Accepted as the standard reference work on modern pneumatic and compressed air engineering, the new edition of this handbook has been completely revised, extended and updated to provide essential up-to-date reference material for engineers, designers, consultants and users of fluid systems.

Understanding ion channel gating has been a goal of researchers since Hodgkin and Huxley's classic publication in 1952, but the gating mechanism has remained elusive. In this book, it is shown how electrons can control gating. Introducing the electron as a gating agent requires amplification, but until now there has been no appropriate mechanism for amplification.The new approach to gating, based on the electron and quantum mechanics, elucidates mechanisms important to cellular function and signaling. A greater understanding of the quantum-mechanical mechanisms and the role of the electron will likely bring benefits to human health, including improvements in drug therapy and treatments for ion channel related diseases.Ion channel gating influences many cellular processes and is at the center of electrical and calcium signaling in the nervous system. The gating of ion channels has been intensively investigated over the past 15-20 years and a number of models have been proposed for gating.For the first time, this book presents a comprehensive analysis, based on electrons controlling the ion channel gates. The theory and gating model are extensively linked to published experimental observations. The intrinsic simplicity of electron gating elucidates mechanisms important to the functions of nerve cells.A NEW APPROACHThe new approach to gating, based on the electron and quantum mechanics, elucidates mechanisms important to cellular functioning and signaling. A greater understanding of the quantum-mechanical mechanisms and the role of the electron will likely bring benefits to human health, including improvements in drug therapy and treatments for ion channel related diseases, such as: 1. Cardiac arrhythmias, Long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome may result from genetic mutations in sodium, potassium or L-type calcium channels that alter gating and timing. Electron-Gated Ion Channels explains long time intervals between open and closed states. A model for L-type calcium oscillators (Chapter 8), based on voltage-sensitive electron tunneling, show how burst mode oscillations can occur in pacemaker cells. This may help to understand a variation in timing intervals caused by some genetic mutations. 2. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) is a muscle disorder reported to be caused by inherited mutations in the voltage sensor (S4) of a sodium or calcium channel. Electron-Gated Ion Channels suggests how a shift in the activation curve or change in inactivation time may result from S4 mutations that alter voltage sensitivity or the electron tunneling distance between arginine and lysine sites. 3. Epilepsy, schizophrenia and Alzheimer s disease are reported to have changes in the theta rhythm (4 - 12 Hz). Electron gating models show how theta and alpha waves in the brain are likely produced by electron tunneling oscillations in the voltage sensor of calcium or sodium ion channels. An L-type calcium oscillator model (Chapter 8) provides a 4 - 12 Hz oscillation frequency with an 8-residue tunneling distance between arginine and lysine sites at the cytoplasmic end of S4 in domain IV.KEY FEATURES A comprehensive analysis of ion channel gating, based on amplified single-electron tunneling. Microwave Thermal Fluorescence Spectroscopy experiments show, for the first time, spectra for quantum states of inverting NH3 on arginine s side chain. Amplification of 25 fold, based on NH3 inversion, provides the voltage sensitivity for 4 tunneling electrons to control all sodium, potassium and calcium channel gates. Explains long time-constants for ion channel inactivation and the immobilization of gating charge. Single-electron tunneling with long time-constant inactivation provides a simple mechanism for producing burst-mode oscillations in L-type calcium channels."

Despite the complexity of the subject, this wealth of information is presented succinctly and in such a way, using tables, diagrams and brief explanatory text, as to allow the user to locate information quickly and easily. Thus the book should be invaluable to those involved with the installation, commissioning and maintenance of data communications equipment, as well as the end user.
*A practical engineer's reference that puts the key information at your fingertips
*Covers essential data, techniques and working practice
*This update covers the latest international regulations

