This account of the struggle to bring law and order to a city rich with gold rush money, at odds with Mexican bandits, and teeming with forty-niners and confederate sympathizers chronicles the chaotic early days of Los Angeles, which boasted the highest homicide rate in America by 1850. From profiles of the frontier-style lawmen hired to stop the initial mayhem to an analysis of the city's modern sheriff's office--the largest in America--this book draws comparisons between the uproar of the early days, the racial tensions that erupted during the Watts riots, and the safety issues that preoccupy the police force today.

This text aims to challenge the traditional idea that policing is the first stage in a criminal justice process, in which the police use their powers of criminal investigation to feed cases into the legal process for authoritative legal resolution. The author argues that the political space allowed to the police on the streets and in the police station allows them to pursue a different agenda of social discipline, targeted at certain sections of the community. This alternative perspective provides new sociological insights into the use of police powers in modern society. The book examines the fairness of police processes by using empirical data to analyze the impact that such powers have on the lives of those who regularly become the objects of police attention. This book is intended for scholars and students of criminology, criminal justice and criminal law; as well as those working in the field of sociology and social welfare.

The book poses the questions: how do law and policing relate; and can police practices be significantly changed by means of legal regulation? In examining these questions, this book deals with issues which are at the heart of contemporary debates about policing. It contains empirical research from England and Australia in the context of the international policing literature, arguing that studies of policing need theoretical and comparative development. The structure of the book is as follows. The first chapter provides a detailed critical reading of three theoretical conceptions of law in policing which the author terms legalistic-bureaucratic, culturalist, and structural. Chapter two examines the concept of police powers, using historical material from England and Australia. The way in which empirical work can generate theoretical reconsideration is shown in Chapter three, which considers the ways in which legal regulation of policing may be evaded by obtaining a suspect's 'consent' to policing practices such as search and detention, and considers the implications of this for conceptions of policing. Chapters four and five focus on the key policing practice of custodial interrogation in, respectively, England and Australia. This leads, in Chapter six, to the long controversy about the right of silence (and to its severe restriction in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994). It concludes with comments about the symbolic nature of the issue, the theoretical implications of the problems encountered in defining and counting instances of suspects using the right to silence, and the possible effects of the 1994 Act. The final chapter discusses how the practices and forms of law and policing intersect, relates law in policing to broader debates about regulation, the rule of law, and techniques of controlling power, and considers the limits and possibilities of using law to direct and control policing.

This book addresses and reviews progress in a major innovative development within police work known as evidence-based policing. It involves a significant extension and strengthening of links between research and practice and is directed to the task of increasing police effectiveness in the field of community crime prevention. This volume provides an international perspective that synthesizes recent research results from the United States and other countries - including systematic reviews of large bodies of evidence - to illuminate several of the most challenging issues currently confronting police departments. It examines recent advances in research-based models of policing and the expanding base in outcome evaluation. Key areas of coverage include: Managing the nighttime economy. Supervising sex offenders. Tackling domestic/intimate partner violence. Addressing school violence and the formation of gangs. Reducing victim and witness retraction and disengagement. Responding to mental disorders, safeguarding vulnerable adults, and providing victim support. Leveraging public awareness campaigns. In addition, each chapter presents an overview of key issues within a designated area, synthesizes existing reviews, and examines the most recent research. The book clearly and concisely presents major concepts, theories, and research findings, thereby providing both conceptual and analytic tools alongside an integrated presentation of principal findings and messages. The volume concludes with a discussion of current directions in research, key developments in policing strategies, and identification of effective operational structures for facilitating and sustaining research-practice links. Evidence-Based Policing and Community Crime Prevention is a must-have resource for researchers, clinicians and other professionals, and graduate students in forensic psychology, criminology and criminal justice, public health, developmental psychology, psychotherapy and counseling, psychiatry, social work, educational policy and politics, health psychology, nursing, and behavioral therapy/rehabilitation.

