Reactor Process Design in Sustainable Energy Technology compiles and explains current developments in reactor and process design in sustainable energy technologies, including optimization and scale-up methodologies and numerical methods. Sustainable energy technologies that require more efficient means of converting and utilizing energy can help provide for burgeoning global energy demand while reducing anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions associated with energy production. The book, contributed by an international team of academic and industry experts in the field, brings numerous reactor design cases to readers based on their valuable experience from lab R&D scale to industry levels. It is the first to emphasize reactor engineering in sustainable energy technology discussing design. It provides comprehensive tools and information to help engineers and energy professionals learn, design, and specify chemical reactors and processes confidently.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) is the one advanced technology that conventional power generation cannot do without. CCS technology reduces the carbon footprint of power plants by capturing, and storing the CO2 emissions from burning fossil-fuels and biomass. This volume provides a comprehensive reference on the state of the art research, development and demonstration of carbon storage and utilisation, covering all the storage options and their environmental impacts. It critically reviews geological, terrestrial and ocean sequestration, including enhanced oil and gas recovery, as well as other advanced concepts such as industrial utilisation, mineral carbonation, biofixation and photocatalytic reduction.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) is the one advanced technology that conventional power generation cannot do without. CCS technology reduces the carbon footprint of power plants by capturing and storing the CO2 emissions from burning fossil-fuels and biomass. This volume provides a comprehensive reference on the state of the art research, development and demonstration of carbon capture technology in the power sector and in industry. It critically reviews the range of post- and pre-combustion capture and combustion-based capture processes and technology applicable to fossil-fuel power plants, as well as applications of CCS in other high carbon footprint industries.

"Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Sustainability"is a broad-based overview describing the state-of-the-art in latent, sensible, and thermo-chemical energy storage systems and their applications across industries. Beginning with a discussion of the efficiency and conservation advantages of balancing energy demand with production, the book goes on to describe current state-of-the art technologies. Not stopping with description, the authors also discuss design, modeling, and simulation of representative systems, and end with several case studies of systems in use.
Describes how thermal energy storage helps bridge the gap between energy demand and supply, particularly for intermittent power sources like solar, wind, and tidal systemsProvides tables, illustrations, and comparative case studies that show applications of TES systems across industriesIncludes a chapter on the rapidly developing field of viable nanotechnology-based thermal energy storage systems"

"Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, and Domestic Hot Water" provides a fundamental understanding of heat and energy conversions and of both solar domestic hot water system types with associated components and photovoltaic/inverter system combinations. It provides the information needed to determine and understand the proper siting requirements, the amount of energy needed (based upon usage), the amount of solar energy available, the methods of comparing collectors for both hot water and photovoltaic situations, and the number of collectors necessary for either hot water or electricity." Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, and Domestic Hot Water" also details the investment and cost savings advantages of using solar energy through a unique compilation of information and explanations not available in other publications or on the internet. This includes comprehensive financial explanations with examples using basic engineering management analysis methods. These examples include present and future worth relative to break-even costs and cash flow analysis and actual quoted systems and worksheets for typical electrical solar PV and DHW demand scenarios allowing you to calculate your own cost estimates and to evaluate your own projects relative to investment payback. "Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, and Domestic Hot Water" will enable readers make informed decisions about the economic practicality of solar generation sources for residential or commercial use based upon location, energy demands, associated conventional fuel costs, solar energy system costs, and tax incentives.
Provides a fundamental understanding of solar DHW and photovoltaic systemsUses clear guidelines to evaluate solar DHW and photovoltaic systems value as a long-term investment vs traditional power and heat generation methods Discusses cost and operating expenses relative to investment and return on capital which will be beneficial to project planners, installers, energy managers, builders and property owners
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Lithium air rechargeable batteries are the best candidate for a power source for electric vehicles, because of their high specific energy density. In this book, the history, scientific background, status and prospects of the lithium air system are introduced by specialists in the field. This book will contain the basics, current statuses, and prospects for new technologies. This book is ideal for those interested in electrochemistry, energy storage, and materials science.

