This volume provides a snapshot of the current and future trends in turbulence research across a range of disciplines. It provides an overview of the key challenges that face scientific and engineering communities in the context of huge databases of turbulence information currently being generated, yet poorly mined. These challenges include coherent structures and their control, wall turbulence and control, multi-scale turbulence, the impact of turbulence on energy generation and turbulence data manipulation strategies. The motivation for this volume is to assist the reader to make physical sense of these data deluges so as to inform both the research community as well as to advance practical outcomes from what is learned. Outcomes presented in this collection provide industry with information that impacts their activities, such as minimizing impact of wind farms, opportunities for understanding large scale wind events and large eddy simulation of the hydrodynamics of bays and lakes thereby increasing energy efficiencies, and minimizing emissions and noise from jet engines. Elucidates established, contemporary, and novel aspects of fluid turbulence - a ubiquitous yet poorly understood phenomena; Explores computer simulation of turbulence in the context of the emerging, unprecedented profusion of experimental data,which will need to be stewarded and archived; Examines a compendium of problems and issues that investigators can use to help formulate new promising research ideas; Makes the case for why funding agencies and scientists around the world need to lead a global effort to establish and steward large stores of turbulence data, rather than leaving them to individual researchers.

The articles in the book treat flow instability and transition starting with classical material dealt with in an innovative and rigorous way, some newer physical mechanisms explained for the first time and finally with the very complex topic of bombustion and two-phase flow instabilities.

Fluid dynamics is an ancient science incredibly alive today. Modern technol ogy and new needs require a deeper knowledge of the behavior of real fluids, and new discoveries or steps forward pose, quite often, challenging and diffi cult new mathematical {:: oblems. In this framework, a special role is played by incompressible nonviscous (sometimes called perfect) flows. This is a mathematical model consisting essentially of an evolution equation (the Euler equation) for the velocity field of fluids. Such an equation, which is nothing other than the Newton laws plus some additional structural hypo theses, was discovered by Euler in 1755, and although it is more than two centuries old, many fundamental questions concerning its solutions are still open. In particular, it is not known whether the solutions, for reasonably general initial conditions, develop singularities in a finite time, and very little is known about the long-term behavior of smooth solutions. These and other basic problems are still open, and this is one of the reasons why the mathe matical theory of perfect flows is far from being completed. Incompressible flows have been attached, by many distinguished mathe maticians, with a large variety of mathematical techniques so that, today, this field constitutes a very rich and stimulating part of applied mathematics."

This textbook explores the working principles of all kinds of turbomachines. The same theoretical framework is used to analyze the different machine types. The order in which the different kinds are treated is chosen by the possibility of gradually building up theoretical concepts. For each of the turbomachine kinds, a balance is sought between fundamental understanding and knowledge of practical aspects. Readers are invited through challenging exercises to consider how the theory applies to particular cases. This textbook appeals to senior undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical engineering and to professional engineers seeking to understand the operation of turbomachines. Readers will gain a fundamental understanding of turbomachines and will be able to make a reasoned choice of a turbomachine for a particular application.

In the present volume numerous descriptions of Ram accelerators are presented. These descriptions provide good overview on the progress made and the present state of the Ram accelerator technology worldwide. In addition, articles describing light gas gun, ballistic range including a chapter dealing with shock waves in solids are given. Along with the technical description of considered facilities, samples of obtained results are also included. Each chapter is written by an expert in the described topic providing a comprehensive description of the discussed phenomena.

This third issue on "progress in turbulence" is based on the third ITI conference (ITI interdisciplinary turbulence initiative), which took place in Bertinoro, North Italy. Researchers from the engineering and physical sciences gathered to present latest results on the rather notorious difficult and essentially unsolved problem of turbulence. This challenge is driving us in doing basic as well as applied research. Clear progress can be seen from these contributions in different aspects. New - phisticated methods achieve more and more insights into the underlying compl- ity of turbulence. The increasing power of computational methods allows studying flows in more details. Increasing demands of high precision large turbulence - periments become aware. In further applications turbulence seem to play a central issue. As such a new field this time the impact of turbulence on the wind energy conversion process has been chosen. Beside all progress our ability to numerically calculate high Reynolds number turbulent flows from Navier-Stokes equations at high precision, say the drag co- ficient of an airfoil below one percent, is rather limited, not to speak of our lack of knowledge to compute this analytically from first principles. This is rather - markable since the fundamental equations of fluid flow, the Navier-Stokes eq- tions, have been known for more than 150 years.

