The concept to utilize an ion-conducting polymer membrane as a solid po- mer electrolyte offers several advantages regarding the design and operation of an electrochemical cell, as outlined in Volume 215, Chapter 1 (L. Gubler, G.G. Scherer). Essentially, the solvent and/or transport medium, e.g., H O, 2 + for the mobile ionic species, e.g., H for a cation exchange membrane, is taken up by and con?ned into the nano-dimensional morphology of the i- containingdomainsofthepolymer.Asaconsequence, aphaseseparationinto a hydrophilic ion-containing solvent phase and a hydrophobic polymer ba- bone phase establishes. Because of the narrow solid electrolyte gap in these cells, low ohmic losses reducing the overall cell voltage can be achieved, even at highcurrent densities. This concept was applied to fuel cell technology at a very early stage; h- ever, performance and reliability of the cells were low due to the dissatisfying membrane properties at that time. The development of per?uoro sulfonate and carboxylate-type membranes, in particular for the chlor-alkali process, directly fostered the further development of proton-conducting membranes and, as a consequence, also the progress in this type of fuel cell technology (polymer electrolyte fuel cell, PEFC)

Explore power electronics for both conventional and modern energy conversion technologies and systems This comprehensive textbook clearly explains the principles and applications of power electronics as a critical part of modern energy conversion systems. The book features theoretical and practical coverage of the power electronics and electric machines required for the dynamic and steady-state analysis of modern energy conversion systems, including renewable energy systems, motor-drives, and powertrains in electric vehicles. Written by a seasoned educator, Power Electronics in Energy Conversion Systems contains topics not included in other textbooks, such as high-frequency phenomenon in motor-drives and fault-tolerant converters. Readers will get detailed discussions on steady-state and dynamics of rotating machines, switching and control of smart inverters, active rectifiers and dc-dc converters, scalar and vector control schemes in motor drives, power electronic converters as the interface between renewable energy devices and the power grid and much more. The book features hundreds of illustrations and examples.

From the late-1960's, perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSAs) ionomers have dominated the PEM fuel cell industry as the membrane material of choice. The "gold standard' amongst the many variations that exist today has been, and to a great extent still is, DuPont's Nafion (R) family of materials. However, there is significant concern in the industry that these materials will not meet the cost, performance, and durability requirementsnecessary to drive commercialization in key market segments - es- cially automotive. Indeed, Honda has already put fuel cell vehicles in the hands of real end users that have home-grown fuel cell stack technology incorporating hydrocarbon-based ionomers. "Polymer Membranes in Fuel Cells" takes an in-depth look at the new chem- tries and membrane technologies that have been developed over the years to address the concerns associated with the materials currently in use. Unlike the PFSAs, which were originally developed for the chlor-alkali industry, the more recent hydrocarbon and composite materials have been developed to meet the specific requirements of PEM Fuel Cells. Having said this, most of the work has been based on derivatives of known polymers, such as poly(ether-ether ketones), to ensure that the critical requirement of low cost is met. More aggressive operational requi- ments have also spurred the development on new materials; for example, the need for operation at higher temperature under low relative humidity has spawned the creation of a plethora of new polymers with potential application in PEM Fuel Cells.

This book is focused on the fundamental aspects of analysis, modeling and design of digital control loops around high-frequency switched-mode power converters in a systematic and rigorous manner Comprehensive treatment of digital control theory for power converters Verilog and VHDL sample codes are provided Enables readers to successfully analyze, model, design, and implement voltage, current, or multi-loop digital feedback loops around switched-mode power converters Practical examples are used throughout the book to illustrate applications of the techniques developed Matlab examples are also provided

Oxide semiconductors, including titanium dioxide (TiO2), are increasingly being considered as replacements for silicon in the development of the next generation of solar cells. Oxide Semiconductors for Solar Energy Conversion: Titanium Dioxide presents the basic properties of binary metal oxide semiconductors and the performance-related properties of TiO2 as they relate to solar energy. The book provides a general background on oxide semiconductors based on binary oxides and their solid solutions, including electronic and ionic conductors. It covers several aspects of solid-state electrochemistry of oxides, such as defect chemistry, and defect-related properties, such as electrical properties, diffusion, segregation, and reactivity. The author also takes a pioneering approach in considering bulk versus surface semiconducting properties, showing how they are different due to the effect of segregation. One of the first on semiconducting, photocatalytic, and photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 and its solid solutions with donor- and acceptor-type ions, the book discusses defect chemistry of TiO2 in terms of defect equilibria and defect-related properties, including electrical properties, self and chemical diffusion, surface properties, segregation, and reactivity and photoreactivity with oxygen, water, and microbial agents. The text also illustrates the use of TiO2 as an emerging material for solar energy conversion systems, including the generation of hydrogen fuel by photoelectrochemical water splitting, the photocatalytic purification of water, and the generation of photovoltaic electricity. In addition, it presents defect disorder diagrams for the formation of TiO2-based semiconductors with controlled properties. Encompassing the areas of solid-state science, surface chemistry, and photocatalysis, this book reflects the increasing awareness of the importance of structural imperfections, such as point defects, in understanding the properties of metal oxides, specifically TiO2-based semiconductors.

