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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Classical mechanics > Fluid mechanics
This is the first book in a four-part series designed to give a
comprehensive and coherent description of Fluid Dynamics, starting
with chapters on classical theory suitable for an introductory
undergraduate lecture course, and then progressing through more
advanced material up to the level of modern research in the field.
The present Part 1 consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 begins with
a discussion of Continuum Hypothesis, which is followed by an
introduction to macroscopic functions, the velocity vector,
pressure, density, and enthalpy. We then analyse the forces acting
inside a fluid, and deduce the Navier-Stokes equations for
incompressible and compressible fluids in Cartesian and curvilinear
coordinates. In Chapter 2 we study the properties of a number of
flows that are presented by the so-called exact solutions of the
Navier-Stokes equations, including the Couette flow between two
parallel plates, Hagen-Poiseuille flow through a pipe, and Karman
flow above an infinite rotating disk. Chapter 3 is devoted to the
inviscid incompressible flow theory, with particular focus on
two-dimensional potential flows. These can be described in terms of
the "complex potential", allowing the full power of the theory of
functions of complex variables to be used. We discuss in detail the
method of conformal mapping, which is then used to study various
flows of interest, including the flows past Joukovskii aerofoils.
The final Chapter 4 is concerned with compressible flows of perfect
gas, including supersonic flows. Particular attention is given to
the theory of characteristics, which is used, for example, to
analyse the Prandtl-Meyer flow over a body surface bend and a
corner. Significant attention is also devoted to the shock waves.
The chapter concludes with analysis of unsteady flows, including
the theory of blast waves.
In July 2009, many experts in the mathematical modeling of
biological sciences gathered in Les Houches for a 4-week summer
school on the mechanics and physics of biological systems. The goal
of the school was to present to students and researchers an
integrated view of new trends and challenges in physical and
mathematical aspects of biomechanics. While the scope for such a
topic is very wide, they focused on problems where solid and fluid
mechanics play a central role. The school covered both the general
mathematical theory of mechanical biology in the context of
continuum mechanics but also the specific modeling of particular
systems in the biology of the cell, plants, microbes, and in
physiology.
These lecture notes are organized (as was the school) around five
different main topics all connected by the common theme of
continuum modeling for biological systems: Bio-fluidics, Bio-gels,
Bio-mechanics, Bio-membranes, and Morphogenesis. These notes are
not meant as a journal review of the topic but rather as a gentle
tutorial introduction to the readers who want to understand the
basic problematic in modeling biological systems from a mechanics
perspective.
In the high energy gas flows, associating high velocities and high
temperatures, physical and chemical processes such as molecular
vibrational excitation, dissociation, ionisation or various
reactions take palce and deeply influence the structure of the
flows. The characteristic times of these processes have the same
order of magnitude as aerodynamic characteristic times so that
these reactive media are generally in thermodynamic and chemical
non-equilibrium. This book presents a general introductory study of
these media. In the first part their fundamental statistical
aspects are described, starting from their discrete structure and
taking into account the interactions between elementary particles:
the transport phenomena, relaxation and kinetics as well as their
coupling are thus analysed and illustrated by many examples. The
second part deals with the macroscopic re-entry bodies. Finally the
experimental aspects of these flows, their simulations in shock
tube and shock tunnel are described as well as their application,
particularly in the aero- spatial domain.
This book is intended for researchers and students that have
acquired basic knowledge in thermodynamics, statistical physics and
fluid mechanics. It must also interest the engineers engaged in
research and industry related to the applications of the reactive
flows, in particular in the aerospace field and, more generally,
all the researchers trying to simulate and calculate complex
reactive flows.
This book presents the SPH method (Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics)
for fluid modelling from a theoretical and applied viewpoint. It
comprises two parts that refer to each other. The first one,
dealing with the fundamentals of Hydraulics, is based on the
elementary principles of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics. The
specific laws governing a system of macroscopic particles are
built, before large systems involving dissipative processes are
explained. The continua are discussed, and a fairly exhaustive
account of turbulence is given. The second part discloses the bases
of the SPH Lagrangian numerical method from the continuous
equations, as well as from discrete variational principles, setting
out the method's specific properties of conservativity and
invariance. Various numerical schemes are compared, permanently
referring to the physics as dealt with in the first part.
