One of the greatest challenges of mankind today is that the world population and the world's energy consumption are increasing continuously. The majority of our power production derives from the combustion of fossil fuels, including coal, with additional significant contributions from hydroelectric and nuclear energy conversion. All of these energy conversion methods create different types of pollution. Fossil fuels are a finite resource of solar energy stored in floral and faunal fossils over many millions of years. The ever increasing demand for this finite and dwindling resource has the potential to significantly increase the cost of these resources. Additionally, an undesirable consequence of the thermo-chemical conversion of fossil fuels by combustion is environmental contamination. The reaction products from combustion can be harmful to the environment and us humans on a local scale, and may contribute to global climatic changes. Fossil fuel resources are unevenly distributed over the globe, leading to geopolitical unrest as a result of the competition for resource access. Clearly, the energy demands of our society need to be satisfied in a more appropriate, sustainable, and efficient way. Beyond the production and clean conversion of energy with low emissions, the storage and transmission of energy have to be solved sustainably. Nanowires made from carbon fibres have been proposed as modern transmission lines with the potential to significantly reduce the losses inside the distribution networks. Other smart materials developments can result in cleaner energy conversion for our society. This work builds on the pioneer work performed by Nobel Prize winner Richard Smalley, taking his vision of clean energy transmission through carbon structures into the second decade of the 21st century.

Unlike natural gas or fuel oil, electricity cannot be easily stored. However, interest in electric power storage (EPS) has been growing with technological advancements that can make storage a more practical means of integrating renewable power into the electricity grid and achieving other operating benefits. The book summarises the technical, regulatory, and policy issues that surround implementation of EPS.

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Supercharge your understanding of battery technologyIdeal for hobbyists and engineers alike, The TAB Battery Book: An In-Depth Guide to Construction Design and Use offers comprehensive coverage of these portable energy powerhouses. This practical guide discusses battery chemistry and engineering, how batteries are used, and the history of batteries. You'll find out how different types of batteries work and how to select the right battery for any application. The book also examines the technological advances being used to develop batteries as robust energy sources for a wide variety of devices. Tap into the power of all kinds of batteries with help from this detailed resource. Coverage includes: Portable energy and long-term energy storage Batteries for portable consumer demands, medical devices, electric vehicles, large-scale electrical energy storage, and space and military applications Basic physics and chemistry The science of batteries--cells, electrochemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics, and capacity Battery engineering designs, including electrode, seal, and vent design Battery performance, reliability, and safety Primary battery technologies--aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, including alkaline and lithium Rechargeable batteries, including nickel-metal hydride and lithium ion Selecting the right battery for any application Future technologies, such as thin-film, large-energy storage, and high-energy density batteries Make Great Stuff! TAB, an imprint of McGraw-Hill Professional, is a leading publisher of DIY technology books for makers, hackers, and electronics hobbyists.

Fuel cell performance is determined by the complex interplay of mass transport, energy transfer and electrochemical processes. The convolution of these processes leads to spatial heterogeneity in the way that fuel cells perform, particularly due to reactant consumption, water management and the design of fluid-flow plates. It is therefore unlikely that any bulk measurement made on a fuel cell will represent performance at all parts of the cell. The ability to make spatially resolved measurements in a fuel cell provides one of the most useful ways in which to monitor and optimise performance. This book reviews the range of in situ techniques being used to study fuel cells and describes the use of novel experimental techniques that the authors have used to develop an experimental functional map of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) performance. These techniques include the mapping of current density, electrochemical impedance, electrolyte conductivity, contact resistance and CO poisoning distribution within working PEFCs, as well as mapping the flow of reactant in gas channels using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). The combination of these techniques, applied across a range of fuel cell operating conditions allows a unique picture of the internal workings of PEFCs to be obtained and has been used to validate both numerical and analytical models.

In this book the authors assess the technology for fuel cells in terms of processes and basic science, materials, applications and infrastructure. Each section is devoted to a particular type of fuel cell technology covering all the aspects of processes, materials, application, technology, challenges and present trends.