This how-to guide covers every aspect of law enforcement training, from training academy administration, to designing curricula, to identifying and utilizing qualified instructors. Using the latest methodologies, technologies, and best practices, Training Law Enforcement Officers gives law enforcement administrators, training specialists, instructors, instructional systems designers, and academy directors a proven way to conduct training for all levels of practitioners, from basic law enforcement to high-risk law enforcement. At a time when scrutiny of law enforcement officers is on the rise, Training Law Enforcement Officers is an essential guide for those criminal justice practitioners seeking to minimize police error and make today's police force the best that it can be.

eBook available with sample pages: HB:041591468X

This practical guide about what first responders should do after a suicide, offers advice on identifying and recording a death as suicide, breaking the bad news and dealing with the impact of suicide in the short, middle and long term. Drawing on her own experience as a first responder and trainer, the author provides guidance and tips for best practice when responding to a suicide. These include what can happen to the body in the immediate aftermath, how to talk to the bereaved to limit or prevent secondary trauma, and how to manage suicide in public arenas such as schools. The scenarios covered include detailed scripts of how to deal with difficult situations. There are also sections that tackle complex issues such as religious or cultural customs, and unusual cases of suicide which can pose extra challenges. Straightforward and full of sage advice, each chapter includes real-world examples from the author's many years working as a first responder which highlight how suicide postvention techniques can be applied.

This book critically analyses the impact of digital media technologies on police scandal. Using an in-depth analysis of a viral bystander video of police excessive force filmed at the 2013 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade and uploaded to YouTube, the book addresses the ways social media video sousveillance can shape operational and institutional police responses to police misconduct. The volume features new research on the immediate and longer-term impacts of social media-generated police scandal on police legitimacy and accountability and responds to inherent questions of procedural justice. It interrogates the technological, political and legal frameworks that govern the relationships between the police and LGBTQI communities in Australia and beyond through the 'social media test' - the police narratives created and contested through social media, mainstream media, and police media. In doing so, it considers the role of sexual citizenship discourse as a political, economic and social organizing principle. A comprehensive and interdisciplinary understanding of 'digital' and 'queer' criminology, this is an essential read for those working at the intersection of criminology and the digital society, queer criminology, and critical criminology.

Communities organizing to end Brazil's urban war on drugs

This logbook is designed to allow pre-hospital and emergency care clinicians of all grades to quickly and easily maintain a record of airway skills performed in order to assist in proving competence where required. It includes checklists for essential adjuncts, bag-mask ventilation, extra-glottic devices, endotracheal intubation attempts, needle/surgical airway and other clinical skills. It is not dependent on battery life or data signal and allows for rapid after action logging of pertinent details for a number of skills performed in limited numbers.

This is the first full scholarly study of the Metropolitan Police in the period 1870-1914, the time when it was transformed into a recognizable modern professional police force. Stefan Petrow examines how the Metropolitan Police, under the direction of the Home Office, grew and changed over these years. He explores the ways in which policing methods developed, traces the growth of the police bureacracy, and assesses the role played by public attitudes, relations with courts, police corruption, and the resistance of those policed. Dr Petrow focuses on what moral reformers in organized pressure groups claimed were serious threats to social order in late Victorian and Edwardian London - habitual criminality, prostitution, drunkenness, and betting - and examines the Metropolitan force's policing of these areas.

Since 1945, a broad array of health care technologies have come into use, including antibiotics, anti-hypertensive drugs, oral diuretics, oral contraceptives, psycho-pharmaceuticals, corticosteroids, vaccines, open-heart surgery, genetics screening, automated clinical laboratories, renal dialysis, and cardiac pacemakers. Unquestionably, these technologies have brought benefits to millions. However, as costs of health care have risen rapidly, governments have increasingly singled out expensive technology as the culprit. The result has been changes in the methods of paying for health care in most countries to control cost rises. This has led to a slowing of technological change in some countries and increasing necessities to choose in all countries. This timely work describes how technology assessment critically evaluates the benefits, costs, and social implications of technology. The book presents an international perspective on health care technology's development and diffusion, and explains how health care technology can enlighten difficult choices faced by policy-makers, clinicians, and patients.

In 1983 The Economics of Health in Devloping Countries was published. This was a basic text, designed to illuminate ways in which economic concepts and techniques can be applied to health and health services, each chapter reviewing the state of the art' in a particular area. Since 1983, there has been a rapidly growing interest in this field. One striking feature has been considerably increased research effort, providing the basis for this publication which presents a number of empirical studies in order both to clarify research methodologies and report research results that are of key importance to policy-makers. Those economists most active in researching the health sector in developing countries were invited to contribute chapters: all have direct experience of working in developing countries, whether for governments, educational institutions, or international agencies.
This book will be of use to all those interested (as policy-makers, managers, academics, and students) in economic issues concerning the health sector, and in the application of the concepts and techniques of health economics to improve the efficiency and equity of resource use in the developing world.