Music Engineering is a hands-on guide to the practical aspects of electric and electronic music. It is both a compelling read and an essential reference guide for anyone using, choosing, designing or studying the technology of modern music. The technology and underpinning science are introduced through the real life demands of playing and recording, and illustrated with references to well known classic recordings to show how a particular effect is obtained thanks to the ingenuity of the engineer as well as the musician. In addition, an accompanying companion website containing over 50 specially chosen tracks for download, provides practical demonstrations of the effects and techniques described in the book.
Written by a music enthusiast and electronic engineer, this book covers the electronics and physics of the subject as well as the more subjective aspects. The second edition includes an updated Digital section including MPEG3 and fact sheets at the end of each chapter to summarise the key electronics and science. In addition to instruments and recording technology, this book covers essential kit such as microphones, sequencers, amplifiers and loudspeakers.
Discover the potential of electronics and computers to transform your performances and recordings
Develop an understanding of the engineering behind state of the art instruments, amplifiers and recording equipment
An accompanying companion website completes the package with over 50 tracks providing practical demonstrations of the effects and techniques described in the book

This well-structured guide discusses the main weapon and communication systems necessary to the operation of the air, naval, and ground forces.

This volume presents architectures, circuits, models, methods and practical considerations for the design of high-performance low-pass switched-capacitor (SC) sigma-delta A/D interfaces for mixed-signal CMOS ASICs. Main focus is on cascade architectures, although considerations pertaining to circuits and error analysis are general and hence valid for other architectures. The book differs from others in the complete, in-depth coverage of SC circuit errors, in the detailed elaboration and description of practical design plan, and in the thorough presentation of considerations leading to practical high-performance designs. Another differentiating feature of this book is the coverage into a unified description of largely different application areas.

Holographic Data Storage is an outstanding reference book on an exciting topic reaching out to the 21st century's key technologies. The editors, Hans J. Coufal (IBM), Demetri Psaltis (CalTech), and Glenn Sincerbox (University of Arizona), together with leading experts in this area of research from both academic research and industry, bring together the latest knowledge on this technique. The book starts with an introduction on the history and fundamentals, multiplexing methods, and noise sources. The following chapters describe in detail recording media, components, channels, platforms for demonstration, and competing technologies such as classical hard disks or optical disks. More than 700 references make this book the ultimate source of information for the years to come. The book is intended for physicists, optical engineers, and executives alike.

Personal multimedia communication is "the" major growth area in engineering today with many people across the world in industry and academia working on the design of future generations of mobile radio systems and source coding methods. Before multimedia applications can be truly successful in mobile environments, many technologically demanding problems must be resolved. In order to provide the user with a suitable end-to-end service for multimedia applications, complex systems, interfaces and coding schemes need to be developed. In mobile multimedia, the air interface bandwidth requirements are likely to be dominated by the needs of one key service: video. Even with today's most aggressive compression algorithms, the needs of video exceed the bandwidth available with existing mobile connections. Although available bandwidth will increase, with the introduction of UMTS and local services based on wireless LANs (such as HiperLan), it is clear that advances in radio technology and air interface design must go hand in hand with innovations in source and channel coding.
The purpose of this book is to present an integrated view of advanced radio systems, network architectures and source coding that demonstrates the state-of-the-art as well as future directions in this rapidly developing field. The book acts as a repository of ideas, design examples, and advanced techniques for research staff, practicing engineers, and technical managers alike. Since the contributions are drawn from international experts in both academia and industry, the book should be attractive to both practicing professional engineers and researchers worldwide.
Key Features
* Written by internationa experts in academia and industry, Insights Into Mobile Multimedia Communications:
* presents an integrated view of advanced radio systems, network architectures and source coding
* describes the state-of-the-art as well as indicating future directions in this rapidly developing field
* acts as a repository of ideas, design examples and advanced techniques for research staff, practising engineers and technical managers
* is unique in integrating both communication systems and multimedia source coding aspects with emphasis on the problems of mobility

This text explains how advances in wavelet analysis provide new means for multiresolution analysis and describes its wide array of powerful tools. The book covers such topics as: the variations of the windowed Fourier transform; constructions of special waveforms suitable for specific tasks; the use of redundant representations in reconstruction and enhancement; applications of efficient numerical compression as a tool for fast numerical analysis; and approximation properties of various waveforms in different contexts.

