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Books > Professional & Technical > Technology: general issues > Technical design > Ergonomics
An easily accessible guide to scientific information, Hazardous Chemicals: Safety Management and Global Regulations covers proper management, precautions, and related global regulations on the safety management of chemical substances. The book helps workers and safety personnel prevent and minimize the consequences of catastrophic releases of toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive chemical substances, which often result in toxic or explosive hazards. It also details safety measures for transportation of chemical substances by different routes, such as by road, rail, air, and sea. Discusses different aspects of potentially toxic and hazardous chemicals in simple and comprehensive language Provides toxicity and health effects of chemicals in simple, nontechnical language Covers scientific information on hazardous and potentially dangerous chemical substances at workplaces Offers fundamental knowledge about the biological and health effects of hazardous and potentially toxic chemicals in a comprehensive way Includes recent developments on safety management of hazardous and potentially toxic chemicals and related global regulations The author discusses the importance of knowledge in avoiding negligence during the use and handling of hazardous chemical substances. He stresses the importance of proper management and judicious application of each chemical substance irrespective of the workplace and eventually shows how safety and protection of the user, workplace, and the living environment can be achieved.
In this book the author applies contemporary error theory to the needs of investigators and of anyone attempting to understand why someone made a critical error, how that error led to an incident or accident, and how to prevent such errors in the future. Students and investigators of human error will gain an appreciation of the literature on error, with numerous references to both scientific research and investigative reports in a wide variety of applications, from airplane accidents, to bus accidents, to bonfire disasters. Based on the author's extensive experience as an accident investigator and instructor of both aircraft accident investigation techniques and human factors psychology, it reviews recent human factors literature, summarizes major transportation accidents, and shows how to investigate the types of errors that typically occur in high risk industries. It presents a model of human error causation influenced largely by James Reason and Neville Moray, and relates it to error investigations with step-by-step guidelines for data collection and analysis that investigators can readily apply as needed. This second edition of Investigating Human Error has been brought up to date throughout, with pertinent recent accidents and safety literature integrated. It features new material on fatigue, distraction (eg mobile phone and texting) and medication use. It also now explores the topics of corporate culture, safety culture and safety management systems. Additionally the second edition considers the effects of the reduction in the number of major accidents on investigation quality, the consequences of social changes on transportation safety (such as drinking and driving, cell phone use, etc), the contemporary role of accident investigation, and the effects of the prosecution of those involved in accidents.
This is the first available edited collection of chapters on human performance in general aviation. Each chapter has been written by someone with knowledge of both the research literature and the operational background of general aviation. Chapters are designed to survey the current state of knowledge in areas critical to general aviation and to spell out both the operational implications of this knowledge and the directions needed for future research. Topics covered include strategies for flight instruction; the development of computer-based training; stress and decision making; skill development; the involvement of general aviation pilots in incidents and accidents; human factors implications of GPS use and the future of aircraft design and development in general aviation. The book provides an authoritative outline of currently applicable human factors knowledge for general aviation and a valuable guide to future developments. It features a foreword by Dr Stan Roscoe.
Supplying a breadth and depth of coverage beyond that found in most traditional texts, Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics for Engineers, Second Edition presents and integrates important methods and tools used in the fields of Industrial Engineering, Human Factors and Ergonomics to design and improve jobs, tasks and products. It presents these topics with a practical, applied orientation suitable for engineering undergraduate students. See What s New in the Second Edition:
The book has sufficient material to be used in its entirety for a two semester sequence of classes, or in part for a single semester course, focusing on selected topics covered in the text. The authors provide a set of guidelines and principles for the design and analysis of human-integrated systems and highlights their application to industry and service systems. It addresses the topics of human factors, work measurement and methods improvement, and product design an approachable style. The common thread throughout the book is on how better "human factors" can lead to improved safety, comfort, enjoyment, acceptance, and effectiveness in all application arenas. Packed with cases studies and examples, readers can use well beyond the classroom and into their professional lives.