This book presents the current place and future role of the community health worker. The majority of the world's population continues to suffer levels of ill-health and death that are only a distant memory in prosperous countries. Approaches to alleviating this burden are well-known, and range from specific medical interventions to broader development policies. Since the Chinese experience of mobilising 'barefoot doctors' became known, the approach of training villagers to offer local services has received strong support from international agencies and governments. More recently reports of the quality of the services offered by these workers has indicated that a large gulf may have existed between the rhetoric and the reality. Some have questioned the basic premise that such workers can make a valuable contribution. However, the debate has been informed only by a limited number of often dated accounts. This book analyses programmes in a limited number of countries whose experience is particularly relevant to understanding the role of these workers. The picture that emerges demonstrates the potential value of community health workers as individuals, but highlights the widespread failure of the programmes required to support them. Through case studies and an analytical overview, this book sets out the preconditions for effective community health worker programmes.

The study of surveillance is more relevant than ever before. The fast growth of the field of surveillance studies reflects both the urgency of civil liberties and privacy questions in the war on terror era and the classical social science debates over the power of watching and classification, from Bentham to Foucault and beyond. In this overview, David Lyon, one of the pioneers of surveillance studies, fuses with aplomb classical debates and contemporary examples to provide the most accessible and up-to-date introduction to surveillance available.
The book takes in surveillance studies in all its breadth, from local face-to-face oversight through technical developments in closed-circuit TV, radio frequency identification and biometrics to global trends that integrate surveillance systems internationally. Surveillance is understood in its ambiguity, from caring to controlling, and the role of visibility of the surveilled is taken as seriously as the powers of observing, classifying and judging. The book draws on international examples and on the insights of several disciplines; sociologists, political scientists and geographers will recognize key issues from their work here, but so will people from media, culture, organization, technology and policy studies. This illustrates the diverse strands of thought and critique available, while at the same time the book makes its own distinct contribution and offers tools for evaluating both surveillance trends and the theories that explain them.
This book is the perfect introduction for anyone wanting to understand surveillance as a phenomenon and the tools for analysing it further, and will be essential reading for students andscholars alike.

Communities organizing to end Brazil's urban war on drugs

This book explores the methods and approach necessary to investigate the setting up and running of a health system. It will enable the reader to begin to investigate his own health system, and compare and contrast it with other systems. The continual monitoring of change allows for the detection and identification of longitudinal trends within and across systems, and evolution in systems can then occur. Looking at systems can furnish alternative ideas, and help to establish new models of care. The book presents a modular approach to analysing health care systems, and the author explains how this can be put to practical use. Topics are discussed at both conceptual and operational levels, and methods of applying the approach are outlined. Case histories illustrate the use of the modular approach in `real life' situations. An appendix of terms and concepts is provided to facilitate use.

Organised crime covers a wide range of activities, including drug trafficking, illegal trafficking of people, and fraud. The existence of a land border does not impede these operations; instead in many cases it is used to their advantage. In response, law enforcement strategies must include a transnational, multi-agency approach. This book critically analyses the extent to which Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland have been successful in implementing effective action against transnational organised crime. It explores the adoption of key law enforcement strategies and measures in these jurisdictions, and evaluates how regional (EU law) and international (UN Convention) standards have been implemented at the national level. Drawing on interviews with over 90 stakeholders including the Department of Justice Northern Ireland, the Department of Justice and Equality in Ireland, the Police Service of Northern Ireland and An Garda Siochana, Tom Obokata and Brian Payne discuss the factors affecting the effective prevention and suppression of organised crime, particularly in relation to cross-border cooperation. In exploring challenges of transnational crime and cooperation, this book will be of great use to students and researchers in international and transnational criminal law, criminology, and crime prevention.

The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. It serves as the principal international source of public information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence, and as a resource centre for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activists. The Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City offers new and updated information on small arms production, stockpiles, transfers, and measures, including a special focus on transfer controls. This year's thematic section explores the complex issue of urban violence with case studies on Burundi and Brazil as well as a photo essay by award-winning combat photographer Lucian Read. This edition also features chapters on lessons learned from the tracing of ammunition, the relationship between gun prices and conflict, and the role of small arms in South Sudan.