The theory of complex Ginzburg-Landau type phase transition and its applica tions to superconductivity and superfluidity has been a topic of great interest to theoretical physicists and has been continuously and persistently studied since the 1950s. Today, there is an abundance of mathematical results spread over numer ous scientific journals. However, before 1992, most of the studies concentrated on formal asymptotics or linear analysis. Only isolated results by Berger, Jaffe and Taubes and some of their colleagues touched the nonlinear aspects in great detail. In 1991, a physics seminar given by Ed Copeland at Sussex University inspired Q. Tang, the co-author of this monograph, to study the subject. Independently in Munich, K.-H. Hoffmann and his collaborators Z. Chen and J. Liang started to work on the topic at the same time. Soon it became clear that at that time, groups of mathematicians at Oxford and Virginia Tech had already studied the subject for a couple of years. They inspired experts in interface phase transition problems and their combined effort established a rigorous mathematical framework for the Ginzburg-Landau system. At the beginning Q. Tang collaborated with C.M. Elliott and H. Matano."

The Symposium on Magnetic Ultrathin Films, Multilayers and
Surfaces, hosted by the European Materials Research Society, was
held at the Palais de la Musique et des Congre in
Strasbourg, France on June 4-7, 1996. Its central theme was the
relationship of magnetic properties and device performance to
structure at the nano and micrometer length scale. Research on
the magnetism of surfaces, ultrathin films and multilayers has
increased dramatically during recent years. This development was
triggered by the discovery of coupling between ferromagnetic
layers across nonmagnetic spacer layers and of the giant
magnetoresistance effect in systems of reduced dimension using
various micro and nanofabrication techniques has become a subject
of special interest. It is certainly the promising application
potential of these effects in new magnetic recording device
geometries which causes this intensive research, which is done
both by companies and at universities and research
institutes.

A selection of invited and contributed papers
presented at the Symposium and accepted for publication is
contained in this volume. The contents of these proceedings are
organized into seven sections.

A. Nanowires, Nanoparticles,
Nanostructuring

B. Ultrathin Films and Surfaces,
Characterization

C. Giant Magnetoresistance

D. Coupling,
Tunneling

E. Growth, Structure, Magnetism

F. Growth,
Structure, Magnetoresistance

G. Coupling, Magnetic processes,
Magneto-optics.

The first four sections contain invited and
oral contributed papers in the listed research domains, while the
last three sections contain the contributions presented during
three large poster sessions.

A discussion of explosive pulsed power systems and their applications, this book consists of 7 chapters. The first five describe the basic physics of these sources and their ancillary equipment, based on a manual for training engineers in Russia. Chapter 6 is a description of codes and methodologies used at Loughborough University in the UK to build flux compressors, while Chapter 7 covers two specific applications: high power lasers and high power microwave sources. The book introduces all types of explosive power sources and their ancillary equipment, the procedures required to build them, and specific applications.

A companion to v.1 (which covers reliability, test, and diagnostics), this volume explains the main failure mechanisms which may affect silicon devices and shows their effect on reliability characteristics. Due to the importance of VLSI devices, emphasis is given to metalizations and latch-up. Acidi

This book provides an engineering insight into how to provide a scalable and robust verification solution with ever increasing design complexity and sizes. It describes SAT-based model checking approaches and gives engineering details on what makes model checking practical. The book brings together the various SAT-based scalable emerging technologies and techniques covered can be synergistically combined into a scalable solution.

The protection which is installed on an industrial power system is likely to be subjected to more difficult conditions than the protection on any other kind of power system. Starting with the many simple devices which are employed and covering the whole area of industrial power system protection, this book aims to help achieve a thorough understanding of the protection necessary.

Vital aspects such as the modern cartridge fuse, types of relays, and the role of the current transformer are covered and the widely used inverse definite-minimum time overcurrent relay, the theory of the Merz-Price protection system and the development of the high-impedance relay system are critically examined. This new edition has come about in response to the dramatic change from the use of electro-magnetic relays to electronic and micro-processor relays which figure in practically all new installations. Therefore, although the theory and usage are the same, the application can be much improved owing to the increased range and accuracy and the added facilities provided with the modern relays. This book reflects the change and explains the technical advantages.

