The aim of this text is to provide some insight into chemical defects in crystalline solids. Chemical defects, which are mistakes or changes in the atomic make-up of the crystals, have far-reaching effects on the composition, optical properties and electronic properties of materials. The area is therefore of relevance to chemists, physicists, materials scientists and engineers. The book has been designed to be read by students with no prior knowledge of the subject, but with a background in basic chemistry and physics. It begins with relatively simple ideas but progresses into a discussion of complex materials, at the forefront of research in the field. The links between principles and applications have been strengthened in the text by the inclusion of a series of case studies. In addition, the crystal structures that are of most importance have been described throughout the book in a series of boxes, to provide a crystallographic reference within the text.

This book provides a comprehensive and easy to use introduction to fundamental theory and techniques of structure analysis by X-ray diffraction. It will be an invaluable reference to X-ray crystallographers, practitioners of X-ray analysis and all those involved in materials characterization.

This book offers a compact overview on crystallography, symmetry, and applications of symmetry concepts. The author explains the theory behind scattering and diffraction of electromagnetic radiation. X-ray diffraction on single crystals as well as quantitative evaluation of powder patterns are discussed.

Ferroelectric materials, in addition to possessing the unique property of a reversible, spontaneous polarization, exhibit a range of other significant and useful properties. These include high values of piezoelectric, pyroelectric, nonlinear optic, electrooptic, photorefractice and dielectric permittivity coefficients. Another fascinating property of ferroelectric materials is their photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic effects have been extensively studied in the past in symmetric materials such as silicon. This volume is the first concentrated treatment of the characteristics, theory and potential applications of the photovoltaic effect in noncentrosymmetric materials, which include ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics. The book also deals with the relationship between the photovoltaic and the photorefractive effects. The latter has already been well-studied and is finding many applications in optical processing and computing. This volume should prove to be an important text as well as a comprehensive reference source for basic and applied researchers working on photovoltaic, photorefractive and other photoeffects in ferroelectrics and related materials.

Photonic crystals are a very hot topic in photonics. The basics, fabrication, application and new theoretical developments in the field of photonic crystals are presented in a comprehensive way, together with a survey of the advanced state-of-the-art report.

The book includes several topics as per Universities curriculum of M.Sc. and M.Phil. course work in Chemistry. This covers different Physiological aspects of Bioinorganic Chemistry in terms of 4 Chapters with in-depth and up-to-date coverage. The book symmetrically presents (i) Coordination chemistry of chlorophylls/bacteriochlophylls and its functional aspects in photosynthesis, (ii) Complexes containing nitric oxide: Synthesis, reactivity, structure, bonding, and therapeutic aspects of nitric oxide releasing molecules (NORMS) in human beings and plants, (iv) Complexes containing carbon monoxide: Synthesis, reactivity, structure, bonding, and therapeutic aspects of carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMS) in human beings and plants, and (iv) Advantageous role of gaseous signaling molecule, H2S: Hydrogen sulphide and their respective donors, in ophthalmic diseases and physiological implications in plants. At the end, three relevant topics are included as appendices for updating students and faculty members.

The knowledge about crystal structure and its correlation with physical properties is the prerequisite for designing new materials with taylored properties. This work provides for researchers and graduates a valuable resource on various techniques for crystal structure determinations. By discussing a broad range of different materials and tools the authors enable the understanding of why a material might be suitable for a particular application.

Focusing on the physical properties of diamond and sapphire, this monograph provides readers with essential details on crystal structure and growth, mechanical properties, thermal properties, optical properties, light scattering of diamond and sapphire crystals, and sapphire lasers. Various physical properties are comprehensively discussed: Mechanical properties include hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength, and Young's modulus. Thermal properties include thermal expansion, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. Optical properties of diamond and sapphire include transmission, refractive index, and absorption. Light scattering includes Raman scattering and Brillouin scattering. Sapphire lasers include chromium-doped and titanium-doped lasers. Aimed at researchers and industry professionals working in materials science, physics, electrical engineering, and related fields, this monograph is the first to concentrate solely on physical properties of these increasingly important materials.

There have been several recent breakthroughs in the supramolecular domain: larger molecular components are being synthesized; 2D layers involving multiple recognition sites; crystals with intricate building blocks are being designed; more components are being used in assembly and self-assembly "algorithms" (some having molecular weights as high as 15,000); and there is an increasing versatility in applications. The difficulty in characterizing and obtaining structural information on such large assemblies has increased to such a level that no single technique is now adequate. Various methods have now been upgraded and are being combined: X-ray diffraction (structures with hundreds of independent atoms), NMR, AFM/STM (manipulation of a single molecule), FAB/MS, time-resolved techniques up to the picosecond range, new computational approaches, and others. The present book aims to shed light on the most recent developments in both the synthesis of novel assemblies and on current methods for their characterization.