This book offers an intriguing examination of the everyday operations of the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police. How was the Gestapo able to detect the smallest signs of non-compliance with Nazi doctrines--especially "crimes" pertaining to the private spheres of social, family, and sexual life? How could the police enforce policies such as those designed to isolate Jews, or the foreign workers brought to Germany after 1939, with such apparent ease? Addressing these questions, Gellately argues that the key factor in the successful enforcement of Nazi racial policy was the willingness of German citizens to provide authorities with information about suspected "criminality." He demonstrates that without some degree of popular participation in the operation of institutions such as the Gestapo, the regime would have been seriously hampered in the "realization of the unthinkable," not only inside Germany but also in many of the occupied countries. The product of extensive archival research, this incisive study surveys the experiences of areas across Germany, drawing out national, local, and regional implications.

This book examines the worldwide growth of elderly populations and its consequences for future care, and the associated costs for this sector of the population. Living a longer life does not necessarily imply an improvement in the quality of life. Important issues concerning the overall quality of additional years gained through increase in life expectancy are addressed in this book. Progress in specific dimensions of wellbeing are described. Recent gains in knowledge are reviewed, together with advances in our understanding of falls, sensory disorders, mental health in old age, osteoporosis, incontinence, drug therapy and iatrogenic disorders. The book extends outside medical care to encompass the family, which is the key issue in developing countries, community care, nursing home and hospice care; health care services that are particularly appreciated by older people are described. It will provide readers with a knowledge base for developing policies and programs that will advance the wellbeing of the elderly people of the world.

"Professor Burns has captured the essence of transportation security, one of today's most pressing concerns. As the rate of globalization and world trade increases, security and supply chain resilience are at the core of one's global transportation network. This is a timely and well written contribution to the industry." -John A. Moseley, Senior Director of Trade Development, Port of Houston Authority "...a clear and concise book detailing the issues of security in today's post-9/11 era. An invaluable read for those working within the transport and security industries." -Steven Neuendorff, Head of Americas, HANSA HEAVY LIFT Americas, Inc. Examining sea, land, and air transportation systems and linkages, Logistics and Transportation Security: A Strategic, Tactical, and Operational Guide to Resilience provides thorough coverage of transportation security. Its topics include hazardous material handling, securing transportation networks, logistics essentials, supply chain security, risk assessment, the regulatory framework, strategic planning, and innovation through technology. This book is not a prescriptive how-to manual. It begins with a discussion of the differences between safety and security before advancing through a developmental learning curve encompassing a wide range of subjects. It discusses global threats such as terrorism and piracy as well as current regulatory mandates and technological applications, including the latest threat to logistics security, cyber-attack. The book also examines the benefits of synergy between the public and private sectors, using a number of case studies and interviews to illustrate increasing collaboration and benefits. It assists a broad range of transportation professionals, security professionals, logistics outfits, and policy makers with assessing the benefits of proactive security measures and with verifying security-associated risks and consequences.

Policing Gangs in America describes the assumptions, issues, problems, and events that characterize, shape, and define the police response to gangs in America today. The focus of this 2006 book is on the gang unit officers themselves and the environment in which they work. A discussion of research, statistical facts, theory, and policy with regard to gangs, gang members, and gang activity is used as a backdrop. The book is broadly focused on describing how gang units respond to community gang problems, and answers such questions as: why do police agencies organize their responses to gangs in certain ways? Who are the people who elect to police gangs? How do they make sense of gang members - individuals who spark fear in most citizens? What are their jobs really like? What characterizes their working environment? How do their responses to the gang problem fit with other policing strategies, such as community policing?

The Sensation of Security explores how private security guards are a permanent, conspicuous fixture of everyday life in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. Drawing on long term ethnographic research with security laborers, managers, company owners, and elite global consultants, Erika Robb Larkins examines the provision of security in Rio from the perspective of security personnel, providing an analysis of the racialized logics that underpin the ongoing work of securing the city. Larkins shows how guards communicate a sensacao de seguranca (a sensation of security) to clients and customers who have the capital to pay for it. Cultivated through performances by security laborers, the sensation of security is a set of culturally shaped racialized and gendered impressions related to safety, order, well-being, and cleanliness. While the sensacao de seguranca indexes an outward facing task of allaying fear of crime and maintaining order in elite spaces, it also refers to the emotional labor and embodied worlds that security workers navigate.