Provides a comprehensive treatment of fluid mechanics from the basic concepts to in-depth application problems. Covers waves, torrential rains, and tsunamis. Offers two distinct chapters on jet flows and turbulent flows. Includes numerous end-of-chapter problems. Features a Solutions Manual and MAPLE worksheets for instructor use.

The coupling between acoustic waves and fluid flow motion is basically nonlinear, with the result that flow and sound modify themselves reciprocally with respect to generation and propagation properties. As a result this problem is investigated by many different communities, such as applied mathematics, acoustics and fluid mechanics. This book is the result of an international school which was held to discuss the foundation of sound--flow interactions, to share expertise and methodologies, and to promote cross-fertilization between the different disciplines involved. It consists essentially of a set of pedagogical lectures and is meant to serve not only as a compact source of reference for the experienced researcher but also as an advanced textbook for postgraduate students, and nonspecialists wishing to familiarize themselves in depth, at a research level, with this fascinating subject.

With regard to both the environmental sustainability and operating efficiency demands, modern combustion research has to face two main objectives, the optimization of combustion efficiency and the reduction of pollutants. This book reports on the combustion research activities carried out within the Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 568 Flow and Combustion in Future Gas Turbine Combustion Chambers funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). This aimed at designing a completely integrated modeling and numerical simulation of the occurring very complex, coupled and interacting physico-chemical processes, such as turbulent heat and mass transport, single or multi-phase flows phenomena, chemical reactions/combustion and radiation, able to support the development of advanced gas turbine chamber concepts"

The importance of vorticity and vortex dynamics has now been well rec- nized at both fundamental and applied levels of ?uid dynamics, as already anticipatedbyTruesdellhalfcenturyagowhenhewrotethe?rstmonograph onthesubject, The Kinematics of Vorticity(1954);andasalsoevidencedby the appearance of several books on this ?eld in 1990s. The present book is characterizedbythefollowingfeatures: 1. A basic physical guide throughout the book. The material is directed by a basic observation on the splitting and coupling of two fundamental processes in ?uid motion, i.e., shearing (unique to ?uid) and compre- ing/expanding.Thevorticityplaysakeyroleintheformer, andavortex isnothingbuta?uidbodywithhighconcentrationofvorticitycompared to its surrounding ?uid. Thus, the vorticity and vortex dynamics is - cordinglyde?nedasthetheoryofshearingprocessanditscouplingwith compressing/expandingprocess. 2. A description of the vortex evolution following its entire life.Thisbegins from the generation of vorticity to the formation of thin vortex layers andtheirrolling-upintovortices, fromthevortex-corestructure, vortex motionandinteraction, totheburstofvortexlayerandvortexintosma- scalecoherentstructureswhichleadstothetransitiontoturbulence, and ?nallytothedissipationofthesmalleststructuresintoheat. 3. Wide range of topics.Inadditiontofundamentaltheoriesrelevanttothe abovesubjects, theirmostimportantapplicationsarealsopresented.This includes vortical structures in transitional and turbulent ?ows, vortical aerodynamics, and vorticity and vortices in geophysical ?ows. The last topic was suggested to be added by Late Sir James Lighthill, who read carefullyanearlydraftoftheplannedtableofcontentsofthebookin1994 andexpressedthathelikes"allthematerial"thatweproposedthere. These basic features of the present book are a continuation and - velopment of the spirit and logical structure of a Chinese monograph by the same authors, Introduction to Vorticity and Vortex Dynamics, Higher VI Preface EducationPress, Beijing,1993, butthematerialhasbeencompletelyrewr- tenandupdated.Thebookmay?tvariousneedsof?uiddynamicsscientists, educators, engineers, aswellasappliedmathematicians.Itsselectedchapters canalsobeusedastextbookforgraduatestudentsandseniorundergraduates. Thereadershouldhaveknowledgeofundergraduate?uidmechanicsand/or aerodynamicscourses.