Patient Safety: Perspectives on Evidence, Information and Knowledge Transfer provides background on the patient safety movement, systems safety, human error and other key philosophies that support change and innovation in the reduction of medical error. The book draws from multidisciplinary areas within the acute care environment to share models that support the proactive changes necessary to provide safe care delivery. The publication discusses how the tenets of safety (described in the beginning of the book) can be actively applied in the field to make evidence, information and knowledge (EIK) sharing processes reliable, effective and safe. This is a wide-ranging and important book that is designed to raise awareness of the latent risks for patient safety that are present in the EIK identification, acquisition and distribution processes, structures, and systems of many healthcare institutions across the world. The expert contributors offer systemic, evidence-based improvement processes, assessment concepts and innovative activities to identify these risks to minimize their potential to adversely impact care. These ideas are presented to create opportunities for the field to design and use strategies that enable meaningful implementation and management of EIK. Their thoughts will enable healthcare staff to see EIK as a tangible element contributing toward sustainable patient safety improvements.
Accidents are preventable, but only if they are correctly described and understood. Since the mid-1980s accidents have come to be seen as the consequence of complex interactions rather than simple threads of causes and effects. Yet progress in accident models has not been matched by advances in methods. The author's work in several fields (aviation, power production, traffic safety, healthcare) made it clear that there is a practical need for constructive methods and this book presents the experiences and the state-of-the-art. The focus of the book is on accident prevention rather than accident analysis and unlike other books, has a proactive rather than reactive approach. The emphasis on design rather than analysis is a trend also found in other fields. Features of the book include: -A classification of barrier functions and barrier systems that will enable the reader to appreciate the diversity of barriers and to make informed decisions for system changes. -A perspective on how the understanding of accidents (the accident model) largely determines how the analysis is done and what can be achieved. The book critically assesses three types of accident models (sequential, epidemiological, systemic) and compares their strengths and weaknesses. -A specific accident model that captures the full complexity of systemic accidents. One consequence is that accidents can be prevented through a combination of performance monitoring and barrier functions, rather than through the elimination or encapsulation of causes. -A clearly described methodology for barrier analysis and accident prevention. Written in an accessible style, Barriers and Accident Prevention is designed to provide a stimulating and practical guide for industry professionals familiar with the general ideas of accidents and human error. The book is directed at those involved with accident analysis and system safety, such as managers of safety departments, risk and safety consultants, human factors professionals, and accident investigators. It is applicable to all major application areas such as aviation, ground transportation, maritime, process industries, healthcare and hospitals, communication systems, and service providers.
- one of the first books to focus on the role of AI in and for Africa - tackles a wide range of issues including algorithmic bias and regulation - includes cross-disciplinary expertise from both the humanities and sciences
The field of sports ergonomics is now recognised as an interdisciplinary area in its own right. This book forms the proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Sport, Leisure and Ergonomics, providing a particular focus on disabled athletes, health and fitness educations and sports equipment.
The leading thinkers from the cognitive science tradition participated in a workshop sponsored by Sandia National Laboratories in July of 2003 to discuss progress in building their models. The goal was to summarize the theoretical and empirical bases for cognitive systems and to present exemplary developments in the field. Following the workshop, a great deal of planning went into the creation of this book. Eleven of the twenty-six presenters were asked to contribute chapters, and four chapters are the product of the breakout sessions in which critical topics were discussed among the participants. An introductory chapter provides the context for this compilation. Cognitive Systems thus presents a unique merger of cognitive modeling and intelligent systems, and attempts to overcome many of the problems inherent in current expert systems. It will be of interest to researchers and students in the fields of cognitive science, computational modeling, intelligent systems, artificial intelligence, and human-computer interaction.
