Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Die Mi13bildungen und angeborenen Erkrankungen beanspruchen unser Interesse nach verschiedener Richtung hin. Sie haben vor allem eine anatomisch -pathologische, physiologische, klinische - besonders chirur- gische und geburtshilfliche - und auch rechtliche Bedeutung. Alle Tatsachen aus den erwahnten Disziplinen GBPlnden sich zerstreut in den yerschiedensten Lehr- und Handbiichern, einzelnen Abhandlungen. Da- durch wird eine schnelle Orientierung in erster Linie dem Studierenden, dem beschiiftigten Praktiker, iiberhaupt allen, die an dem Gegenstand Interesse haben, sehr schwer gemacht. Eine umfassende Bearbeitung dieser ganzen Frage fehlt noch ganz. Ich habe in folgendem versucht, diese Liicke aus- zufiillen. Dabei bin ich mir wohl bewu13t, das Thema nicht in erschopfender Weise behandelt zu haben. Eine derartige erschopfende Behandlung des- selben konnte nur geschehen unter gemeinsamer Mitarbeit aller in Frage kommenden Vertreter der erwahnten Disziplinen. Ein so grundl6gendes Handbuch zu schaffen war jedoch weder die Absicht des Verfassers noch des Verlegers. Ich habe mich vielmehr bemiiht, selbst alles in der allgemeinen Lite- ratur Zusammengetragene, soweit es fUr die vorliegende Arbeit wichtig erschien, zu sammeln und zu verwerten. Es liegt auf der Hand, da13 ich als Gynakologe in erster Linie und am ausfUhrlichsten neb en der patho- logisch-anatomischen die geburtshilfliche Seite des Themas bearbeitet habe. Eine groI3e Reihe der MiI3bildungen und angeborenen Erkrankungen hat iiberhaupt nur oder wenigstens in erster Linie eine rein geburtshilfliche Bedeutung.

Dies ist ein Open Access Buch. Wir haben immer mehr Alte, immer weniger Kinder. Dank wissenschaftlicher Fortschritte verlangert sich die Lebenserwartung standig. Erkenntnisse aus der Naturwissenschaft in der post-genomischen AEra deuten darauf, dass diese Entwicklung trotz der Zunahme altersassoziierter Krankheiten und Behinderungen noch nicht am Ende angekommen ist. Droht diese Flut von Alten, Rentnern und "Konsumenten des Lebens" zum Verlust des Zusammenhalts der Gesellschaft zu fuhren? Nach der Bestandsaufnahme der jungsten Errungenschaften der Forschung hat das interaktive Symposium sich mit den Chancen und Gefahren der "gewonnenen Jahre" auseinandergesetzt. Die Referentinnen und Referenten sind herausragende Vertreter der Biologie und Medizin. Meinungsbildner der Geisteswissenschaften und Persoenlichkeiten aus der Politik kamen ebenfalls zu Wort.Dies ist ein Open-Access-Buch.

Development of the Nervous System, Fourth Edition provides an informative and up-to-date account of our present understanding of the basic principles of neural development as exemplified by key experiments and observations from past and recent times. This book reflects the advances made over the last few years, demonstrating their promise for both therapy and molecular understanding of one of the most complex processes in animal development. This information is critical for neuroscientists, developmental biologists, educators, and students at various stages of their career, providing a clear presentation of the frontiers of this exciting and medically important area of developmental biology. The book includes a basic introduction to the relevant aspects of neural development, covering all the major topics that form the basis of a comprehensive, advanced undergraduate and graduate curriculum, including the patterning and growth of the nervous system, neuronal determination, axonal navigation and targeting, neuron survival and death, synapse formation and plasticity.

This book facilitates an integrative understanding of the development, genetics and evolution of butterfly wing patterns. To develop a deep and realistic understanding of the diversity and evolution of butterfly wing patterns, it is essential and necessary to approach the problem from various kinds of key research fields such as "evo-devo," "eco-devo," "developmental genetics," "ecology and adaptation," "food plants," and "theoretical modeling." The past decade-and-a-half has seen a veritable revolution in our understanding of the development, genetics and evolution of butterfly wing patterns. In addition, studies of how environmental and climatic factors affect the expression of color patterns has led to increasingly deeper understanding of the pervasiveness and underlying mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity. In recognition of the great progress in research on the biology, an international meeting titled "Integrative Approach to Understanding the Diversity of Butterfly Wing Patterns (IABP-2016)" was held at Chubu University, Japan in August 2016. This book consists of selected contributions from the meeting. Authors include main active researchers of new findings of corresponding genes as well as world leaders in both experimental and theoretical approaches to wing color patterns. The book provides excellent case studies for graduate and undergraduate classes in evolution, genetics/genomics, developmental biology, ecology, biochemistry, and also theoretical biology, opening the door to a new era in the integrative approach to the analysis of biological problems. This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

This textbook provides a collection of case studies in paleoanthropology demonstrating the method and limitations of science. These cases introduce the reader to various problems and illustrate how they have been addressed historically. The various topics selected represent important corrections in the field, some critical breakthroughs, models of good reasoning and experimental design, and important ideas emerging from normal science.

This book will provide an overview of basic epigenetic phenomena; interaction between epigenetic and genetic factors; and the influence of epigenetic factors on inheritance. Epigenetic states may contribute to the penetrance of genetic polymorphisms or mutations and thereby modify inheritance patterns. This may result in non-Mendelian inheritance of genetic traits such as observed in common human disease. The relationship between epigenetics and genetics, however, has not been comprehensively summarized yet. The topic is being more and more appreciated lately due to considerable advances in genomic and epigenomic approaches to study the origins of human disease. The editors will focus not only on describing epigenetic characteristics, mechanisms and results, but also on how considerations of epigenetics can alter interpretation and analysis of risks for complex traits. This book will be a resource for those who have been working in human genetics or analysis of human genetic data and are studying the impact of epigenetics on inheritance. An overview will be given of the impacts of inter-individual variation in epigenetic states from major changes (errors in genomic imprinting) that cause congenital developmental defects to subtle changes and their impact on complex traits. The editors will discuss the relationship between epigenetic changes and genetic changes in human disease. Several chapters will also focus on statistical analysis of epigenetics effects, either in human disease genetic studies, or in population genetics.

The gastrointestinal mucosal defense system serves to minimize mucosal injury by either ingested or endogenously produced noxious substances. The mucosal defense system is stratified into pre-epithelial (alkaline mucus), epithelial (dynamic epithelial lining), and post-epithelial (microcirculation) components. The mucus lining the epithelial surface presents a diffusional barrier to ingested material (e.g., lipids) and also serves as an unstirred layer in which a pH gradient can be established to prevent acid-induced injury. The epithelial lining prevents entrance of any toxic material to the interstitium and, should it be damaged, it is rapidly resealed by migration of adjacent viable epithelial cells to cover the defect. Any acid or other material that has entered the interstitium is washed out by an intense neurogenic hyperemia. In general, the mucosal defense system is quite effective and any adverse gastrointestinal effects associated with the normal course of nutrient assimilation are minimal. However, there are two situations in which the mucosal defense system is known to be ineffective and result in gastric mucosal injury: inadvertent ingestion of H. pylori. or intentional ingestion of NSAIDs. H. pylori can penetrate the mucus layers and cause epithelial injury and inflammation, while at the same time preventing its clearance by the host immune system. NSAIDs weaken the mucus layer and cause epithelial cell injury.