"International Tables for Crystallography" is the definitive resource and reference work for crystallography and structural science.

Each of the eight volumes in the series contains articles and tables of data relevant to crystallographic research and to applications of crystallographic methods in all sciences concerned with the structure and properties of materials. Emphasis is given to symmetry, diffraction methods and techniques of crystal-structure determination, and the physical and chemical properties of crystals. The data are accompanied by discussions of theory, practical explanations and examples, all of which are useful for teaching.

Volume E covers the standard nomenclature and representations for the 7 crystallographic frieze-group types, the 75 crystallographic rod-group types and the 80 crystallographic layer-group types. The information tabulated for these groups is identical in format and content to that given for the 230 space groups in Volume A, and is essential for the analysis of the structure and physical properties of crystalline materials that contain linear or planar substructures. In addition, scanning tables are given for each of the 230 space groups, designed for use in the analysis of interfaces.

This second edition of Volume E has been revised and includes additional information in the comparison tables of notations for the subperiodic group types to improve ease of use. The Seitz notation of each symmetry operation has also been included.

Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie. Supplement Volume 38 presents the complete Abstracts of all contributions to the 26th Annual Conference of the German Crystallographic Society in Essen (Germany) 2018: - Plenary Talks - Microsymposia - Poster Session Supplement Series of Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie publishes Abstracts of international conferences on the interdisciplinary field of crystallography.

Who is Ivan Stranski, you ask? If you Google his name you will find thousands of sites that talk about him. In fact, the Kossel-Stranski model of crystal growth and the Stranski-Krastanov mode of growth of thin epitaxial films are named after him - just two of the many scientific ideas and concepts Professor Stranski introduced to science (and through which a whole new field in science was born). Today thousands of physicists, chemists and materials scientists all over the world are working in the field of crystal growth, particularly in epitaxial growth and nucleation which are necessary for the invention of new materials and high technologies. In this respect, the life, personality and way of thinking of this remarkable scientist should be of great interest to both beginners and professionals in science.This book describes the life and scientific achievements of Ivan Stranski, Bulgarian-German physical chemist and the father of crystal growth, against the historical backdrop of wars, massacres, and remarkable scientific discoveries in the 20th century. It covers his family roots, which are remarkable in their own right, his life and career both in Bulgaria and Germany (West Berlin), and his scientific achievements, including his most important contribution to the physics of crystal growth.The book captures Professor Stranski's personality and way of thinking as much as possible from the recollections of his disciples and contemporaries. Short biographical notes about his most renowned students in Bulgaria, Rostislaw Kaischew and Lyubomir Krastanov, with whom Stranski developed his most fundamental ideas are also included.

Crystallography is one of the most multidisciplinary sciences, with roots in fields as varied as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, computation and earth and planetary science. The structural knowledge gained from crystallography has been instrumental in acquiring new levels of understanding in numerous scientific areas. Perspectives in Crystallography provides an overview of the current state of the field, reviews its historical origins and explains how crystallography contributes to the sustainability of life. This book resonates with the recent United Nations and UNESCO International Year of Crystallography, a celebration of its achievements and importance, undertaken with the International Union of Crystallography. The author of this book is the editor in chief of Crystallography Reviews, where some of the contents have been previously published. Here, subjects of interest to specialists and non-specialists have been brought together in a single source. The book opens with a description of the ways to explain crystallography to diverse general audiences. It also addresses various topics in crystallography, including: The evolution and importance of synchrotron radiation to crystallography The structural chemistry and biology of colouration in marine crustacea Predicting protonation states of proteins versus crystallographic experimentation The book then offers a projection of crystal structure analysis in the next 100 years and concludes by emphasizing the societal impacts of crystallography that allow for sustainability of life. Perspectives in Crystallography offers a threefold look into the past, present and long-term development and relevance of crystal structure analysis. It is concerned not only with the state of the field, but with its role in the perpetuation of life on earth. As such, it is a reference of vital interest to a bro

Basic Crystallography J. -J. Rousseau Department of Physics, University of Maine, Le Mans, France Translated from the French by A. James, University of Picardie, France Basic Crystallography deals with the basic principles of geometrical crystallography which are introduced through the study of lattices, symmetry operations and the enumeration and construction of point groups and space groups. Stereographic projection is used to enable students to visualise crystallographic structures in real space. The author devotes the second part of the book to X-ray crystallography, showing how different diffraction directions depend on the lattice and how spot intensities are related to the unit-cell. To give students an understanding of the principles of structural determination, the classical techniques of diffraction and methods of interpreting spectra are examined. To tackle the more challenging aspects of the subject, help is given to the student in the form of exercises with answers and a computer disk accompanies the book allowing readers to work through exercises and plot their own crystallographic data. Written primarily for final year undergraduate students of physics, chemistry, materials science and geometry the book will also be useful for engineering students.