Tajikistan suffers severe energy shortages in winter, caused by a combination of low hydropower output during winter, when river fl ows are low, and high demand driven by heating needs. Shortages affect some 70 percent of the population, costing about 3 percent of annual GDP. This fi gure excludes human and environmental costs, as well as the serious negative effect on the business investment climate. If no measures are undertaken to address this problem, then current electricity shortages, estimated at about one-quarter of winter demand (2,700 GWh), could increase to more than one-third of winter demand (4,500 GWh) by 2016. The Government of Tajikistan recognizes both the importance and challenges of energy security and has therefore introduced various measures to help meet demand. Tajikistan s Winter Energy Crisis explores a range of supply and demand alternatives including thermal, run-of-river hydro, other renewables, energy effi ciency, and demand management to further inform its development partners on the country s efforts to meet its winter energy demand. The study recommends that the Government of Tajikistan accelerate its efforts in energy effi ciency and demand management, including tariff reform; add new dual-fi red thermal power supply to complement the existing hydropower supply during winter; and pursue energy imports and rebuild regional energy trade routes to leverage surplus electricity supply in neighboring countries. Energy conservation and demand-side management, effective resource management, and reduction alone could address 40 percent of the shortages, including a signifi cant package of economic measures at the main aluminum smelting plant. The study suggests that by following these recommended actions shortages could be signifi cantly reduced within 4 5 years and a solid base for long-term energy established."

The supply of energy from primary sources is not constant and rarely matches the pattern of demand from consumers. Electricity is also difficult to store in significant quantities. Therefore, secondary storage of energy is essential to increase generation capacity efficiency and to allow more substantial use of renewable energy sources that only provide energy intermittently. Lack of effective storage has often been cited as a major hurdle to substantial introduction of renewable energy sources into the electricity supply network. This 2nd edition, without changing the existing structure of the 1st edition, has expanded chapters that review different types of renewables and considers which of these requires storage. The book also discusses the limitation of renewables usage without storage and considers more substantial possibilities that arise from integrating a combination of different storage devices into a system. This book will appeal to university teachers and students that are specialising in power systems development, renewables and other nonconventional electrical energy sources integration in the existing power systems, its economics and environmental impact. The first part of the book will also appeal to the general public."

One of the greatest challenges of mankind today is that the world population and the world's energy consumption are increasing continuously. The majority of our power production derives from the combustion of fossil fuels, including coal, with additional significant contributions from hydroelectric and nuclear energy conversion. All of these energy conversion methods create different types of pollution. Fossil fuels are a finite resource of solar energy stored in floral and faunal fossils over many millions of years. The ever increasing demand for this finite and dwindling resource has the potential to significantly increase the cost of these resources. Additionally, an undesirable consequence of the thermo-chemical conversion of fossil fuels by combustion is environmental contamination. The reaction products from combustion can be harmful to the environment and us humans on a local scale, and may contribute to global climatic changes. Fossil fuel resources are unevenly distributed over the globe, leading to geopolitical unrest as a result of the competition for resource access. Clearly, the energy demands of our society need to be satisfied in a more appropriate, sustainable, and efficient way. Beyond the production and clean conversion of energy with low emissions, the storage and transmission of energy have to be solved sustainably. Nanowires made from carbon fibres have been proposed as modern transmission lines with the potential to significantly reduce the losses inside the distribution networks. Other smart materials developments can result in cleaner energy conversion for our society. This work builds on the pioneer work performed by Nobel Prize winner Richard Smalley, taking his vision of clean energy transmission through carbon structures into the second decade of the 21st century.

Scientists and engineers are nowadays faced with the problem of optimizing complex systems subject to constraints from, ecology, economics, and thermodynamics. It is chiefly to the last of these that this volume is addressed. Intended for physicists, chemists, and engineers, the book uses examples from solar, thermal, mechanical, chemical, and environmental engineering to focus on the use of thermodynamic criteria for optimizing energy conversion and transmission. The early chapters centre on solar energy conversion, the second section discusses the transfer and conversion of chemical energy, while the concluding chapters deal with geometric methods in thermodynamics.

The comprehensive, accessible introduction to fuel cells, their applications, and the challenges they pose

Fuel cells--electrochemical energy devices that produce electricity and heat--present a significant opportunity for cleaner, easier, and more practical energy. However, the excitement over fuel cells within the research community has led to such rapid innovation and development that it can be difficult for those not intimately familiar with the science involved to figure out exactly how this new technology can be used. Fuel Cells: Problems and Solutions, Second Edition addresses this issue head on, presenting the most important information about these remarkable power sources in an easy-to-understand way.

Comprising four important sections, the book explores:

The fundamentals of fuel cells, how they work, their history, and much more

The major types of fuel cells, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), direct liquid fuel cells (DLFC), and many others

The scientific and engineering problems related to fuel cell technology

The commercialization of fuel cells, including a look at their uses around the world

Now in its second edition, this book features fully revised coverage of the modeling of fuel cells and small fuel cells for portable devices, and all-new chapters on the structural and wetting properties of fuel cell components, experimental methods for fuel cell stacks, and nonconventional design principles for fuel cells, bringing the content fully up to date.

Designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in engineering and chemistry programs, as well as professionals working in related fields, Fuel Cells is a compact and accessible introduction to the exciting world of fuel cells and why they matter.

Lithium ion batteries, a class of chemical power sources that use an electrochemical process of lithium ion intercalation into or de-intercalation from host materials, are gaining dominance in mobile electronic applications, and are also showing promise for an upcoming new generation of electric vehicle applications. Since SONY Corporation commercialised rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the batteries have been widely utilised as the power sources in a wide range of applications, such as mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, electrical vehicles, and hybrid electrical vehicles. This book is concerned with the recent developments in and research of LiFePo4 cathode materials with an emphasis on the synthesis method and how to improve electrochemical performance. Moreover, the efforts made to develop other new inorganic cathode materials for a new generation of lithium ion batteries are reviewed. A systematic semi-empirical way to analyse the constituents of total cell impedance in lithium-ion battery is also presented. In addition, overcharge protection is not only critical for preventing the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries during operation, but also important for automatic capacity during battery manufacturing and repair. This book compares three overcharge protection strategies -- external circuit protection, inactivation agents, and redox shuttles -- to highlight the advantage of redox shuttles for overcharge protection. The safety of lithium-ion battery packs are also discussed, as well as techniques for studying thermal stability, such as differential scanning calorimetry and accelerating rate calorimetry.

This book deals with an analysis of materials issues, status of technologies and potential applications of direct methanol fuel cells. The principle of operation of direct methanol fuel cells and the status of knowledge in the basic research areas are presented. The technology of direct methanol fuel cells is discussed in this book with particular regard to fabrication methodologies for the manufacturing of catalysts, electrolytes membrane-electrode assemblies, stack hardware and system design.

This book is a collection of lectures given in July 2007 at the Les Houches Summer School on "Dynamos."
Provides a pedagogical introduction to topics in Dynamos
Addresses each topic from the basis to the most recent developments
Covers the lectures by internationally-renowned and leading experts

The book covers the proceedings of International conference "Molecular and Nanoscale Systems for Energy Conversion". The monograph is including information about: Energy Poten Anaerobic Digestion of Wastes Produced in Russia Via Biogas and Microbial Fuel Cell Technologies; New Photovoltaic Composite Materials Based on Fullerene and Phthalocyanine Derivatives; Voltaic Effect in the Molecular Complexes of (Dtds)2 C60; Porphyrin Dyads with Potential Use In Solar Energy Conversion; Molecular Photovoltaic Systems Simulating Photosynthesis as Perspective Solar Energy Converters; Super-Rapid Processes From Higher Excited Singlet States of Tryptophan -- the Violation of the Vaviliov Low; Biosensor Approach To Assessment of Efficiency of Mediators for their Application in Microbial Biofuel Cells; The Quantum-Mechanical Model Superficial Atomic Hydrogenation Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube; Hybrid Silica-Zirconia Films Loaded with Titania Nanoparticles and Titania-Based Nanocontiners: Novel Materials for Thin-Film Photocatalysts and Photocontrollable Coatings; Power Characteristics of Microbial Fuel Cell Based on Gluconobacter Cell Suspension and 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol as Electron Transport Mediator; Photodestruction of Chlorophyll in Non-Biological Systems; The Current-Voltage Characteristic of Carbon Nanotubes in Non Linear Model; Characterisation of Photocatalytic Properties of Mesoporous Tio2 Prepared Using Templating Method; Hydrogen Atom as a Result of Dissociative Attachment of Low Energy Electrons (Below Ionisation Or Electronic Excitation Thresholds) in Frozen Aqueous Phosphate Solutions; Photoresponse of Colloidal Quantum Dots -- Conducting Sno2 Matrix Composite; Hybrid Titanium Oxide -- Polymer Nanostructured Composites For Energy Conversion Devices: Structure and Properties; Role of Glu181 in the Mechanism of Protonated Schiff Base Linkage Stabilisation in Dark-Adapted Visual Pigment Rhodopsin: Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Creating of a Laboratory Model Stand for Development of Oil Biodestruction Suppression Methods in Industrial and Natural Storages.

