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Books > History > American history > From 1900
In the 1970s, the United States faced challenges on a number of
fronts. By nearly every measure, American power was no longer
unrivalled. The task of managing America's relative decline fell to
President Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and Gerald Ford. From
1969 to 1977, Nixon, Kissinger, and Ford reoriented U.S. foreign
policy from its traditional poles of liberal interventionism and
conservative isolationism into a policy of active but conservative
engagement. In Nixon in the World, seventeen leading historians of
the Cold War and U.S. foreign policy show how they did it, where
they succeeded, and where they took their new strategy too far.
Drawing on newly declassified materials, they provide authoritative
and compelling analyses of issues such as Vietnam, d tente, arms
control, and the U.S.-China rapprochement, creating the first
comprehensive volume on American foreign policy in this pivotal
era.
The 'missile with a man in it' was known for its blistering speed
and deadliness in air combat. The F-104C flew more than 14,000
combat hours in Vietnam as a bomber escort, a Wild Weasel escort
and a close air support aircraft. Though many were sceptical of its
ability to carry weapons, the Starfighter gave a fine account of
itself in the close air support role. It was also well known that
the enemy were especially reluctant to risk their valuable and
scarce MiGs when the F-104 was escorting bombers over North Vietnam
or flying combat air patrols nearby. The missions were not without
risk, and 14 Starfighters were lost during the war over a two-year
period. This was not insignificant considering that the USAF only
had one wing of these valuable aircraft at the time, and wartime
attrition and training accidents also took quite a bite from the
inventory.
While the F-105 Thunderchief and F-4 Phantom got most of the glory
and publicity during the war in Vietnam, the Lockheed F-104
Starfighter was not given much chance of surviving in a 'shooting
war'. In the event, it did that and much more. Although built in
small numbers for the USAF, the F-104C fought and survived for
almost three years in Vietnam. Like its predecessor the F-100, the
Starfighter was a mainstay of Tactical Air Command and Air Defence
Command, with whom it served with distinction as an air superiority
fighter and point defence interceptor. This small, tough and very
fast fighter, dubbed 'The Missile with a Man in It', was called
upon to do things it was not specifically designed for, and did
them admirably. Among these were close air support and armed
reconnaissance using bombs, rockets and other armaments hung from
its tiny wings, as well as its 20 mm Vulcan cannon, firing 6000
rounds per minute. The jet participated in some of the most famous
battles of the war, including the legendary Operation "Bolo," in
which seven North Vietnamese MiGs went down in flames with no US
losses. Even as it was fighting in Vietnam, the Starfighter was
being adopted by no fewer than six NATO air forces as well as Japan
and Nationalist China. It was later procured by Jordan, Turkey and
Pakistan. The latter nation took the Starfighter to war with India
twice in the 1960s, and it also saw combat with Taiwan.
The story of the Starfighter in Vietnam is one of tragedy and of
ultimate vindication. For decades the F-104's contribution to the
air war in Vietnam was downplayed and its role as a ground attack
machine minimised. Only in recent years has that assessment been
re-evaluated, and the facts prove the Starfighter to have been able
to do its job as well or better than some of the other tactical
aircraft sent to the theatre for just that purpose.
Postwar Journeys: American and Vietnamese Transnational Peace
Efforts since 1975 tells the story of the dynamic roles played by
ordinary American and Vietnamese citizens in their postwar quest
for peace-an effort to transform their lives and their societies.
Hang Thi Thu Le-Tormala deepens our understanding of the Vietnam
War and its aftermath by taking a closer look at postwar Vietnam
and offering a fresh analysis of the effects of the war and what
postwar reconstruction meant for ordinary citizens. This thoughtful
exploration of US-Vietnam postwar relations through the work of US
and Vietnamese civilians expands diplomatic history beyond its
rigid conventional emphasis on national interests and political
calculations as well as highlights the possibilities of
transforming traumatic experiences or hostile attitudes into
positive social change. Le-Tormala's research reveals a wealth of
boundary-crossing interactions between US and Vietnamese citizens,
even during the times of extremely restricted diplomatic relations
between the two nation-states. She brings to center stage citizens'
efforts to solve postwar individual and social problems and bridges
a gap in the scholarship on the US-Vietnam relations. Peace efforts
are defined in their broadest sense, ranging from searching for
missing family members or friends, helping people overcome the
ordeals resulting from the war, and meeting or working with former
opponents for the betterment of their societies. Le-Tormala's
research reveals how ordinary US and Vietnamese citizens were
active historical actors who vigorously developed cultural ties and
promoted mutual understanding in imaginative ways, even and
especially during periods of governmental hostility. Through
nonprofit organizations as well as cultural and academic exchange
programs, trailblazers from diverse backgrounds promoted mutual
understanding and acted as catalytic forces between the two
governments. Postwar Journeys presents the powerful stories of love
and compassion among former adversaries; their shared experiences
of a brutal war and desire for peace connected strangers, even
opponents, of two different worlds, laying the groundwork for
US-Vietnam diplomatic normalization.
By the end of the American War in Vietnam, the coastal province of
PhU YEn was one of the least-secure provinces in the Republic of
Vietnam. It was also a prominent target of the American strategy of
pacification-an effort, purportedly separate and distinct from
conventional warfare, to win the "hearts and minds" of the
Vietnamese. In Robert J. Thompson III's analysis, the consistent,
and consistently unsuccessful, struggle to place PhU YEn under
Saigon's banner makes the province particularly fertile ground for
studying how the Americans advanced pacification and why this
effort ultimately failed. In March 1970 a disastrous military
engagement began in PhU YEn, revealing the enemy's continued
presence after more than three years of pacification. Clear, Hold,
and Destroy provides a fresh perspective on the war across multiple
levels, from those making and implementing policy to those affected
by it. Most pointedly, Thompson contends that pacification, far
from existing apart from conventional warfare, actually depended on
conventional military forces for its application. His study reaches
back into PhU YEn's storied history with pacification before and
during the French colonial period, then focuses on the province
from the onset of the American war in 1965 to its conclusion in
1975. A sharply focused, fine-grained analysis of one critical
province during the Vietnam War, Thompson's work demonstrates how
pacification is better understood as the foundation of U.S.
fighting in Vietnam.
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