Applications to schematic instances are discussed, and, ultimately,
practical applications to the dimensioning of coastal and fluvial
structures are considered.
Despite the rapid growth in the SPH field, this book is the first
to present the method in a comprehensive way for fluids. It should
serve as a rigorous introduction to SPH and a reference for
fundamental mathematical fluid dynamics. This book is intended for
scientists, doctoral students, teachers, and engineers, who want to
enjoy a rather unified approach to the theoretical bases of
Hydraulics or who want to improve their skills using the SPH
method. It will inspire the reader with a feeling of unity,
answering many questions without any detrimental formalism.
Munson, Young, and Okiishi's Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics is
intended for undergraduate engineering students for use in a first
course on fluid mechanics. Building on the well-established
principles of fluid mechanics, the book offers improved and evolved
academic treatment of the subject. Each important concept or notion
is considered in terms of simple and easy-to-understand
circumstances before more complicated features are introduced. The
presentation of material allows for the gradual development of
student confidence in fluid mechanics problem solving. This
International Adaptation of the book comes with some new topics and
updates on concepts that clarify, enhance, and expand certain ideas
and concepts. The new examples and problems build upon the
understanding of engineering applications of fluid mechanics and
the edition has been completely updated to use SI units.
The capacity and quality of the atmospheric flight performance
of space flight vehicles is characterized by their aerodynamic data
bases. A complete aerodynamic data base would encompass the
coefficients of the static longitudinal and lateral motions and the
related dynamic coefficients.
In this book the aerodynamics of 27 vehicles are considered.
Only a few of them did really fly. Therefore the aerodynamic data
bases are often not complete, in particular when the projects or
programs were more or less abruptly stopped, often due to political
decisions. Configurational design studies or the development of
demonstrators
usually happen with reduced or incomplete aerodynamic data sets.
Therefore some data sets base just on the application of one of the
following tools: semi-empirical design methods, wind tunnel tests,
numerical simulations. In so far a high percentage of the data
presented is incomplete and would have to be verified.
Flight mechanics needs the aerodynamic coefficients as function
of a lot of variables. The allocation of the aerodynamic
coefficients for a particular flight operation at a specific
trajectory point is conducted by an aerodynamic model. The
establishment of such models is described in this book.
This book is written for graduate and doctoral students to give
them insight into the aerodynamics of the various flight
configurations. Further for design and development engineers in
industry and at research institutes (including universities)
searching for an appropriate vehicle shape, as well as for
non-specialists, who may be interested in
this subject. The book will be helpful, too, in the case that
system studies require in their concept phases the selection of
suitable vehicle shapes.
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device applications are
common in many areas. Micromirror arrays are used as video
projectors; microsensors find their application for measuring
acceleration, temperature, and pressure; and they can also be used
in the medical field for measuring blood pressure. Microfluidics
have also been widely employed in life sciences applications, such
as drug development and administration, point-of-care devices, and
more. To use these technologies to their fullest extent, further
research is needed. Advances in MEMS and Microfluidic Systems
explores the emerging research and advances in MEMS devices and
microfluidic systems applications. It features in-depth chapters on
microfluidic device design and fabrication as well as on the
aspects of devices/systems, characterization, and comparative
research findings. Covering topics such as biosensors,
lab-on-a-chip, and microfluidic technology, this premier reference
source is an indispensable resource for engineers, health
professionals, students and educators of higher education,
librarians, researchers, and academicians.
Externally tunable properties allow for new applications of
magnetic hybrid materials containing magnetic micro- and
nanoparticles in sensors and actuators in technical and medical
applications. By means of easy to generate and control magnetic
fields, changes of the internal particle arrangements and the
macroscopic properties can be achieved. This monograph delivers the
latest insights into multi-scale modelling, experimental
characterization, manufacturing and application of those magnetic
hybrid materials.
The book is an introduction to the subject of fluid mechanics,
essential for students and researchers in many branches of science.
It illustrates its fundamental principles with a variety of
examples drawn mainly from astrophysics and geophysics as well as
from everyday experience. Prior familiarity with basic
thermodynamics and vector calculus is assumed.
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