This volume presents world-leading ideas and research that explores some of the most prominent topics relevant to detecting terrorism. The book is divided into six key themes: conceptualising terrorism, deception and decision making, social and cultural factors in terrorism, modelling hostile intent, strategies for counter-terrorism, and future directions. Twenty two chapters cover the spectrum of detecting terrorist activities, hostile intent, crowded public spaces and suspicious behaviour. The work draws from high impact research findings and presents case-studies to help communicate concepts. Specific areas of interest include methodological issues in counter-terrorism, counter terrorism policy and its impact on end users, novel research methods and innovative technologies in counter-terrorism. A variety of disciplines are represented by this work, including: ergonomics/human factors, psychology, criminology, cognitive science, sociology, political theory, art/design, engineering and computer science. This book not only expands the knowledge base of the subject area and is therefore of prime relevance to researchers investigating counter-terrorism, but provides a valuable resource to security stakeholders at policy and practitioner levels.
The text comprehensively discusses the latest mathematical modelling techniques and their applications in various areas such as fuzzy modelling, signal processing, neural network, machine learning, image processing, and their numerical analysis. It further covers image processing techniques like Viola-Jones Method for face detection and fuzzy approach for person video emotion. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of mechanical engineering, electronics, communication engineering, computer engineering, and mathematics. This book: Discusses applications of neural networks, machine learning, image processing, and mathematical modeling. Provides simulations techniques in machine learning and image processing-based problems. Highlights artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques in the detection of diseases. Introduces mathematical modeling techniques such as wavelet transform, modeling using differential equations, and numerical techniques for multi-dimensional data. Includes real-life problems for better understanding. The book presents mathematical modeling techniques such as wavelet transform, differential equations, and numerical techniques for multi-dimensional data. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in diverse engineering fields such as mechanical, electronics and communication and computer.
Whether you call them work-related upper limb disorders (WRULDs), cumulative trauma disorders (CTDS), or occupational overuse syndromes (OOSs), these conditions are a cause of pain, disability and suffering to workers worldwide. These designations often imply that their causes are related to work, but the supporting evidence can be unclear. Transparency is important, especially when it is necessary to form a connection with work factors to obtain treatment or compensation. This book addresses the dilemma. Written by a professional ergonomist with almost 40 years of experience in workplace ergonomics, this book combines a critical summary and assessment of the epidemiological literature with an exploration of the scientific and medical evidence for possible causal mechanisms to develop well-informed conclusions on causation of a number of common musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb and intervertebral disc injury. Although much of the book focuses on physical factors, the role of psychosocial factors is increasingly being recognized and an additional chapter reviews a number of the current theories relating to this important issue. Features Focuses on a clear and authoritative account of the evidence for the role of work in the causation of commonly occurring ULDs and disc injury Provides an up-to-date compilation of the scientific evidence, devoid of views based on assumptions or prejudice Presents a clear explanation of the most likely causal mechanisms for common ULDs and disc injuries Includes a summary of theories concerning the role played by psychosocial factors Outlines the statistical evidence in a clear and understandable manner Bridges the gap between the evidence-base in the scientific and medical research literature and the practitioner
The availability of electric lighting has changed the lives of people the world over, yet as a major user of electricity it has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years. This scrutiny has focused largely on the environmental consequences, with little consideration of the benefits of lighting. Human Factors in Lighting, Third Edition restores some balance to the discussion by examining the ways in which people interact with lighting. These interactions influence the ability to perform visual tasks; the perception of people, objects, and spaces; human comfort and behavior; as well as human health and safety. It is only by understanding how to use light to achieve these ends that lighting can be provided effectively and efficiently to the benefit of all. See What s New in the Third Edition:
The book covers both the visual and the non-visual effects of light on people as well as the benefits of lighting and the costs it imposes on the environment. It details the consequences of exposure to lighting or lighting technology and the role of exposure to light on such basic functions of the body as circadian rhythms. The author combines information from many different sources and integrates them into a coherent overview of lighting practice that can be used to develop better lighting solutions at a lower environmental cost."