Storage and conversion are critical components of important energy-related technologies. "Advanced Batteries: Materials Science Aspects" employs materials science concepts and tools to describe the critical features that control the behavior of advanced electrochemical storage systems.

This volume focuses on the basic phenomena that determine the properties of the components, i.e. electrodes and electrolytes, of advanced systems, as well as experimental methods used to study their critical parameters. This unique materials science approach utilizes concepts and methodologies different from those typical in electrochemical texts, offering a fresh, fundamental and tutorial perspective of advanced battery systems.

Graduate students, scientists and engineers interested in electrochemical energy storage and conversion will find "Advanced Batteries: Materials Science Aspects" a valuable reference.

As world demand for electrical energy increases, it will be the ingenuity and skill of brilliant electrochemists that enables us to utilize the planet's mineral reserves responsibly. This biographical dictionary profiles 85 electrochemists from 19 nations who during the past 270 years have researched and developed ever more efficient batteries and energy cells. Each entry traces the subject's origin, education, discoveries and patents, as well as hobbies and family life. The breakthroughs of early innovators are cataloged and the work of living scientists and technicians is brought up to date. An appendix provides a cross-referenced timeline of innovation.

Batteries are becoming increasingly important in today's world of portable electronic devices, along with the need to store electricity derived from solar and other renewable forms of energy, and the desire to introduce electric and hybrid electric vehicles to reduce emissions. Understanding Batteries is a must for all those seeking a straightforward explanation of how batteries are constructed, their operation, and the factors determining their performance and life. Beginning with a brief history of the development of batteries and a discussion of their applications and markets, the book goes on to outline the basic terminology and science of batteries. The different types of primary (non-rechargeable) and secondary (rechargeable) batteries are then described and emphasis is given to the importance of matching the battery to the intended application. Examples are given to demonstrate how to define and prioritise the various criteria which comprise the battery specification. Throughout, the chemistry is kept as simple as possible. Understanding Batteries will appeal to a wide range of readers, including electrical equipment manufacturers and users, engineers and technicians, chemistry and materials science students, teachers and the interested battery user.

This volume contains an archival record of the NATO Advanced Institute on Mini - Micro Fuel Cells - Fundamental and Applications held in Cesme - Izmir, Turkey, July 22-August 3, 2007. The ASIs are intended to be a high-level teaching activity in scientific and technical areas of current concern. In this volume, the reader may find interesting chapters on Mini- Micro Fuel Cells with fundamentals and applications. In recent years, fu- cell development, modeling and performance analysis has received much attention due to their potential for distributed power which is a critical issue for energy security and the environmental protection. Small fuel cells for portable applications are important for the security. The portable devices (many electronic and wireless) operated by fuel cells for providing all-day power, are very valuable for the security, for defense and in the war against terrorism. Many companies in NATO and non-NATO countries have concentrated to promote the fuel cell industry. Many universities with industrial partners committed to the idea of working together to develop fuel cells. As tech- logy advanced in the 1980s and beyond, many government organizations joined in spending money on fuel-cell research. In recent years, interest in using fuel cells to power portable electronic devices and other small equipment (cell phones, mobile phones, lab-tops, they are used as micro power source in biological applications) has increased partly due to the promise of fuel cells having higher energy density."

Lithium Batteries: Science and Technology is an up-to-date and comprehensive compendium on advanced power sources and energy related topics. Each chapter is a detailed and thorough treatment of its subject. The volume includes several tutorials and contributes to an understanding of the many fields that impact the development of lithium batteries. Recent advances on various components are included and numerous examples of innovation are presented. Extensive references are given at the end of each chapter. All contributors are internationally recognized experts in their respective specialty. The fundamental knowledge necessary for designing new battery materials with desired physical and chemical properties including structural, electronic and reactivity are discussed. The molecular engineering of battery materials is treated by the most advanced theoretical and experimental methods.

