals formed through biomineralization, such as the aragonite of shells, and apatite of teeth. Essential reading for advanced graduates and researchers in mineralogy and materials science.

A valuable learning tool as well as a reference, this book provides students and researchers in surface science and nanoscience with the theoretical crystallographic foundations, which are necessary to understand local structure and symmetry of bulk crystals, including ideal and real single crystal surfaces. The author deals with the subject at an introductory level, providing numerous graphic examples to illustrate the mathematical formalism. The book brings together and logically connects many seemingly disparate structural issues and notations used frequently by surface scientists and nanoscientists. Numerous exercises of varying difficulty, ranging from simple questions to small research projects, are included to stimulate discussions about the different subjects. From the contents: Bulk Crystals, Three-Dimensional Lattices - Crystal Layers, Two-Dimensional Lattices, Symmetry - Ideal Single Crystal Surfaces - Real Crystal Surfaces - Adsorbate layers - Interference Lattices - Chiral Surfaces - Experimental Analysis of Real Crystal Surfaces - Nanoparticles and Crystallites - Quasicrystals - Nanotubes

This book shows how the fundamentals of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy are practically implemented and illustrates the diversity of current applications. The technique is used at various levels, and applications are presented in order of increasing difficulty, with reference to theoretically obtained results. This book features a diverse array of application examples, from fields such as ionizing radiation dosimetry, neurodegenerative diseases, structural transitions in proteins, and the origins of terrestrial life. The final chapter of this book highlights the principles and applications of the technique of ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy, followed by a brief introduction to advanced EPR techniques such as electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM), hyperfine sub-level correlation (HYSCORE), pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR), and continuous wave electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) experiments.

This book features the essential material for any graduate or advanced undergraduate course covering solid-state electrochemistry. It provides the reader with fundamental course notes and numerous solved exercises, making it an invaluable guide and compendium for students of the subject. The book places particular emphasis on enhancing the reader's expertise and comprehension of thermodynamics, the Kroeger-Vink notation, the variation in stoichiometry in ionic compounds, and of the different types of electrochemical measurements together with their technological applications. Containing almost 100 illustrations, a glossary and a bibliography, the book is particularly useful for Master and PhD students, industry engineers, university instructors, and researchers working with inorganic solids in general.

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths: Including Actinides, Volume 58, the latest release in this continuous series that covers all aspects of rare earth science, including chemistry, life sciences, materials science and physics, presents interesting chapters on Forensic applications of rare earth materials, and Rare earths, the seventeen-position nob.

Theoretical and experimental advances in the techniques available for solving crystal structures have led to the development of several powerful techniques for solving complex structures, including those of proteins. In this 1995 book, Michael Woolfson and Fan Hai-Fu describe all the available methods and how they are used. In addition to traditional methods such as the use of the Patterson function and isomorphous replacement, and the direct methods, the authors include methods that use anomalous scattering and observations from multiple-beam scattering. The fundamental physics and mathematical analyses are fully explained. Practical aspects of applying the methods are emphasised.

This highly illustrated monograph provides a comprehensive treatment of the study of the structure and function of the molecules of life--proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses--using synchrotron radiation and crystallography. Beginning with chapters on the fundamentals of macromolecular crystallography and macromolecular structure, the book goes on to review the sources and properties of synchrotron radiation, instrumentation, and monochromatic data collection. There are also chapters on the Laue method, on diffuse X-ray scattering, and on variable wavelength anomalous dispersion methods. The book concludes with a description and survey of applications including studies at high resolution, the use of small crystals, the study of large unit cells, and time-resolved crystallography (particularly of enzymes). Appendices are provided that present essential information for the synchrotron user as well as information about synchrotron facilities currently available.

This volume deals with the technologies of crystal fabrication, of crystal machining, and of epilayer production and is the first book on industrial and scientific aspects of crystal and layer production. Highest-quality crystals and epitaxical layers form the base for many of industries technological advances, including telecommunication, computer and electric energy technology, and those technologies based on lasers and nonlinear-optic crystals. Furthermore, automobile electronics, audiovisual equipment and infrared night-vision all depend on high-quality crystals and epilayers, as do novel technologies currently in development and planned for the future.

This book contains 29 contributions of leading crystal technologists covering the following topics: General aspects of crystal growth technology Silicon Compound semiconductors Oxides and halides Crystal machining Epitaxy and layer deposition

Scientific and technological problems of production and machining of industrial crystals are discussed by top experts, most of the m from the major growth industries and crystal growth centres.

It is anticipated that this volume will serve all scientists and engineers involved in crystal and epilayer fabrication. In addition, it will be useful for the users of crystals, for teachers and graduate students in materials sciences, in electronic and other functional materials, chemical and metallurgical engineering, micro-and optoelectronics including nanotechnology, mechanical engineering and precision-machining, microtechnology, and in solid-state sciences. Also consultants and specialists will profit from this book, as will those interested in crystals, epilayers, and their productionfor saving energy (GaN- and SiC-based high-power electronics and light-emitting diodes for illumination) and for renewable energy sources (economic high-efficiency solar cells and forthcoming laser-fusion energy).

Clear, concise explanation of the logical development of basic crystallographic concepts. Extensive discussion of crystals and lattices, symmetry, crystal systems and geometry, x-ray diffraction, determination of atomic positions and more. Well-chosen selection of problems, with answers. Ideal for a course in crystallography or as a supplement to physical chemistry courses. "This is truly a delightful monograph"-Canadian Chemical Education. 1969 edition. 114 illustrations.

Since it was first published in 1995, "Photonic Crystals" has remained the definitive text for both undergraduates and researchers on photonic band-gap materials and their use in controlling the propagation of light. This newly expanded and revised edition covers the latest developments in the field, providing the most up-to-date, concise, and comprehensive book available on these novel materials and their applications.