Over the last few years it has become apparent that fluid turbulence shares many common features with plasma turbulence, such as coherent structures and self-organization phenomena, passive scalar transport and anomalous diffusion. This book gathers very high level, current papers on these subjects. It is intended for scientists and researchers, lecturers and graduate students because of the review style of the papers.

for the fluctuations around the means but rather fluctuations, and appearing in the following incompressible system of equations: on any wall; at initial time, and are assumed known. This contribution arose from discussion with J. P. Guiraud on attempts to push forward our last co-signed paper (1986) and the main idea is to put a stochastic structure on fluctuations and to identify the large eddies with a part of the probability space. The Reynolds stresses are derived from a kind of Monte-Carlo process on equations for fluctuations. Those are themselves modelled against a technique, using the Guiraud and Zeytounian (1986). The scheme consists in a set of like equations, considered as random, because they mimic the large eddy fluctuations. The Reynolds stresses are got from stochastic averaging over a family of their solutions. Asymptotics underlies the scheme, but in a rather loose hidden way. We explain this in relation with homogenizati- localization processes (described within the 3. 4 ofChapter 3). Ofcourse the mathematical well posedness of the scheme is not known and the numerics would be formidable Whether this attempt will inspire researchers in the field of highly complex turbulent flows is not foreseeable and we have hope that the idea will prove useful."

The origins of turbulent ?ow and the transition from laminar to turbulent ?ow are the most important unsolved problems of ?uid mechanics and aerodynamics. - sides being a fundamental question of ?uid mechanics, there are numerous app- cations relying on information regarding transition location and the details of the subsequent turbulent ?ow. For example, the control of transition to turbulence is - pecially important in (1) skin-friction reduction of energy ef?cient aircraft, (2) the performance of heat exchangers and diffusers, (3) propulsion requirements for - personic aircraft, and (4) separation control. While considerable progress has been made in the science of laminar to turbulent transition over the last 30 years, the c- tinuing increase in computer power as well as new theoretical developments are now revolutionizing the area. It is now starting to be possible to move from simple 1D eigenvalue problems in canonical ?ows to global modes in complex ?ows, all - companied by accurate large-scale direct numerical simulations (DNS). Here, novel experimental techniques such as modern particle image velocimetry (PIV) also have an important role. Theoretically the in?uence of non-normality on the stability and transition is gaining importance, in particular for complex ?ows. At the same time the enigma of transition in the oldest ?ow investigated, Reynolds pipe ?ow tran- tion experiment, is regaining attention. Ideas from dynamical systems together with DNS and experiments are here giving us new insights.

Here is a comprehensive introduction to the least-squares finite element method (LSFEM) for numerical solution of PDEs. It covers the theory for first-order systems, particularly the div-curl and the div-curl-grad system. Then LSFEM is applied systematically to permissible boundary conditions for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, to show that the divergence equations in the Maxwell equations are not redundant, and to derive equivalent second-order versions of the Navier-Stokes equations and the Maxwell equations. LSFEM is simple, efficient and robust, and can solve a wide range of problems in fluid dynamics and electromagnetics, including incompressible viscous flows, rotational inviscid flows, low-Mach-number compressible flows, two-fluid and convective flows, scattering waves, etc.

This book is concerned with the methods of solving the nonlinear Boltz mann equation and of investigating its possibilities for describing some aerodynamic and physical problems. This monograph is a sequel to the book 'Numerical direct solutions of the kinetic Boltzmann equation' (in Russian) which was written with F. G. Tcheremissine and published by the Computing Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences some years ago. The main purposes of these two books are almost similar, namely, the study of nonequilibrium gas flows on the basis of direct integration of the kinetic equations. Nevertheless, there are some new aspects in the way this topic is treated in the present monograph. In particular, attention is paid to the advantages of the Boltzmann equation as a tool for considering nonequi librium, nonlinear processes. New fields of application of the Boltzmann equation are also described. Solutions of some problems are obtained with higher accuracy. Numerical procedures, such as parallel computing, are in vestigated for the first time. The structure and the contents of the present book have some com mon features with the monograph mentioned above, although there are new issues concerning the mathematical apparatus developed so that the Boltzmann equation can be applied for new physical problems. Because of this some chapters have been rewritten and checked again and some new chapters have been added."