In this book the authors focus on the ion and water transport characteristics in Nafion and other perfluorinated ionomer membranes that are recently attracting attention in various fields such as water electrolysis, mineral recovery, electrochemical devises and energy conversion. Methodology of measurements and data analysis is first presented that enables basic characterisation of transport parameters in the perfluorinated ionomer membranes. Cation exchange isotherm data are collected in binary cation systems, with the aim to see the behaviours of cationic species that exist with H+ in the membrane. Water transference coefficients, ionic transference numbers, ionic mobilities and other membrane transport parameters are measured in single and mixed counter cation systems using electrochemical methods. Diffusion coefficients of water and cations are also measured by pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo NMR (PGSE-NMR) at various temperatures in different kinds of perfluorinated ionomer membranes. The results are discussed in two perspectives. One is to predict the hydration state in perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes in relation to the possible degradation of performances in fuel cells under contaminated conditions with foreign cations. An analytical formulation of membrane transport equations with proper boundary conditions is proposed, and using various parameters of membrane transport, a simple diagnosis of water dehydration problem is carried out. This analysis leads one to an effective control of fuel cell operation conditions, especially from viewpoint of proper water management. The others are to elucidate the ion and water transport mechanisms in the membrane in relation to polymer structures (e.g., different ion exchange capacity), and to propose a new design concept of polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications. Additionally for this purpose methanol and other alcohols are penetrated into the membrane, and alcohol permeability, membrane swelling, ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficients of water and CH3 are measured systematically for various kinds of membranes to cope with the problem of methanol crossover in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).It is found that in order to realise a high ionic conductivity in the membrane, one should aim at a polymer structure through molecular design that takes into account the relative size of ions with a hydration shell against the size and atmosphere of ionic channels. For DMFC, a partially cross-linked polymer chain with high degree of hydrophilic ion transport paths based on phase-separated structures is recommended. Various possibilities of such polymer electrolytes are discussed.

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Acquire an All-in-One Toolkit for Expertly Designing, Modeling, and Constructing High-Performance Fuel Cells Designing and Building Fuel Cells equips you with a hands-on guide for the design, modeling, and construction of fuel cells that perform as well or better than some of the best fuel cells on the market today. Filled with over 120 illustrations and schematics of fuel cells and components, this "one-stop" guide covers fuel cell applications...fuels and the hydrogen economy...fuel cell chemistry, thermodynamics, and electrochemistry...fuel cell modeling, materials, and system design...fuel types, delivery, and processing...fuel cell operating conditions...fuel cell characterization...and much more. Authoritative and practical, Designing and Building Fuel Cells features: Complete information on stack design The latest fuel cell modeling techniques Guidance on cutting-edge materials and components Expert accounts of fuel cell types, processing, and optimization A step-by-step example for constructing a fuel cell Inside This State-of-the-Art Fuel Cell Sourcebook Introduction * Fuel Cell Applications * Fuel Cells and the Hydrogen Economy * Basic Fuel Cell Chemistry and Thermodynamics * Fuel Cell Electrochemistry * Fuel Cell Charge Transport * Fuel Cell Mass Transport * Fuel Cell Heat Transport * Fuel Cell Modeling * Fuel Cell Materials * Fuel Cell Stack Components and Materials * Fuel Cell Stack Design * Fuel Cell System Design * Fuel Types, Delivery, and Processing * Fuel Cell Operating Conditions * Fuel Cell Characterization

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the light source is unspecified. Fundamentally, the device needs to fulfil only two functions: photogeneration of charge carriers (electrons and holes) in a light-absorbing material, and separation of the charge carriers to a conductive contact that will transmit the electricity (simply put, carrying electrons off through a metal contact into a wire or other circuit). This conversion is called the photovoltaic effect, and the field of research related to solar cells is known as photovoltaics. Solar cells have many applications. They have long been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable, such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, consumer systems, e.g. handheld calculators or wrist watches, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications. More recently, they are starting to be used in assemblies of solar modules (photovoltaic arrays) connected to the electricity grid through an inverter, often in combination with a net metering arrangement. This new book presents the latest research in the field from around the globe.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. It produces electricity from external supplies of fuel (on the anode side) and oxidant (on the cathode side). These react in the presence of an electrolyte. Generally, the reactants flow in and reaction products flow out while the electrolyte remains in the cell. Fuel cells can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are maintained. Fuel cells differ from batteries in that they consume reactants, which must be replenished, while batteries store electrical energy chemically in a closed system. Additionally, while the electrodes within a battery react and change as a battery is charged or discharged, a fuel cell's electrodes are catalytic and relatively stable. Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations, such as spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks, rural locations, and in certain military applications. A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact, lightweight and has no major moving parts. Because fuel cells have no moving parts, and do not involve combustion, in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999% reliability. This equates to less than one minute of down time in a six year period. This new book presents important state-of-art research advances in the field.

