This book shows how Lie group and integrability techniques, originally developed for differential equations, have been adapted to the case of difference equations. Difference equations are playing an increasingly important role in the natural sciences. Indeed, many phenomena are inherently discrete and thus naturally described by difference equations. More fundamentally, in subatomic physics, space-time may actually be discrete. Differential equations would then just be approximations of more basic discrete ones. Moreover, when using differential equations to analyze continuous processes, it is often necessary to resort to numerical methods. This always involves a discretization of the differential equations involved, thus replacing them by difference ones. Each of the nine peer-reviewed chapters in this volume serves as a self-contained treatment of a topic, containing introductory material as well as the latest research results and exercises. Each chapter is presented by one or more early career researchers in the specific field of their expertise and, in turn, written for early career researchers. As a survey of the current state of the art, this book will serve as a valuable reference and is particularly well suited as an introduction to the field of symmetries and integrability of difference equations. Therefore, the book will be welcomed by advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as by more advanced researchers.

This new volume provides the information needed to understand the simplex method, the revised simplex method, dual simplex method, and more for solving linear programming problems. Following a logical order, the book first gives a mathematical model of the linear problem programming and describes the usual assumptions under which the problem is solved. It gives a brief description of classic algorithms for solving linear programming problems as well as some theoretical results. It goes on to explain the definitions and solutions of linear programming problems, outlining the simplest geometric methods and showing how they can be implemented. Practical examples are included along the way. The book concludes with a discussion of multi-criteria decision-making methods. Advances in Optimization and Linear Programming is a highly useful guide to linear programming for professors and students in optimization and linear programming.

Differential equations is one of the oldest subjects in modern mathematics. It was not long after Newton and Leibniz invented the calculus that Bernoulli and Euler and others began to consider the heat equation and the wave equation of mathematical physics. Newton himself solved differential equations both in the study of planetary motion and also in his consideration of optics. Today differential equations is the centerpiece of much of engineering, of physics, of significant parts of the life sciences, and in many areas of mathematical modeling. This text describes classical ideas and provides an entree to the newer ones. The author pays careful attention to advanced topics like the Laplace transform, Sturm-Liouville theory, and boundary value problems (on the traditional side) but also pays due homage to nonlinear theory, to modeling, and to computing (on the modern side). This book began as a modernization of George Simmons' classic, Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes. Prof. Simmons invited the author to update his book. Now in the third edition, this text has become the author's own and a unique blend of the traditional and the modern. The text describes classical ideas and provides an entree to newer ones. Modeling brings the subject to life and makes the ideas real. Differential equations can model real life questions, and computer calculations and graphics can then provide real life answers. The symbiosis of the synthetic and the calculational provides a rich experience for students, and prepares them for more concrete, applied work in future courses. Additional Features Anatomy of an Application sections. Historical notes continue to be a unique feature of this text. Math Nuggets are brief perspectives on mathematical lives or other features of the discipline that will enhance the reading experience. Problems for Review and Discovery give students some open-ended material for exploration and further learning. They are an important means of extending the reach of the text, and for anticipating future work. This new edition is re-organized to make it more useful and more accessible. The most frequently taught topics are now up front. And the major applications are isolated in their own chapters. This makes this edition the most useable and flexible of any previous editions.

This book draws together information previously available only in hard-to-find journals to introduce the most recent research in six key areas of numerical analysis: guaranteed error bounds for ordinary differential equations; computational methods for differential equations; numerical solution of differential-algebraic equations; boundary element methods; perturbation theory for infinite dimensional dynamical systems; and delay differential equations. Excellent up-to-date bibliographies are included, but the essential material is expertly presented to avoid lengthy searches. The research assumes a relatively low level of prerequisite knowledge, making it an important tool for graduate students and researchers in computational mathematics and in applications areas in physics and engineering.

This volume highlights the analysis on noncompact and singular manifolds within the framework of the cone calculus with asymptotics. The three papers at the beginning deal with parabolic equations, a topic relevant for many applications. The first article presents a calculus for pseudodifferential operators with an anisotropic analytic parameter. The subsequent paper develops an algebra of Mellin operators on the infinite space-time cylinder. It is shown how timelike infinity can be treated as a conical singularity. In the third text - the central article of this volume - the authors use these results to obtain precise information on the long-time asymptotics of solutions to parabolic equations and to construct inverses within the calculus. There follows a factorization theorem for meromorphic symbols: It is proven that each of these can be decomposed into a holomorphic invertible part and a smoothing part containing all the meromorphic information. It is expected that this result will be important for applications in the analysis of nonlinear hyperbolic equations. The final article addresses the question of the coordinate invariance of the Mellin calculus with asymptotics.