This book collects invited lectures and selected contributions presented at the Enzo Levi and XVIII Annual Meeting of the Fluid Dynamic Division of the Mexican Physical Society in 2012. It is intended for fourth-year undergraduate and graduate students, and for scientists in the fields of physics, engineering and chemistry with an interest in Fluid Dynamics from experimental, theoretical and computational points of view. The invited lectures are introductory in nature and avoid the use of complicated mathematics. The other selected contributions are also suitable for fourth-year undergraduate and graduate students. The Fluid Dynamics applications include oceanography, multiphase flows, convection, diffusion, heat transfer, rheology, granular materials, viscous flows, porous media flows and astrophysics. The material presented in the book includes recent advances in experimental and computational fluid dynamics and is well-suited to both teaching and research.

This book is collection of papers on the main topics of cardiovascular modelling and measurements. Some of the results show how to calculate many non-linear aspects of fluid flow and the turbulence in the arteries and the bifurcation junctions of the cardiovascular system. There are three themes to the papers: first, the fundamental concepts of fluid dynamics and turbulence in the system; the second theme is the flow modelling in arteries and bypass graft; the third section is about haemorheology and haemodynamics and explores the factors that play a role in coronary circulation using data from patients with ischaemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction.

This book presents different formulations of the equations governing incompressible viscous flows, in the form needed for developing numerical solution procedures. The conditions required to satisfy the no-slip boundary conditions in the various formulations are discussed in detail. Rather than focussing on a particular spatial discretization method, the text provides a unitary view of several methods currently in use for the numerical solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, using either finite differences, finite elements or spectral approximations. For each formulation, a complete statement of the mathematical problem is provided, comprising the various boundary, possibly integral, and initial conditions, suitable for any theoretical and/or computational development of the governing equations. The text is suitable for courses in fluid mechanics and computational fluid dynamics. It covers that part of the subject matter dealing with the equations for incompressible viscous flows and their determination by means of numerical methods. A substantial portion of the book contains new results and unpublished material.

This book reconsiders the basic approaches behind the BEM method and in particular assesses and validates the equations forming the general momentum theory. One part of the book concerns the validation, using numerical fluid mechanics (CFD), of the different terms in the equations forming the momentum theory. Other parts present new ideas for extending the theory and for enhancing the accuracy of the BEM approach. Besides a general introduction and explanation of the momentum theory, the book also deals with specialized topics, such as diffusor-augmented rotors, wind tunnel corrections, tip corrections, and combined momentum/vortex theory for design of wind turbine rotors. The book contains new as well as already published material, and the author has strived to put the material into a new and more consistent context than what usually is found in similar text books. The book is primarily intended for researchers and experienced students with a basic knowledge in fluid mechanics wishing to understand and expand their knowledge on wind turbine aerodynamics. The book is self-consistent, hence all necessary derivations are shown, and it should not be necessary to seek help in other literature to understand the contents of the book.

This monograph presents computational techniques and numerical analysis to study conservation laws under uncertainty using the stochastic Galerkin formulation. With the continual growth of computer power, these methods are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to more classical sampling-based techniques. The text takes advantage of stochastic Galerkin projections applied to the original conservation laws to produce a large system of modified partial differential equations, the solutions to which directly provide a full statistical characterization of the effect of uncertainties. Polynomial Chaos Methods of Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations focuses on the analysis of stochastic Galerkin systems obtained for linear and non-linear convection-diffusion equations and for a systems of conservation laws; a detailed well-posedness and accuracy analysis is presented to enable the design of robust and stable numerical methods. The exposition is restricted to one spatial dimension and one uncertain parameter as its extension is conceptually straightforward. The numerical methods designed guarantee that the solutions to the uncertainty quantification systems will converge as the mesh size goes to zero. Examples from computational fluid dynamics are presented together with numerical methods suitable for the problem at hand: stable high-order finite-difference methods based on summation-by-parts operators for smooth problems, and robust shock-capturing methods for highly nonlinear problems. Academics and graduate students interested in computational fluid dynamics and uncertainty quantification will find this book of interest. Readers are expected to be familiar with the fundamentals of numerical analysis. Some background in stochastic methods is useful but notnecessary.