This book presents the select proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Sustainable Technologies (ICAST 2020), organized by Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India. It gives an overview of recent developments in the field of fluid dynamics and thermal engineering. Some of the topics covered in this book include HVAC systems, alternative fuels, renewable energy, nano fluids, industrial advancements in energy systems, energy storage, multiphase transport and phase change, conventional and non-conventional energy theoretical and experimental fluid dynamics, numerical methods in heat transfer and fluid mechanics, different modes of heat transfer, fluid machinery, turbo machinery, and fluid power. The book will be useful for researchers and professionals working in the field of fluid dynamics and thermal engineering.

Learn how to ensure optimal efficiency! Save money, resources--and guesswork--with this invaluable reference that can help you evaluate and improve transformer efficiency in electrical power systems more reliably. The author, a professional electrical system efficiency expert, clearly explains: the typical causes of poor efficiency in transformer load and no-load losses; traditional efficiency improvement methods, such as the use of larger conductors and properly sizing transformers; effective new solutions, including the use of amorphous steel and cryogenics, laser-etched silicon steel, and advanced design transformers. A diskette is included with the book containing the Environmental Protection Agency's Distribution Transformer Cost Evaluation Model (DTCEM), version 1.1. This program helps engineers perform the complex economic analyses needed to accurately determine the cost-effectiveness and emission reduction potential of high-efficiency transformers. It also provides the information necessary for facilities to weigh purchases of high-efficiency distriubtion transformers against competing resource options. Sure to be of ongoing benefit to any cost-conscious utility engineer or commercial and industrial engineer manager, this timely book plus computer program not only highlights a potentially significant savings opportunity, it also provides a sensible framework for evaluating losses and making more intelligent purchasing decisions.

Direct Energy Conversion is written for students and practicing engineers with an interest in the performance of energy conversion processes that involve direct methods of producing electric power from heat and other primary sources. It provides an in-depth development of key issues from the first principles of the underlying sciences, and examines the means available for converting heat to electricity without the intermediate generation of rotating shaft power. A physical and quantitative understanding of the limitations of a number of commercially interesting methods is developed in order to allow readers assessment of the technologies for specific applications. The list of processes considered is limited by performance measured in terms of cost, conversion efficiency, and power density. Ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate level courses in power production, energy conversion, and power systems, Direct Energy Conversion is also a natural adjunct to the author's previous text, Energy Conversion (OUP, 1994), which focuses on the thermodynamics and mechanics of heat.

Energy flow from many primary sources is not constant but depends on the season, time of day and weather conditions. Energy demand also varies with the same circumstances, but generally in reverse. Obviously there needs to be some way for energy suppliers to separate the processes of energy generation and consumption, by storing energy until it is needed. Electricity is the most flexible and convenient form of energy for transmission and use but it is not economically possible to store electrical energy in significant quantities. Secondary energy storage systems can accept energy generated by a power system, convert it to a form suitable for storage, keep it for a certain time and then convert it into the form required by the consumer when it is needed. These systems are an essential tool in managing energy supplies. This book is a comprehensive guide to the various types of secondary storage systems and an introduction to the multidisciplinary problem of choice of their types and parameters. It is chiefly aimed at students of electrical and power engineering, and design and research engineers concerned with the logistics of power supply. It will also be valuable to all those interested in the development of environmentally benign power supplies.

'Simplified Design of Micropower and Battery Circuits' provides a simplified, step-by-step approach to micropower and supply cell circuit design. No previous experience in design is required to use the techniques described, thus making the book well suited for the beginner, student, or experimenter as well as the design professional.
The book concentrates on the use of commercial micropower ICs by discussing selections of external components that modify the IC-package characteristics. The basic approach is to start design problems with approximations for trial-value components in experimental circuits, then to vary the component values until the desired results are produced. Although theory and mathematics are kept to a minimum, operation of all circuits is described in full.
EDITOR'S CHOICE - Electronics (The Maplin Magazine), May 1996
John D. Lenk has been a technical author specializing in practical electronic design and troubleshooting guides for more than 40 years. An established writer of international best-sellers in the field of electronics, Mr. Lenk is the author of more than 80 books on electronics, which together have sold well over two million copies in nine languages.
Uses commercially available micropower ICs.
No design experience required.
Minimal theory and mathematics; full circuit operation described.