The purpose of this book is to present a self contained introduction to the mathematical and physical aspects of the theory of water waves. The book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate levels for engineers, physical scientists and mathematicians. Each chapter is concluded with practical problems expressed as exercises and accompanied by ample references for further studies. The book consists of ten chapters arranged into three parts: Part I: Basic Fluid Mechanics and Solutions Techniques which cover chapters 1-3. Part II: Water Waves covering chapters 4-7. Part III Advanced Water Waves which covers chapters 8-10. Parts I and II are elementary in nature; whereas Part III is more advanced. The first three chapters give the derivations of the fundamental mathematical equations. Chapter 2 outlines appropriate differential equations to describe the physical phenomena, and Chapter 3 reviews solution techniques of some simplified partial differential equations. Chapter 4 gives the developmental of wave equations, including the essential boundary conditons and describes small amplitude wave theory. Chapter 5 deals with finite amplitude wave theory and Chapter 6 outlines the study of tidal dynamics in shallow water. For random wave case, the deterministic methods described in previous chapters do not hold good. Therefore, chapter 7 is clearly devoted to wave statistics and wave energy spectrum. The application of wave theory is demonstrated in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 examines the nonlinear long waves in shallow water from a mathematical view point. The book concludes with Chapter 10 which illustrates the inverse scattering technique to solve solitary wave problem.

Now in its second edition, this monograph explores the Monge-Ampere equation and the latest advances in its study and applications. It provides an essentially self-contained systematic exposition of the theory of weak solutions, including regularity results by L. A. Caffarelli. The geometric aspects of this theory are stressed using techniques from harmonic analysis, such as covering lemmas and set decompositions. An effort is made to present complete proofs of all theorems, and examples and exercises are offered to further illustrate important concepts. Some of the topics considered include generalized solutions, non-divergence equations, cross sections, and convex solutions. New to this edition is a chapter on the linearized Monge-Ampere equation and a chapter on interior Hoelder estimates for second derivatives. Bibliographic notes, updated and expanded from the first edition, are included at the end of every chapter for further reading on Monge-Ampere-type equations and their diverse applications in the areas of differential geometry, the calculus of variations, optimization problems, optimal mass transport, and geometric optics. Both researchers and graduate students working on nonlinear differential equations and their applications will find this to be a useful and concise resource.

This book provides a general overview of several concepts of synchronization and brings together related approaches to secure communication in chaotic systems. This is achieved using a combination of analytic, algebraic, geometrical and asymptotical methods to tackle the dynamical feedback stabilization problem. In particular, differential-geometric and algebraic differential concepts reveal important structural properties of chaotic systems and serve as guide for the construction of design procedures for a wide variety of chaotic systems. The basic differential algebraic and geometric concepts are presented in the first few chapters in a novel way as design tools, together with selected experimental studies demonstrating their importance. The subsequent chapters treat recent applications. Written for graduate students in applied physical sciences, systems engineers, and applied mathematicians interested in synchronization of chaotic systems and in secure communications, this self-contained text requires only basic knowledge of integer ordinary and fractional ordinary differential equations. Design applications are illustrated with the help of several physical models of practical interest.

Within this carefully presented monograph, the authors extend the universal phenomenon of synchronization from finite-dimensional dynamical systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to infinite-dimensional dynamical systems of partial differential equations (PDEs). By combining synchronization with controllability, they introduce the study of synchronization to the field of control and add new perspectives to the investigation of synchronization for systems of PDEs. With a focus on synchronization for a coupled system of wave equations, the text is divided into three parts corresponding to Dirichlet, Neumann, and coupled Robin boundary controls. Each part is then subdivided into chapters detailing exact boundary synchronization and approximate boundary synchronization, respectively. The core intention is to give artificial intervention to the evolution of state variables through appropriate boundary controls for realizing the synchronization in a finite time, creating a novel viewpoint into the investigation of synchronization for systems of partial differential equations, and revealing some essentially dissimilar characteristics from systems of ordinary differential equations. Primarily aimed at researchers and graduate students of applied mathematics and applied sciences, this text will particularly appeal to those interested in applied PDEs and control theory for distributed parameter systems.