Business integrity is rarely a matter of straight-forward rules. As the nature and geography of business transactions become more complex, managers are required to make judgements and to tackle new ethical dilemmas that are often local and situational. Integrity in Business explores the complex nature of integrity and business and illustrates how organizations have avoided major setbacks to their reputations and value by encouraging integrity. It also examines those organizations that have failed or experienced serious reputational damage due to lack of preparation, lack of transparency and lack of leadership. Frank Holder analyzes how transparency and integrity depend on a state of balance in competition and knowing who you are doing business with. He explains the significance of leadership awareness which, whilst now global, is alert to the need to establish integrity in local markets. Using his research from a review of significant fraud cases, legislative mandates and governmental and nongovernmental initiatives over the past 15 years, the author provides a rigorous and sophisticated guide to understanding and adopting an holistic business integrity strategy- one which has a realistic chance of protecting your organization from the kind of catastrophic loss or reputational damage that can easily be the result of an error of judgement in a world that is increasingly connected and driven by instant and social media.
With the increase of globalization of business and industry, IT products and services are often produced and marketed across geographical cultural boundaries without adequate consideration of culture. There is a high probability that IT products and services developed in one country may not be effectively used in another country, which may hinder their market penetration, sales, and use. Based on research and practice, Cross-Cultural Design for IT Products and Services provides a resource for human factors engineers, designers, and marketing professionals who define and develop IT products and services for the global market. With its extensive review of cross-cultural theory and cross-cultural design literature, it is also a resource for those who are interested in research on cross-cultural design. The book presents an overview of the dimensions of culture that have implications for human information processing and affective response. It examines a set of user interface design guidelines grouped into five areas: language, use of color, icons and images, navigation, and information architecture. Also, it addresses physical ergonomics and anthropometry issues. The text translates theory and guidelines into a practical methodology and discusses how to integrate methods of cross-cultural design into a standard engineering process for product development. The authors review and reappraise theories, models, principles, and techniques for design of IT products and services that will be marketed globally. They provide guidelines for user interface design across North American, Asian, and other cultures. Applying the guidelines within the methodological framework provided will enhance the usability and effectiveness of the IT product or service, and contribute to greater user satisfaction, increased productivity, higher sales, and lower product support costs.
Over the last 50 years, the theory and the methods of reliability analysis have developed significantly. Therefore, it is very important to the reliability specialist to be informed of each reliability measure. This book will provide historical developments, current advancements, applications, numerous examples, and many case studies to bring the reader up-to-date with the advancements in this area. It covers reliability engineering in different branches, includes applications to reliability engineering practice, provides numerous examples to illustrate the theoretical results, and offers case studies along with real-world examples. This book is useful to engineering students, research scientist, and practitioners working in the field of reliability.
Despite diagnosis being the key feature of a physician's clinical performance, this is the first book that deals specifically with the topic. In recent years, however, considerable interest has been shown in this area and significant developments have occurred in two main areas: a) an awareness and increasing understanding of the critical role of clinical decision making in the process of diagnosis, and of the multiple factors that impact it, and b) a similar appreciation of the role of the healthcare system in supporting clinicians in their efforts to make accurate diagnoses. Although medicine has seen major gains in knowledge and technology over the last few decades, there is a consensus that the diagnostic failure rate remains in the order of 10-15%. This book provides an overview of the major issues in this area, in particular focusing on where the diagnostic process fails, and where improvements might be made.