Starting from Maxwell's equations and Fourier analysis, the authors develop the theoretical tools of photonics using principles of linear algebra and symmetry, emphasizing analogies with traditional solid-state physics and quantum theory. They then investigate the unique phenomena that take place within photonic crystals at defect sites and surfaces, from one to three dimensions. This new edition includes entirely new chapters describing important hybrid structures that use band gaps or periodicity only in some directions: periodic waveguides, photonic-crystal slabs, and photonic-crystal fibers. The authors demonstrate how the capabilities of photonic crystals to localize light can be put to work in devices such as filters and splitters. A new appendix provides an overview of computational methods for electromagnetism. Existing chapters have been considerably updated and expanded to include many new three-dimensional photonic crystals, an extensive tutorial on device design using temporal coupled-mode theory, discussions of diffraction and refraction at crystal interfaces, and more. Richly illustrated and accessibly written, "Photonic Crystals" is an indispensable resource for students and researchers.Extensively revised and expanded Features improved graphics throughout Includes new chapters on photonic-crystal fibers and combined index-and band-gap-guiding Provides an introduction to coupled-mode theory as a powerful tool for device design Covers many new topics, including omnidirectional reflection, anomalous refraction and diffraction, computational photonics, and much more.

Dendrimers are hyperbranched molecules with well-defined nanometer-scale dimensions. Important technological applications of these systems, both in biomedicine and materials science, have been recently proposed. Liquid crystal dendrimers are fascinating materials that combine the characteristics of dendrimers with the anisotropic physical behaviour and molecular self-organization typical of liquid crystals. This unique association of physical and chemical properties, together with the possibility of multi-selective functionalization put forward by dendrimers, opens new perspectives for applications. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful experimental technique applied in materials science and an important tool to the study of molecular organization and dynamics. This book presents an introduction to dendrimers properties with special insight into liquid crystal dendrimers and a detailed description of the NMR theory and experimental techniques used in the investigation of these materials. It also discusses recent NMR research results on liquid crystal dendrimers, with emphasis on molecular order and dynamics studies. This book introduces the properties of dendrimers, with special insight into liquid crystal dendrimers, and a detailed description of NMR theory and experimental techniques used in the investigation of these materials. It also discusses results of recent NMR research on liquid crystal dendrimers, with an emphasis on molecular order and dynamics studies. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students of physics, chemistry, and materials science and researchers in the fields of dendrimers, liquid crystals, and NMR will find the book extremely useful.

How can elements be combined to produce a solid with specified properties? This book acquaints readers with the established principles of crystallography and cohesive forces needed to address the fundamental relationship among composition, structure and bonding. Starting with an introduction to periodic trends, the book discusses crystal structures and the various primary and secondary bonding types, and finishes by describing a number of models for predicting phase stability and structure. Its large number of worked examples, exercises, and detailed descriptions of numerous crystal structures make this an outstanding advanced undergraduate or graduate-level textbook for students of materials science.

The first textbook for teaching this method to users with little mathematical background logically presents the theory and fundamentals in an easily comprehensible, self-contained way.
The result is a must-have for advanced undergraduate students, as well as masters and graduate students and other users of single-crystal X-ray crystallography from many various disciplines.

Closely follows an actual structural determination. After some introductory material on the nature of x--rays, the diffraction process, and the internal geometry of crystals, the selection and preparation of a crystal are considered. Techniques of measuring raw x--ray data are covered, plus their reduction into a useable form. The second part discusses both traditional and novel methods of solving the "phasea a problem, the principal difficulty in x--ray structure determination. The third part considers how to extract the most information from the data and how to evaluate its reliability. Finally, there is a discussion of sources of error in practice and interpretation.

This text discusses the physical principles of how and why crystals grow. It introduces the fundamental properties of crystal surfaces at equilibrium, and describes simple models and basic concepts of crystal growth including diffusion, thermal smoothing of a surface, and applications to semiconductors. It also covers more complex topics such as kinetic roughness, growth instabilities, and elastic effects, as well as the crucial contributions of crystal growth in electronics during this century. The book focuses on growth using molecular beam epitaxy. Throughout, the emphasis is on the role played by modern statistical physics. Informative appendices, interesting exercises and an extensive bibliography reinforce the text.

A textbook for the senior undergraduate or graduate student beginning a serious study of X-ray crystallography. It will be of interest both to those intending to become professional crystallographers and to those physicists, chemists, biologists, geologists, metallurgists and others who will use it as a tool in their research. All major aspects of crystallography are covered--the geometry of crystals and their symmetry, theoretical and practical aspects of diffracting X-rays by crystals and how the data may be analyzed to find the symmetry of the crystal and its structure. Includes recent advances such as the synchrotron as a source of X-rays, methods of solving structures from power data and the full range of techniques for solving structures from single-crystal data. Computer programs are provided for carrying out many operations of data-processing and solving crystal structures including by direct methods. These programs are required for many of the examples given at the end of each chapter but can be used to create new examples by which students can test themselves or each other.

Theoretical and experimental advances in the techniques available for solving crystal structures have led to the development of several powerful techniques in crystallography for solving complex structures, including those of proteins. Michael Woolfson and Fan Hai-fu describe all the available methods and how they are used. In addition to traditional methods such as the use of the Patterson function and isomorphous replacement, and direct methods, the authors include methods that use anomalous scattering and observations from multiple-beam scattering. The fundamental physics and mathematical analyses are fully explained. Practical aspects of applying the methods are emphasised. This book will be valuable to working crystallographers and to graduate students who are being introduced to the problems of solving crystal structures.