The trajectory of fractional calculus has undergone several periods of intensive development, both in pure and applied sciences. During the last few decades fractional calculus has also been associated with the power law effects and its various applications. It is a natural to ask if fractional calculus, as a nonlocal calculus, can produce new results within the well-established field of Lie symmetries and their applications. In Lie Symmetry Analysis of Fractional Differential Equations the authors try to answer this vital question by analyzing different aspects of fractional Lie symmetries and related conservation laws. Finding the exact solutions of a given fractional partial differential equation is not an easy task, but is one that the authors seek to grapple with here. The book also includes generalization of Lie symmetries for fractional integro differential equations. Features Provides a solid basis for understanding fractional calculus, before going on to explore in detail Lie Symmetries and their applications Useful for PhD and postdoc graduates, as well as for all mathematicians and applied researchers who use the powerful concept of Lie symmetries Filled with various examples to aid understanding of the topics

Features Contains ready-to-use coding recipes allowing fast prototyping and solving of mathematical problems using FEM. Suitable for upper-level undergraduates and graduates in applied mathematics, science, or engineering. Both MATLAB and Python programming codes are provided to give readers more flexibility in the practical framework implementation.

This book unifies the dynamical systems and functional analysis approaches to the linear and nonlinear stability of waves. It synthesizes fundamental ideas of the past 20+ years of research, carefully balancing theory and application. The book isolates and methodically develops key ideas by working through illustrative examples that are subsequently synthesized into general principles. Many of the seminal examples of stability theory, including orbital stability of the KdV solitary wave, and asymptotic stability of viscous shocks for scalar conservation laws, are treated in a textbook fashion for the first time. It presents spectral theory from a dynamical systems and functional analytic point of view, including essential and absolute spectra, and develops general nonlinear stability results for dissipative and Hamiltonian systems. The structure of the linear eigenvalue problem for Hamiltonian systems is carefully developed, including the Krein signature and related stability indices. The Evans function for the detection of point spectra is carefully developed through a series of frameworks of increasing complexity. Applications of the Evans function to the Orientation index, edge bifurcations, and large domain limits are developed through illustrative examples. The book is intended for first or second year graduate students in mathematics, or those with equivalent mathematical maturity. It is highly illustrated and there are many exercises scattered throughout the text that highlight and emphasize the key concepts. Upon completion of the book, the reader will be in an excellent position to understand and contribute to current research in nonlinear stability.

This book is an invaluable resource for applied researchers to find the analytical solution of differential equations describing the dynamical system with less computational effort and time. It describes the basic concepts of the differential transform method and solution of various real-world problems described by simple to complicated differential equations. It provides a computational technique that is not only conceptually simple and easy to use but also readily adaptable for computer coding. Different chapters of the book deal with the basic differential equations involved in the physical phenomena as well as a complicated system of differential equations described by the mathematical model. The book offers comprehensive coverage of the most essential topics, including Basic concepts and fundamental properties of the proposed technique with proof The solution of linear, nonlinear, homogeneous, and nonhomogeneous ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs) The initial and boundary value problems Real-world ODE and PDE problems are also discussed Applications of Differential Transform to Real World Problems is primarily aimed at undergraduates, graduates, and researchers studying differential equations. Scientists dealing with complicated differential equations or systems of differential equations will also find this book useful.

Nonstandard Analysis enhances mathematical reasoning by introducing new ways of expression and deduction. Distinguishing between standard and nonstandard mathematical objects, its inventor, the eminent mathematician Abraham Robinson, settled in 1961 the centuries-old problem of how to use infinitesimals correctly in analysis. Having also worked as an engineer, he saw not only that his method greatly simplified mathematically proving and teaching, but also served as a powerful tool in modelling, analyzing and solving problems in the applied sciences, among others by effective rescaling and by infinitesimal discretizations.

This book reflects the progress made in the forty years since the appearance of Robinson s revolutionary book Nonstandard Analysis: in the foundations of mathematics and logic, number theory, statistics and probability, in ordinary, partial and stochastic differential equations and in education. The contributions are clear and essentially self-contained."

This book contains contributions from the invited speakers to the fifth S.E.R.C Summer School in Numerical Analysis, which was held at Lancaster University from 19th to 31st July, 1992. The expositions were at a level which could be understood by post-graduate research students, yet would be advanced enough to stimulate established researchers. The book should therefore be useful to a wide class of readers. The topics which are covered include some of the most important areas of current research in numerical analysis. Part I deals with the use of parrallel computers, both for solving large sets of linear equations and calculating the eigensystems of large matrices. Such problems arise from the discretization of partial differential equations. Aspects of the solution of such equations are dealt with in Part II. These include the preconditioning of elliptic problems, the study of semi-conductors, and description of recent methods for the solution of hydrodynamic problems. The contributors are: Jesse L. Barlow, Pennsylvania State University; Professor Jack Dongarra, Oak Ridge National Library; Professor Howard C. Elman, Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, Maryland; Professor Randolph E. Bank, University of California; Professor J.W. Jerome, Northwestern University, and Professor Maurizio Pandolfi, Politecnico di Torino, Italy.