Increased concern for patient safety has put the issue at the top of the agenda of practitioners, hospitals, and even governments. The risks to patients are many and diverse, and the complexity of the healthcare system that delivers them is huge. Yet the discourse is often oversimplified and underdeveloped. Written from a scientific, human factors perspective, Patient Safety: A Human Factors Approach delineates a method that can enlighten and clarify this discourse as well as put us on a better path to correcting the issues. People often think, understandably, that safety lies mainly in the hands through which care ultimately flows to the patient-those who are closest to the patient, whose decisions can mean the difference between life and death, between health and morbidity. The human factors approach refuses to lay the responsibility for safety and risk solely at the feet of people at the sharp end. That is where we should intervene to make things safer, to tighten practice, to focus attention, to remind people to be careful, to impose rules and guidelines. The book defines an approach that looks relentlessly for sources of safety and risk everywhere in the system-the designs of devices; the teamwork and coordination between different practitioners; their communication across hierarchical and gender boundaries; the cognitive processes of individuals; the organization that surrounds, constrains, and empowers them; the economic and human resources offered; the technology available; the political landscape; and even the culture of the place. The breadth of the human factors approach is itself testimony to the realization that there are no easy answers or silver bullets for resolving the issues in patient safety. A user-friendly introduction to the approach, this book takes the complexity of health care seriously and doesn't over simplify the problem. It demonstrates what the approach does do, that is offer the substance and guidance to consider the issues in all their nuance and complexity.
How are today's 'hearts and minds' programs linked to a late-19th century definition of human factors as people's moral and mental deficits? What do Heinrich's 'unsafe acts' from the 1930's have in common with the Swiss cheese model of the early 1990's? Why was the reinvention of human factors in the 1940's such an important event in the development of safety thinking? What makes many of our current systems so complex and impervious to Tayloristic safety interventions? 'Foundations of Safety Science' covers the origins of major schools of safety thinking, and traces the heritage and interlinkages of the ideas that make up safety science today. Features Offers a comprehensive overview of the theoretical foundations of safety science Provides balanced treatment of approaches since the early 20th century, showing interlinkages and cross-connections Includes an overview and key points at the beginning of each chapter and study questions at the end to support teaching use Uses an accessible style, using technical language where necessary Concentrates on the philosophical and historical traditions and assumptions that underlie all safety approaches
Literally hundreds of papers have been written about interface issues experienced by older adults, but how many actually influence the designs older adults use? The sheer number of articles available, the fast pace of the industry, and time constraints combine to build barriers to knowledge transfer from theory into practice. A distillation of decades of published research, Designing Displays for Older Adults is a primer on age-related changes in cognition, perception, and behavior organized into meaningful principles that improve understanding. Using theory backed up by evidence provides an understanding of why we see certain problems with many displays and often predicts solutions. This understanding surpasses an individual interface and provides practitioners with ways to plan for older adults on multiple display types. Based on this, the book delineates the theories, then explores how to apply them in real design exercises, providing specific guidelines for display examples that bridge theory and practice. The authors explore the complex set of mental and physical changes that occur during aging and that can affect technology acceptance, adoption, interaction, safety, and satisfaction. This book provides a fundamental understanding of age related change and explores how such information can influence design from the very beginning stages, rather than waiting for testing to reveal the problems users have with the product. The authors open the way for designing with an understanding of these changes that results in better products and systems for users in all life stages.
Neuroergnomics can be defined as the study of brain and behavior at work. It combines two disciplines -- neuroscience, the study of brain function, and human factors, the study of how to match technology with the capabilities and limitations of people so they can work effectively and safely. The goal of merging these two fields is to use the startling discoveries of human brain and physiological functioning both to inform the design of technologies in the workplace and home, and to provide new training methods that enhance performance, expand capabilites, and optimize the fit between people and technology. Research in the area of neuroergonomics has blossomed in recent years with the emergence of noninvasive techniques for monitoring human brain function that can be used to study various aspects of human behavior in relation to technology and work, including mental workload, visual attention, working memory, motor control, human-automation interaction, and adaptive automation. The proposed volume will provide the first systematic overview of this emerging area, describing the theoretical background, basic research, major methods, as well as the new and future areas of application. This collection will benefit a number of readers: the experienced researcher investigating related questions in human facotrs and cognitive neuroscience, the student wishing to get a rapid but systematic overview of the field, and the designer interested in novel approaches and new ideas for application. Researchers in human factors and ergonomics, neuroscience, cognitive psychology, medicine, industrial engineering, and computer science will find this volume useful.