Since the 90s, the Li-ion batteries are the most commonly used energy storage systems. The demand for performance and safety is constantly growing, current commercial batteries based liquid electrolytes or gels may not be able to meet the needs of emerging applications such as for electric and hybrid vehicles and renewable energy storage , and it is therefore necessary to develop advanced storage systems with characteristics such that the highest density of energy technology, long life, low cost of production, little or no maintenance and high safety of use. Batteries "all solid" are a technology of choice to meet these requirements. In this technology, the electrolyte separator between the two electrodes is no longer a liquid medium but a solid.

For the first time Argonne National Laboratory opened it doors in the USA to host researchers from both European and former Warsaw Pact countries to address the latest research on the development, synthesis, characterization and use of advanced carbonaceous materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. This meeting was attended by key scientists from both western and post-socialist universities and companies with a goal to open channels for future collaboration.The energy storage systems covered during the meeting included: metal air primary and rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries. The latest developments on the manufacture of graphites, carbons, and nano-materials and their outlook for use in power sources were also presented .

As environmental concerns escalate, solar power is increasingly seen as an attractive alternative energy source. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells addresses the practical and theoretical issues fundamental to the viable conversion of sunlight into electricity. Written by three internationally renowned experts, this valuable reference profits from results and experience gained from research at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems. Features include:&UL; &LI; Introduction to the principles of photovoltaics, providing a grounding in semiconductor physics for the novice reader&LI; Special emphasis on the methods of attaining high efficiency and thereby cost-effective solar power&LI; Examination of the physics, design and technology of crystalline silicon solar cells, in particular thin film cells&LI; Survey of a selection of alternative cell types equipping the reader with a complete overview&LI; Detailed description of measuring and analysis techniques to facilitate determining physical semiconductor and solar cell parameters&/UL; Accessible to those with a basic knowledge of physics and mathematics, this is an excellent introductory book for students studying solid state and semiconductor physics. All those working in photovoltaic development and production will find Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells an indispensable resource.

Recent advances in electrochemistry and materials science have opened the way to the evolution of entirely new types of energy storage systems: rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, electrochroms, hydrogen containers, etc., all of which have greatly improved electrical performance and other desirable characteristics. This book encompasses all the disciplines linked in the progress from fundamentals to applications, from description and modelling of different materials to technological use, from general diagnostics to methods related to technological control and operation of intercalation compounds. Designing devices with higher specific energy and power will require a more profound understanding of material properties and performance. This book covers the status of materials and advanced activities based on the development of new substances for energy storage.

A lithium-ion battery comprises essentially three components: two intercalation compounds as positive and negative electrodes, separated by an ionic-electronic electrolyte. Each component is discussed in sufficient detail to give the practising engineer an understanding of the subject, providing guidance on the selection of suitable materials in actual applications. Each topic covered is written by an expert, reflecting many years of experience in research and applications. Each topic is provided with an extensive list of references, allowing easy access to further information. Readership: Research students and engineers seeking an expert review. Graduate courses in electrical drives can also be designed around the book by selecting sections for discussion. The coverage and treatment make the book indispensable for the lithium battery community.

This book covers the basics and the state of the art of energy-efficient motor technologies, which can be used now and in the near future to achieve significant and cost-effective energy savings. It describes recent developments in advanced motor technologies such as permanent magnet and reluctance motors. Energy-efficient motor technologies, though enabling a huge amount of electricity to be saved, still have not been widely adopted. The book presents barriers to the adoption of those technologies and features policies to promote the large scale penetration of energy-efficient technologies, describing the experiences carried out so far in different parts of the world. The volume includes contributions from relevant institutions in the European Union, North America, Latin America, Japan and New Zealand.

This book includes selected peer-reviewed papers presented at third International Conference on Computational and Experimental Methods in Mechanical Engineering held in June 2021 at G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, U.P, India. The book covers broad range of topics in latest research including hydropower, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, advanced manufacturing, recycling and waste disposal, solar energy, thermal power plants, refrigeration and air conditioning, robotics, automation and mechatronics, and advanced designs. The authors are experienced and experts in their field, and all papers are reviewed by expert reviewers in respective field. The book is useful for industry peoples, faculties, and research scholars.