By considering the solid state packing of linear chain wax components, this book aims at understanding three things: firstly, which modifications of molecular components are allowed for maintaining stable solid solutions; secondly, what happens when stability conditions are traversed and fractionation begins and thirdly, the structure of fractionated arrays. The co-compatibility of molecular ingredients is considered in terms of their shapes and relative sizes, following an approach originally proposed by Kitaigorodskii. As demonstrated profusely by the crystal structures of pure component types (e. g. alkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, long chain esters, cholesteryl esters) and insertion of functional groups (e. g. chain branches, unsaturation, heteroatoms), characteristic molecular packing arrays provide important geometric information for understanding the co-packing of different molecules in mixtures. Single crystal and spectroscopic data from polydisperse arrays can then be evaluated to arrive at plausible structures of solid solutions and fractionated systems. The resultant structures are not only relevant to the understanding of so-called waxes but also include certain classes of polymers. The ramifications of this work extend into any solid state array of polymethylene chains, including lipid foodstuffs.

The Molecular Solid State Founding Editor: J. D. Dunitz ETH Zentrum, ZA1/4rich, Switzerland This new series reports on advances in the field of molecular solid state chemistry. Each volume focuses on selected areas and highlights methods and results in syntheses, properties and applications. Future volumes will provide a continuing forum for the discussion of chemical, physical, biological and crystallographic aspects of the molecular solid state. Theoretical Aspects and Computer Modeling of the Molecular Solid State Edited by Angelo Gavezzotti, University of Milan, Italy Focusing on crystal symmetry, intermolecular forces and the thermodynamics of solids and phase transitions, this first volume in the series provides the basic theoretical framework for understanding the molecular solid state. This compendium of reviews opens the way to the computer modeling of molecules and molecular crystals, enabling the reproduction and prediction of structural and energetic properties. This forms the basis for understanding the exciting developments in experimental techniques and the design and creation of novel materials. An appreciation of the underlying theories and uses of molecular modeling packages is essential for the solid state chemist. Angelo Gavezzotti is a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Milan and a renowned expert in the theoretical and computer modeling of organic solids. He provides an introductory chapter on crystal symmetry and molecular recognition, a topic that is essential in understanding how crystals grow and how crystal properties are related to the physical properties of solids. Theoretical Aspects and Computer Modeling of the Molecular Solid State isinvaluable to theoretical chemists in materials science, crystallography and solid state chemistry.

In crystal chemistry and crystal physics, the relations between the symmetry groups (space groups) of crystalline solids are of special importance. Part 1 of this book presents the necessary mathematical foundations and tools: the fundamentals of crystallography with special emphasis on symmetry, the theory of the crystallographic groups, and the formalisms of the needed crystallographic computations. Part 2 gives an insight into applications to problems in crystal chemistry. With the aid of numerous examples, it is shown how crystallographic group theory can be used to make evident relationships between crystal structures, to set up a systematic order in the huge amount of known crystal structures, to predict crystal structures, to analyse phase transitions and topotactic reactions in the solid state, to understand the formation of domains and twins in crystals, and to avoid errors in crystal structure determinations. A broad range of end-of-chapter exercises offers the possibility to apply the learned material. Worked-out solutions to the exercises can be found at the end of the book.

Crystal growth far from thermodynamic equilibrium is nothing but homoepitaxy - thin film growth on a crystalline substrate of the same material. Because of the absence of misfit effects, homoepitaxy is an ideal playground to study growth kinetics in its pure form. Despite its conceptual simplicity, homoepitaxy gives rise to a wide range of patterns. This book explains the formation of such patterns in terms of elementary atomic processes, using the well-studied Pt/Pt(111) system as a reference point and a large number of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy images for visualization. Topics include surface diffusion, nucleation theory, island shapes, mound formation and coarsening, and layer-by-layer growth. A separate chapter is dedicated to describing the main experimental and theoretical methods. The text is aimed at physicists with an interest in growth kinetics, surface scientists, graduate students, and practitioners of thin film deposition.

This book highlights the basics of crystal optics methods and refractive index (RI) measurement techniques in various solids, as well as their scientific and technological applications. In addition to new techniques for cases when traditional techniques are impractical, such as for highly refracting powders, anomalous dispersion of light in the studied solid, or for colloids, it also describes conventional methods of RI measurement.