The modeling of reactive flows has progressed mainly with advances in aerospace, which gave birth to a new science called aerothermochemistry, as well as through developments in chemical and process engineering. This work examines basic concepts and methods necessary to study reactive flows and transfer phenomena in areas such as fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and chemistry. The book presents tools of interest to graduate students, researchers in mathematical physics, and engineers who wish to investigate problems of reactive flows. Portions of the text may be used in courses on the physics of liquids or in seminars on mechanics.

Thisbookfocusesonthedynamicsoftheoceanbeingin?uencedbytheEarth'sro- tion and density strati?cation. Fluids in motion are a dif?cult subject of study that traditionally requires advanced knowledge of analytical mathematics, in particularly matrix algebra, differential and integral calculus, and complex analysis. Hence, this fascinating ?eld of science, known as geophysical ?uid dynamics, is accessible only to a limited number of students - those who either are naturally geniuses or those who underwent tough years of intense University study. Fluid processes are inherently complex and analytical solutions describing ?uid dynamics exist only in a few instances and only under highly simpli?ed assu- tions. Computer-based numerical models are required to approximate ?uid beh- ior in more realistic situations. Because of its complexity, universities tend to offer subjects in computational modelling of ?uid dynamics only at postgraduate level. This is a pity given that ?uid processes are truly fascinating in nature and given that the oceans play a signi?cant role in shaping life on Earth. The approach I pursue in this book is different from the traditional approach.

This book deals with the application of spectral methods to problems of uncertainty propagation and quanti?cation in model-based computations. It speci?cally focuses on computational and algorithmic features of these methods which are most useful in dealing with models based on partial differential equations, with special att- tion to models arising in simulations of ?uid ?ows. Implementations are illustrated through applications to elementary problems, as well as more elaborate examples selected from the authors' interests in incompressible vortex-dominated ?ows and compressible ?ows at low Mach numbers. Spectral stochastic methods are probabilistic in nature, and are consequently rooted in the rich mathematical foundation associated with probability and measure spaces. Despite the authors' fascination with this foundation, the discussion only - ludes to those theoretical aspects needed to set the stage for subsequent applications. The book is authored by practitioners, and is primarily intended for researchers or graduate students in computational mathematics, physics, or ?uid dynamics. The book assumes familiarity with elementary methods for the numerical solution of time-dependent, partial differential equations; prior experience with spectral me- ods is naturally helpful though not essential. Full appreciation of elaborate examples in computational ?uid dynamics (CFD) would require familiarity with key, and in some cases delicate, features of the associated numerical methods. Besides these shortcomings, our aim is to treat algorithmic and computational aspects of spectral stochastic methods with details suf?cient to address and reconstruct all but those highly elaborate examples.

This textbook provides a coherent and structured overview of fluid mechanics, a discipline concerned with many natural phenomena and at the very heart of the most diversified industrial applications and human activities. The balance between phenomenological analysis, physical conceptualization and mathematical formulation serve both as a unifying educational marker and as a methodological guide to the three parts of the work. The thermo-mechanical motion equations of a homogeneous single-phase fluid are established, from which flow models (perfect fluid, viscous) and motion classes (isovolume, barotropic, irrotational, etc.) are derived. Incompressible, potential flows and compressible flows, both in an isentropic evolution and shock, of an ideal inviscid fluid are addressed in the second part. The viscous fluid is the subject of the last one, with the creeping motion regime and the laminar, dynamic and thermal boundary layer. Historical perspectives are included whenever they enrich the understanding of modern concepts. Many examples, chosen for their pedagogical relevance, are dealt with in exercises. The book is intended as a teaching tool for undergraduate students, wishing to acquire a first command of fluid mechanics, as well as graduates in advanced courses and engineers in other fields, concerned with completing what is sometimes a scattered body of knowledge.