These two volumes present the collected works of James Serrin. He did seminal work on a number of the basic tools needed for the study of solutions of partial differential equations. Many of them have been and are being applied to solving problems in science and engineering. Among the areas which he studied are maximum principle methods and related phenomena such as Harnack's inequality, the compact support principle, dead cores and bursts, free boundary problems, phase transitions, the symmetry of solutions, boundary layer theory, singularities and fine regularity properties. The volumes include commentaries by leading mathematicians to indicate the significance of the articles and to discuss further developments along the lines of these articles.

Analytical Solution Methods for Boundary Value Problems is an extensively revised, new English language edition of the original 2011 Russian language work, which provides deep analysis methods and exact solutions for mathematical physicists seeking to model germane linear and nonlinear boundary problems. Current analytical solutions of equations within mathematical physics fail completely to meet boundary conditions of the second and third kind, and are wholly obtained by the defunct theory of series. These solutions are also obtained for linear partial differential equations of the second order. They do not apply to solutions of partial differential equations of the first order and they are incapable of solving nonlinear boundary value problems. Analytical Solution Methods for Boundary Value Problems attempts to resolve this issue, using quasi-linearization methods, operational calculus and spatial variable splitting to identify the exact and approximate analytical solutions of three-dimensional non-linear partial differential equations of the first and second order. The work does so uniquely using all analytical formulas for solving equations of mathematical physics without using the theory of series. Within this work, pertinent solutions of linear and nonlinear boundary problems are stated. On the basis of quasi-linearization, operational calculation and splitting on spatial variables, the exact and approached analytical solutions of the equations are obtained in private derivatives of the first and second order. Conditions of unequivocal resolvability of a nonlinear boundary problem are found and the estimation of speed of convergence of iterative process is given. On an example of trial functions results of comparison of the analytical solution are given which have been obtained on suggested mathematical technology, with the exact solution of boundary problems and with the numerical solutions on well-known methods.

This book deals with the study of sequence spaces, matrix transformations, measures of noncompactness and their various applications. The notion of measure of noncompactness is one of the most useful ones available and has many applications. The book discusses some of the existence results for various types of differential and integral equations with the help of measures of noncompactness; in particular, the Hausdorff measure of noncompactness has been applied to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for matrix operators between BK spaces to be compact operators.

The book consists of eight self-contained chapters. Chapter 1 discusses the theory of FK spaces and Chapter 2 various duals of sequence spaces, which are used to characterize the matrix classes between these sequence spaces (FK and BK spaces) in Chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 5 studies the notion of a measure of noncompactness and its properties. The techniques associated with measures of noncompactness are applied to characterize the compact matrix operators in Chapters 6. In Chapters 7 and 8, some of the existence results are discussed for various types of differential and integral equations, which are obtained with the help of argumentations based on compactness conditions.

Yes, this is another Calculus book. However, it fits in a niche between the two predominant types of such texts. It could be used as a textbook, albeit a streamlined one - it contains exposition on each topic, with an introduction, rationale, train of thought, and solved examples with accompanying suggested exercises. It could be used as a solution guide - because it contains full written solutions to each of the hundreds of exercises posed inside. But its best position is right in between these two extremes. It is best used as a companion to a traditional text or as a refresher - with its conversational tone, its 'get right to it' content structure, and its inclusion of complete solutions to many problems, it is a friendly partner for students who are learning Calculus, either in class or via self-study.Exercises are structured in three sets to force multiple encounters with each topic. Solved examples in the text are accompanied by 'You Try It' problems, which are similar to the solved examples; the students use these to see if they're ready to move forward. Then at the end of the section, there are 'Practice Problems': more problems similar to the 'You Try It' problems, but given all at once. Finally, each section has Challenge Problems - these lean to being equally or a bit more difficult than the others, and they allow students to check on what they've mastered.The goal is to keep the students engaged with the text, and so the writing style is very informal, with attempts at humor along the way. The target audience is STEM students including those in engineering and meteorology programs.