Economic, efficient and reliable thermal storage systems are a key need of solar thermal power plants in order to smooth out insolation changes, to permit operation during the night period and to provide an output management tool for shifting output production to periods with high revenues. Nevertheless, thermal storage development has become almost a stepchild within the international solar thermal programs. This is due to the fact, that thermal storage is less a technological problem - technologically sophisticated storage concepts have been tested successfully in the past - but a problem of system optimization and cost minimization. The very limited storage research conducted for solar thermal power 0 plants concentrated mostly on high temperature storage, starting at 400 C and 0 reaching beyond 1000 C, as required by central tower technology. On the lower end of the temperature scale, a large variety of storage projects has been conducted for house 0 heating and house cooling at temperatures ranging from ambient to 100 C and for 0 0 concentrating collectors at temperatures between 180 C and 300 C. In the meantime, commercial solar thermal plant technology has made considerable technological progress since the last R&D project on solar thermal storage had ended in 1985: Since then, more than 300 MWe of solar plants with parabolic trough collectors were installed in California and their operating temperature was increased from the 0 0 former 300 C threshold to almost 400 C.

Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems Discover how modern techniques have shaped complex power system expansion planning with this one-stop resource from two experts in the field Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems delivers a comprehensive collection of innovative approaches to the probabilistic planning of generation and transmission systems under uncertainties. The book includes renewables and energy storage calculations when using probabilistic and deterministic reliability techniques to assess system performance from a long-term expansion planning viewpoint. Divided into two sections, the book first covers topics related to Generation Expansion Planning, with chapters on cost assessment, methodology and optimization, and more. The second and final section provides information on Transmission System Expansion Planning, with chapters on reliability constraints, probabilistic production cost simulation, and more. Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning compares the optimization and methodology across dynamic, linear, and integer programming and explores the branch and bound algorithm. Along with case studies to demonstrate how the techniques described within have been applied in complex power system expansion planning problems, readers will enjoy: A thorough discussion of generation expansion planning, including cost assessment, methodology and optimization, and probabilistic production cost An exploration of transmission system expansion planning, including the branch and bound algorithm, probabilistic production cost simulation for TEP, and TEP with reliability constraints An examination of fuzzy decision making applied to transmission system expansion planning A treatment of probabilistic reliability-based grid expansion planning of power systems including wind turbine generators Perfect for power and energy systems designers, planners, operators, consultants, practicing engineers, software developers, and researchers, Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing engineers who regularly deal with optimization problems.

This book is a concise reader-friendly introductory guide to understanding renewable energy technologies. By using simplified classroom-tested methods developed while teaching the subject to engineering students, the authors explain in simple language an otherwise complex subject in terms that enable readers to gain a rapid fundamental understanding of renewable energy, including basic principles, the different types, energy storage, grid integration, and economies. This powerful tutorial is a great resource for students, engineers, technicians, analysts, investors, and other busy professionals who need to quickly acquire a solid understanding of the science of renewable energy technology.

The analysis of thin shells of revolution in general has always occupied an important place in the theory of structures, and recently the problem of hyperbolic cooling towers has attracted many investigators due to the wide use of such shells in industry. Until the early 1960's these towers were of moderate size, probably not exceeding 76m (250ft) height. In this range, the structural safety and stability were not of primary concern because, the minimum wall thickness and reinforcement were sufficient to provide the required safety. It was not necessary to use very rigorous methods to analyse the problem. The analysis involved the following assumptions, i) flexural stresses were ignored (membrane tneory), ii) The geometry of the shell was assumed to be perfect and to be idealised as a set of straight sided conical frusta, and iii) The boundary conditions at the base were taken to be fixed or continuously hinged with full tangential restraint.