Although, the basic concept of a fuel cell is quite simple, creating new designs and optimizing their performance takes serious work and a mastery of several technical areas. PEM Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulation Using Matlab, provides design engineers and researchers with a valuable tool for understanding and overcoming barriers to designing and building the next generation of PEM Fuel Cells. With this book, engineers can test components and verify designs in the development phase, saving both time and money.
Easy to read and understand, this book provides design and modelling tips for fuel cell components such as: modelling proton exchange structure, catalyst layers, gas diffusion, fuel distribution structures, fuel cell stacks and fuel cell plant. This book includes design advice and MATLAB and FEMLAB codes for Fuel Cell types such as: polymer electrolyte, direct methanol and solid oxide fuel cells. This book also includes types for one, two and three dimensional modeling and two-phase flow phenomena and microfluidics.
*Modeling and design validation techniques
*Covers most types of Fuel Cell including SOFC
*MATLAB and FEMLAB modelling codes
*Translates basic phenomena into mathematical equations

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. It produces electricity from external supplies of fuel (on the anode side) and oxidant (on the cathode side). These react in the presence of an electrolyte. Generally, the reactants flow in and reaction products flow out while the electrolyte remains in the cell. Fuel cells can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are maintained. Fuel cells differ from batteries in that they consume reactants, which must be replenished, while batteries store electrical energy chemically in a closed system. Additionally, while the electrodes within a battery react and change as a battery is charged or discharged, a fuel cell's electrodes are catalytic and relatively stable. Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations, such as spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks, rural locations, and in certain military applications. A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact, lightweight and has no major moving parts. Because fuel cells have no moving parts, and do not involve combustion, in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999% reliability. This equates to less than one minute of down time in a six year period. This new book presents important state-of-art research advances in the field.

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Proven Strategies and Solutions for Reducing Energy Consumption Property and facility managers can turn to Energy-Efficient Building Systems as a one-stop guide to operating and maintaining commercial building systems at peak efficiency. Designed to help reduce energy costs and meet environmental standards, this state-of-the-art productivity tool contains fully illustrated, real-world examples of successful green building projects that have achieved significant, energy-saving results. From energy management and auditing, HVAC systems, cooling towers, and pumping systems...to lighting, electrical systems, automation, and building envelope, this expert resource takes readers step by step through procedures for getting optimal performance from every building system. For each system, the book presents the latest methods for improving efficiency...identifying promising new solutions...evaluating their feasibility...and estimating actual savings. Comprehensive and authoritative, Energy-Efficient Building Systems enables building professionals to: Get an in-depth understanding of the principles of each building system Select the most efficient systems for any nonresidential building Maximize energy efficiency with practical strategies and solutions Utilize hands-on methods for evaluating feasibility and estimating savings Review real-world examples of successful green building projectsInside This Cost-Saving Energy Guide * Energy Management and Energy Auditing * Air-Conditioning and Central Chiller Systems * Boilers and Heating Systems * Pumping Systems * Cooling Towers * Air Handling and Distribution Systems * Lighting Systems * Building Electrical Systems * Building Automation Systems * Building Envelope

This second edition updates what has become a standard reference on transformer design and applications, and now includes a selection of computer solutions to many transformer circuit problems. Every chapter reflects the latest technology advances - and the section on inverter transformers has been expanded to cover more fully the increasingly important subject of power supplies.

Thermal energy storage refers to a collection of technologies that store energy in the forms of heat, cold or their combination, which currently accounts for more than half of global non-pumped hydro installations. The potential market for thermal energy storage on future low-carbon energy systems and associated social and economic impacts are enormous, with significant progress having been made in recent years. Following an introduction to thermal energy and thermal energy storage, the book is organised into four parts comprising the fundamentals, materials, devices, energy storage systems and applications of thermal energy storage. Chapters cover topics including materials properties, formulation and manufacture, as well as modelling at the material and device scale. Edited by a leader in the field, and with contributions from internationally renowned authors, this title will appeal to graduate students and researchers in energy, energy storage, materials engineering, chemical and process engineering, mechanical engineering and manufacture technologies.

Metal-air and metal-sulfur batteries (MABs/MSBs) represent one of the most efficient-energy storage technologies, with high round trip efficiency, a long life cycle, fast response at peak demand/supply of electricity, and decreased weight due to the use of atmospheric oxygen as one of the main reactants. This book presents an overview of the main MABs/MSBs from fundamentals to applications. Recent technological trends in their development are reviewed. It also offers a detailed analysis of these batteries at the material, component, and system levels, allowing the reader to evaluate the different approaches of their integration. The book provides a systematic overview of the components, design, and integration, and discusses current technologies, achievements, and challenges, as well as future directions. Each chapter focuses on a particular battery type including zinc-air batteries, lithium-air batteries, aluminum-air batteries, magnesium-air batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and vanadium-air redox flow batteries, and metal-sulfur batteries. Features the most recent advances made in metal-air/metal-sulfur batteries. Describes cutting-edge materials and technology for metal-air/metal-sulfur batteries. Includes both fundamentals and applications, which can be used to guide and promote materials as well as technology development for metal-air/metal-sulfur batteries. Provides a systematic overview of the components, design, and integration, and discusses current technologies, achievements, and challenges, as well as future directions. Covers a variety of battery types in depth, such as zinc-air batteries, lithium-air batteries, aluminum-air batteries, magnesium-air batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, vanadium-air redox flow batteries, and metal-sulfur batteries.