Explore the Role People Play within Safety Critical Systems "Single Volume Consolidates Information Previously Scattered throughout the Literature" The piecemeal fashion in which human factors research has been conducted in the maritime domain makes information retrieval available only by scanning through numerous research journals and conference papers. Bringing together human factors information from this and other domains, Human Factors in the Maritime Domain integrates a common body of knowledge into one single volume. "A Holistic Approach Based on a Socio-Technical System" The book provides the vital background information necessary to acquire a core knowledge base and a much-needed overview of human factors within the maritime domain. It starts by putting the topic into an historical and theoretical context, moves onto more specific and detailed topics and contemporary thinking in human factors, then reviews new maritime technology. The authors take a holistic approach based on a model of the socio-technical system of work in the maritime domain. They synthesize available knowledge and research, then present in an easily acceptable framework with example, illustrations, and case studies whenever possible, making the text rigorous, useful, and enjoyable. "Experts Provide a Theoretical and Scientific Perspective" The three authors draw on a range of diverse backgrounds including working as a maritime surveyor, transport consultant, human factors lecturer, and mechanical engineer. They have undertaken maritime research in Denmark, Australia, Malta, and the UK. They have published several other human factor books on related topics. This combination of human factorsknowledge, maritime wisdom, and substantial publication experience results in a book that is effective and practical.
Critical incident stress management (CISM) is now a well-established method in crisis intervention, and one that is clearly needed within aviation. However, there are many peculiarities in this branch of CISM which require thorough consideration. People working in high-reliability environments need to be sensitive to others' reactions to critical stress. They are the normal reactions of normal people in abnormal situations. However, to ensure this a proper programme must be put in place, based on a scientific and standardized approach. This book describes the various methods and elements of the CISM model, as well as their interventions. It also investigates the benefits of CISM on the individual level and on an organisational strategic level. It details CISM training and courses, and features a case study based on the Überlingen accident of 2002. Critical Incident Stress Management in Aviation will be of direct relevance to human factors experts, safety managers, ATCOs and air navigation service providers, though there is also much that will be of interest to aviation physicians, psychologists and airport/airline managers.
Reflecting changes in the field during the ten years since the publication of the first edition, Developing a Safety and Health Program, Second Edition examines the elements of a safety and health program and delineates how to incorporate them into an organization's safety efforts. It begins by defining safety policy and providing an overview of OSHA and other regulatory agencies. It covers hazard communication safety training and describes how to write material safety data sheets, how to maintain a good fire loss control program, and procedures for developing an emergency response plan. The Second Edition includes: Changes all companies must make to be proactive in their security in the wake of 9/11 and the creation of the department of homeland security Additional coverage of labels, signs, and placards; the national incident management system; and homeland security Updated information on safety, hazardous materials management, and accident investigation New information on fire loss control programs, emergency response plans, and personal protective equipment Changes in regulations and standards within the safety, health, and environmental management industry Discussion of how advanced management concepts such as participated management can improve preventative programs and decrease the risk of cumulative trauma disorders The book discusses how to reduce equipment-related injuries through more advanced lockout/tagout procedures and safety checklists to ensure that everything is covered. The author addresses the special considerations important in planning for disasters and terrorist attacks. He provides the basic knowledge of OSHA, NFPA, and other regulations needed to assist and define what an enterprise must have when developing a program with the different elements of safety. Each chapter contains questions to test comprehe
Although life continues to become increasingly embedded with interactive computing services that make our lives easier, human-computer interaction (HCI) has not been given the attention it deserves in the education of software developers at the undergraduate level. Most entry-level HCI textbooks are structured around high-level concepts and are not directly tied to the software development process.
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