X-ray scattering is a well-established technique in materials science. Several excellent textbooks exist in this field, but these texts are typically written by physicists who use mathematics to make things clear. Consequently these books appeal less to students and scientists in the field of soft matter (polymers, liquid crystals, colloids, self-assembled organic systems) who usually have a more chemical-oriented background with limited mathematics. Moreover, they need to know about the technique of x-ray scattering, but do not intend to become an expert. The aim of this book is to explain basic principles and applications of x-ray scattering in a simple way using many practical examples followed by more elaborate case studies. The book contains a separate chapter on the different types of order/disorder in soft matter that play such an important role in modern self-assembling systems. Finally the last chapter treats soft matter surfaces and thin film that are increasingly used in coatings and in many technological applications, such as liquid crystal displays and nanostructured block copolymer films. This book has been written for the large community of soft matter students and scientists.

Originally published in 1938, this textbook was primarily designed for university students to provide a solid grounding in the science of crystal physics. Previous knowledge of materials science is considered a prerequisite for the content as well as a solid understanding of physics, mathematics and crystallography. Throughout this book a two-fold purpose has been kept in view - 'to present the classical treatment of the physical properties of crystals in terms of tensor notation and also to indicate the lines of development of modern theoretical and experimental research'. Chapters are broad in scope, detailed and clearly written; chapter titles include, 'Conduction', 'Electric induction' and 'Elasticity'. Multiple diagrams are included throughout for reference. Encompassing the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of the subject and its rapid scientific developments, this textbook will be of significant value to students of physics as well to anyone with an interest in crystallography, geology and the history of education.

The collection of articles in this book offers a penetrating shaft into the still burgeoning subject of light propagation and localization in photonic crystals and disordered media. While the subject has its origins in physics, it has broad significance and applicability in disciplines such as engineering, chemistry, mathematics, and medicine. Unlike other branches of physics, where the phenomena under consideration require extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, energy, or isolation from competing effects, the phenomena related to light localization survive under the most ordinary of conditions. This provides the science described in this book with broad applicability and vitality. However, the greatest challenge to the further development of this field is in the reliable and inexpensive synthesis of materials of the required composition, architecture and length scale, where the proper balance between order and disorder is realized. Similar challenges have been faced and overcome in fields such as semiconductor science and technology. The challenge of photonic crystal synthesis has inspired a variety of novel fabrication protocols such as self-assembly and optical interference lithography that offer much less expensive approaches than conventional semiconductor microlithography. Once these challenges are fully met, it is likely that light propagation and localization in photonic microstructures will be at the heart of a 21st-century revolution in science and technology. -From the Introduction, Sajeev John, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada One of the first books specifically focused on disorder in photonic structures, Optical Properties of Photonic Structures: Interplay of Order and Disorder explores how both order and disorder provide the key to the different regimes of light transport and to the systematic localization and trapping of light. Collecting contributions from leaders of research activity in th

The first comprehensive textbook on the optical properties of photonic crystals. It deals not only with the properties of the radiation modes inside the crystals but also with their peculiar optical response to external fields. Has consistently been a good seller (sometimes best-seller) at Optical Society of America meetings. Important recent developments such as the enhancement of stimulated emission, second harmonic generation, quadrature-phase squeezing, and low-threshold lasing are also treated in detail and made understandable. Numerical methods are also emphasized. Provides both an introduction for graduate and undergraduate students and also key information for researchers in this field. The second edition features a new chapter on superfluorescence and updated text and references throughout.

This book presents selected topics on processing and properties of ferroelectric materials that are currently the focus of attention in scientific and technical research. Ferro-piezoelectric ceramics are key materials in devices for many applications, such as automotive, healthcare and non-destructive testing. As they are polycrystalline, non-centrosymmetric materials, their piezoelectricity is induced by the so-called poling process. This is based on the principle of polarization reversal by the action of an electric field that characterizes the ferroelectric materials. This book was born with the aim of increasing the awareness of the multifunctionality of ferroelectric materials among different communities, such as researchers, electronic engineers, end-users and manufacturers, working on and with ferro-piezoelectric ceramic materials and devices which are based on them. The initiative to write this book comes from a well-established group of researchers at the Laboratories of Ferroelectric Materials, Materials Science Institute of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC). This group has been working in different areas concerning thin films and bulk ceramic materials since the mid-1980s. It is a partner of the Network of Excellence on Multifunctional and Integrated Piezoelectric Devices (MIND) of the EC, in which the European Institute of Piezoelectric Materials and Devices has its origin.