A comprehensive reference of the latest developments in MV drive technology in the area of power converter topologies This new edition reflects the recent technological advancements in the MV drive industry, such as advanced multilevel converters and drive configurations. It includes three new chapters, Control of Synchronous Motor Drives, Transformerless MV Drives, and Matrix Converter Fed Drives. In addition, there are extensively revised chapters on Multilevel Voltage Source Inverters and Voltage Source Inverter-Fed Drives. This book includes a systematic analysis on a variety of high-power multilevel converters, illustrates important concepts with simulations and experiments, introduces various megawatt drives produced by world leading drive manufacturers, and addresses practical problems and their mitigations methods. This new edition: * Provides an in-depth discussion and analysis of various control schemes for the MV synchronous motor drives * Examines new technologies developed to eliminate the isolation transformer in the MV drives * Discusses the operating principle and modulation schemes of matrix converter (MC) topology and multi-module cascaded matrix converters (CMCs) for MV drives, and their application in commercial MV drives Bin Wu is a Professor and Senior NSERC/Rockwell Automation Industrial Research Chair in Power Electronics and Electric Drives at Ryerson University, Canada. He is a fellow of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Engineering Institute of Canada (EIC), and Canadian Academy of Engineering (CAE). Dr. Wu has published more than 400 papers and holds more than 30 granted/pending US/European patents. He co-authored several books including Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems and Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (both by Wiley-IEEE Press). Mehdi Narimani is a Postdoctoral Research Associate with the Department of Electrical and computer Engineering at Ryerson University, Canada, and Rockwell Automation Canada. He is a senior member of IEEE. Dr. Narimani is author/co-author of more than 50 technical papers and four US/European patents (issued/pending review). His current research interests include power conversion, high power converters, control of power electronics, and renewable energy systems.

Compiles current research into the analysis and design of power electronic converters for industrial applications and renewable energy systems, presenting modern and future applications of power electronics systems in the field of electrical vehicles With emphasis on the importance and long-term viability of Power Electronics for Renewable Energy this book brings together the state of the art knowledge and cutting-edge techniques in various stages of research. The topics included are not currently available for practicing professionals and aim to enable the reader to directly apply the knowledge gained to their designs. The book addresses the practical issues of current and future electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and focuses primarily on power electronics and motor drives based solutions for electric vehicle (EV) technologies. Propulsion system requirements and motor sizing for EVs is discussed, along with practical system sizing examples. Key EV battery technologies are explained as well as corresponding battery management issues. PHEV power system architectures and advanced power electronics intensive charging infrastructures for EVs and PHEVs are detailed. EV/PHEV interface with renewable energy is described, with practical examples. This book explores new topics for further research needed world-wide, and defines existing challenges, concerns, and selected problems that comply with international trends, standards, and programs for electric power conversion, distribution, and sustainable energy development. It will lead to the advancement of the current state-of-the art applications of power electronics for renewable energy, transportation, and industrial applications and will help add experience in the various industries and academia about the energy conversion technology and distributed energy sources. * Combines state of the art global expertise to present the latest research on power electronics and its application in transportation, renewable energy and different industrial applications * Offers an overview of existing technology and future trends, with discussion and analysis of different types of converters and control techniques (power converters, high performance power devices, power system, high performance control system and novel applications) * Systematic explanation to provide researchers with enough background and understanding to go deeper in the topics covered in the book

"A complete all-in-one reference on the important interdisciplinary topic of Battery Systems Engineering"

Focusing on the interdisciplinary area of battery systems engineering, this book provides the background, models, solution techniques, and systems theory that are necessary for the development of advanced battery management systems. It covers the topic from the perspective of basic electrochemistry as well as systems engineering topics and provides a basis for battery modeling for system engineering of electric and hybrid electric vehicle platforms.

This original approach gives a useful overview for systems engineers in chemical, mechanical, electrical, or aerospace engineering who are interested in learning more about batteries and how to use them effectively. Chemists, material scientists, and mathematical modelers can also benefit from this book by learning how their expertise affects battery management.Approaches a topic which has experienced phenomenal growth in recent yearsTopics covered include: Electrochemistry; Governing Equations; Discretization Methods; System Response and Battery Management SystemsInclude tables, illustrations, photographs, graphs, worked examples, homework problems, and references, to thoroughly illustrate key materialIdeal for engineers working in the mechanical, electrical, and chemical fields as well as graduate students in these areas

A valuable resource for Scientists and Engineers working in the battery or electric vehicle industries, Graduate students in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering.

This indispensable handbook provides comprehensive coverage of the current state-of-the-art in inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels – from synthesis and characterization to cutting-edge applications and their potential market impact. Built upon Springer’s successful Aerogels Handbook published in 2011, this handbook features extensive revisions and timely updates, reflecting the changes in this fast-growing field.  Aerogels are the lightest solids known to man. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density only four times that of air, they possess extraordinarily high thermal, electrical, and acoustic insulation properties, and boast numerous entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to incorporate non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal, and ceramic materials. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation, and household uses are being developed. Readers of this fully updated and expanded edition will find an exhaustive source for all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and the most recent advances towards applications and commercial use. This key reference is essential reading for a combined audience of graduate students, academic researchers, and industry professionals.