Polycrystalline silicon (commonly called "polysilicon") is the material of choice for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Polysilicon is the purest synthetic material on the market, though its processing through gas purification and decomposition (commonly called "Siemens" process) carries high environmental risk. While many current optoelectronic applications require high purity, PV applications do not and therefore alternate processes and materials are being explored for PV grade silicon. Solar Silicon Processes: Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities reviews current and potential future processing technologies for PV applications of solar silicon. It describes alternative processes and issues of material purity, cost, and environmental impact. It covers limits of silicon use with respect to high-efficiency solar cells and challenges arising from R&D activities. The book also defines purity requirements and purification processes of metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si) and examines production of solar grade silicon by novel processes directly from MG-Si and/or by decomposition of silane gas in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). Furthermore, the book: Analyzes past research and industrial development of low-cost silicon processes in view of understanding future trends in this field. Discusses challenges and probability of success of various solar silicon processes. Covers processes that are more environmentally sensitive. Describes limits of silicon use with respect to high-efficiency solar cells and challenges arising from R&D activities. Defines purity requirements and purification processes of MG-Si. Examines production of solar grade silicon directly from MG-Si.

Electrochemical Energy: Advanced Materials and Technologies covers the development of advanced materials and technologies for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. The book was created by participants of the International Conference on Electrochemical Materials and Technologies for Clean Sustainable Energy (ICES-2013) held in Guangzhou, China, and incorporates select papers presented at the conference. More than 300 attendees from across the globe participated in ICES-2013 and gave presentations in six major themes: Fuel cells and hydrogen energy Lithium batteries and advanced secondary batteries Green energy for a clean environment Photo-Electrocatalysis Supercapacitors Electrochemical clean energy applications and markets Comprised of eight sections, this book includes 25 chapters featuring highlights from the conference and covering every facet of synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of the advanced materials for electrochemical energy. It thoroughly describes electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies such as batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, hydrogen generation, and their associated materials. The book contains a number of topics that include electrochemical processes, materials, components, assembly and manufacturing, and degradation mechanisms. It also addresses challenges related to cost and performance, provides varying perspectives, and emphasizes existing and emerging solutions. The result of a conference encouraging enhanced research collaboration among members of the electrochemical energy community, Electrochemical Energy: Advanced Materials and Technologies is dedicated to the development of advanced materials and technologies for electrochemical energy conversion and storage and details the technologies, current achievements, and future directions in the field.

When the size and the shape of materials are reduced to the nanoscale dimension, their physical and chemical properties can change dramatically. This book demonstrates the controlled size and shape of nanostructured materials and their applications. The applications cover photocatalysts, biomedicals, nanomaterials, fuel cells and supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, light-emitting diodes, and field emission display. This book may be the first to clearly point out the relationship between the size and the structure of the materials, which strongly affects their properties. Understanding these control parameters has important technological implications for energy conversion and storage, biotechnology, lighting and display, and so forth.

This book summarizes achievements and technology of China's underground gas storage in the past 20 years based on years of experience and technology accumulated in the construction and operation of gas storages. It also analyses and projects the future construction of underground gas storages in China Readers can systematically understand the construction status of China's underground gas storages, the difficulties encountered and the process and solution to such difficulties. It provides important theoretical and technical guidance for both in China and the world. Features of this book are listed as 1. Understand the development history, construction status, development trend of the underground gas storages around the world with countries and regions listed as case studies. 2. Understand the market demand of China's underground gas storages and resource distribution. 3. Understand the underground gas storages already built in China. 4. Understand the integrity management and risk control of the gas storages in China. 5. Understand the operation and management mode of gas storage. The target audience are those engaging in the research and technical management of the underground gas storage. It's a valuable reference for both reseachers and college students as well in the fields of underground storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) and helium (He), Power to Gas energy accumulation.