Yes, this is another Calculus book. However, it fits in a niche between the two predominant types of such texts. It could be used as a textbook, albeit a streamlined one - it contains exposition on each topic, with an introduction, rationale, train of thought, and solved examples with accompanying suggested exercises. It could be used as a solution guide - because it contains full written solutions to each of the hundreds of exercises posed inside. But its best position is right in between these two extremes. It is best used as a companion to a traditional text or as a refresher - with its conversational tone, its 'get right to it' content structure, and its inclusion of complete solutions to many problems, it is a friendly partner for students who are learning Calculus, either in class or via self-study.Exercises are structured in three sets to force multiple encounters with each topic. Solved examples in the text are accompanied by 'You Try It' problems, which are similar to the solved examples; the students use these to see if they're ready to move forward. Then at the end of the section, there are 'Practice Problems': more problems similar to the 'You Try It' problems, but given all at once. Finally, each section has Challenge Problems - these lean to being equally or a bit more difficult than the others, and they allow students to check on what they've mastered.The goal is to keep the students engaged with the text, and so the writing style is very informal, with attempts at humor along the way. The target audience is STEM students including those in engineering and meteorology programs.

Yes, this is another Calculus book. However, it fits in a niche between the two predominant types of such texts. It could be used as a textbook, albeit a streamlined one - it contains exposition on each topic, with an introduction, rationale, train of thought, and solved examples with accompanying suggested exercises. It could be used as a solution guide - because it contains full written solutions to each of the hundreds of exercises posed inside. But its best position is right in between these two extremes. It is best used as a companion to a traditional text or as a refresher - with its conversational tone, its 'get right to it' content structure, and its inclusion of complete solutions to many problems, it is a friendly partner for students who are learning Calculus, either in class or via self-study.Exercises are structured in three sets to force multiple encounters with each topic. Solved examples in the text are accompanied by 'You Try It' problems, which are similar to the solved examples; the students use these to see if they're ready to move forward. Then at the end of the section, there are 'Practice Problems': more problems similar to the 'You Try It' problems, but given all at once. Finally, each section has Challenge Problems - these lean to being equally or a bit more difficult than the others, and they allow students to check on what they've mastered.The goal is to keep the students engaged with the text, and so the writing style is very informal, with attempts at humor along the way. The target audience is STEM students including those in engineering and meteorology programs.

Yes, this is another Calculus book. However, it fits in a niche between the two predominant types of such texts. It could be used as a textbook, albeit a streamlined one - it contains exposition on each topic, with an introduction, rationale, train of thought, and solved examples with accompanying suggested exercises. It could be used as a solution guide - because it contains full written solutions to each of the hundreds of exercises posed inside. But its best position is right in between these two extremes. It is best used as a companion to a traditional text or as a refresher - with its conversational tone, its 'get right to it' content structure, and its inclusion of complete solutions to many problems, it is a friendly partner for students who are learning Calculus, either in class or via self-study.Exercises are structured in three sets to force multiple encounters with each topic. Solved examples in the text are accompanied by 'You Try It' problems, which are similar to the solved examples; the students use these to see if they're ready to move forward. Then at the end of the section, there are 'Practice Problems': more problems similar to the 'You Try It' problems, but given all at once. Finally, each section has Challenge Problems - these lean to being equally or a bit more difficult than the others, and they allow students to check on what they've mastered.The goal is to keep the students engaged with the text, and so the writing style is very informal, with attempts at humor along the way. The target audience is STEM students including those in engineering and meteorology programs.

This book provides a thorough conversation on the underpinnings of Covid-19 spread modelling by using stochastics nonlocal differential and integral operators with singular and non-singular kernels. The book presents the dynamic of Covid-19 spread behaviour worldwide. It is noticed that the spread dynamic followed process with nonlocal behaviours which resemble power law, fading memory, crossover and stochastic behaviours. Fractional stochastic differential equations are therefore used to model spread behaviours in different parts of the worlds. The content coverage includes brief history of Covid-19 spread worldwide from December 2019 to September 2021, followed by statistical analysis of collected data for infected, death and recovery classes.

Advances in Applied Mathematics and Approximation Theory: Contributions from AMAT 2012 is a collection of the best articles presented at "Applied Mathematics and Approximation Theory 2012," an international conference held in Ankara, Turkey, May 17-20, 2012. This volume brings together key work from authors in the field covering topics such as ODEs, PDEs, difference equations, applied analysis, computational analysis, signal theory, positive operators, statistical approximation, fuzzy approximation, fractional analysis, semigroups, inequalities, special functions and summability. The collection will be a useful resource for researchers in applied mathematics, engineering and statistics.

These two volumes present the collected works of James Serrin. He did seminal work on a number of the basic tools needed for the study of solutions of partial differential equations. Many of them have been and are being applied to solving problems in science and engineering. Among the areas which he studied are maximum principle methods and related phenomena such as Harnack's inequality, the compact support principle, dead cores and bursts, free boundary problems, phase transitions, the symmetry of solutions, boundary layer theory, singularities and fine regularity properties. The volumes include commentaries by leading mathematicians to indicate the significance of the articles and to discuss further developments along the lines of these articles.