Recent years have brought substantial developments in electrical drive technology, with the appearance of highly rated, very-high-speed power-electronic switches, combined with microcomputer control systems.
This popular textbook has been thoroughly revised and updated in the light of these changes. It retains its successful formula of teaching through worked examples, which are put in context with concise explanations of theory, revision of equations and discussion of the engineering implications. Numerous problems are also provided, with answers supplied.
The third edition includes enhanced coverage of power-electronic systems and new material on closed-loop control, in addition to thorough treatment of electrical machines.

New Frontiers of Cardiovascular Screening using Unobtrusive Sensors, AI, and IoT provides insights into real-world problems in cardiovascular disease screening that can be addressed via AI, IoT and wearable based sensing. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) are surpassing CDS and emerging as the foremost cause of death. Hence, early screening of CVDs using wearable and other similar sensors is an extremely important global problem to solve. The digital health field is constantly changing, and this book provides a review of recent technology developments, offering unique coverage of processing time series physiological sensor data. The authors have developed this book with graduate and post graduate students in mind, making sure they provide an accessible entry point into the field. This book is particularly useful for engineers and computer scientists who want to build technologies that work in real world scenarios as it provides a practitioner's view/insights /tricks of the trade. Finally, this book helps researchers working on this important problem to quickly ramp up their knowledge and research to the state-of-the-art.

Both the early use of artificial lighting and current manufacturing methods concerning incandescent and fluorescent lamps are covered in this book. The protocols for manufacture of fluorescent lamp phosphors and those used in cathode ray tubes are also treated in some detail. This text surveys the amazing, vast array of artificial lighting devices known to date in terms of how they arose and are, or have been used by mankind.

A complete description of the formulations and methodology for manufacturing all known phosphors is given. The book will serve as a repository of such phosphor manufacturing methods, including that of cathode ray tube phosphors. Methods of manufacture of lamp parts are also presented, including that of tungsten wire. The original approaches used are described as well as improvements in technology. These will serve as comparative methods for present day manufacture of these components. A history of the lamp industry is presented. Several methods are given which may serve as a source for further work in the lamp industry. Some of the earliest work has been applied in the laser industry to develop new types of discharge lasers. These include nitrogen-gas lasers and the rare gas (excimer) lasers. Previous work on lamps may also be applied in the development of new types of lasers.

Principles of Electronic Communication Systems provides the most up-to-date survey available for students taking a first course in electronic communications. Requiring only basic algebra and trigonometry, this new edition is notable for its readability, learning features and numerous full-color photos and illustrations. A systems approach is used to cover state-of-the-art communications technologies, to best reflect current industry practice. This title is available in Connect with SmartBook, featuring end-of-chapter homework problems and auto-graded questions from the manual. Instructor Resources for this title include an Instructor's Manual and Lab and Experiments Manual Answers.

While technologies continue to advance in different directions, there still holds a constant evolution of interdisciplinary development. Robotics and mechatronics is a successful fusion of disciplines into a unified framework that enhances the design of products and manufacturing processes. Engineering Creative Design in Robotics and Mechatronics captures the latest research developments in the subject field of robotics and mechatronics and provides relevant theoretical knowledge in this field. Providing interdisciplinary development approaches, this reference source prepares students, scientists, and professional engineers with the latest research development to enhance their skills of innovative design capabilities.

This book focuses on near-zero energy buildings (NZEBs), smart communities and microgrids. In this context, demand response (DR) is associated with significant environmental and economic benefits when looking at how electricity grids, communities and buildings can operate optimally. In DR, the consumer becomes a prosumer with an important active role in the exchange of energy on an hourly basis. DR is gradually gaining ground with respect to the reduction of peak loads, grid balancing and dealing with the volatility of renewable energy sources (RES). This transition calls for high environmental awareness and new tools or services that will improve the dynamic as well as secure multidirectional exchange of energy and data. Overall, DR is identified as an important field for technological and market innovations aligned with climate change mitigation policies and the transition to sustainable smart grids in the foreseeable future. Smart Buildings, Smart Communities and Demand Response provides an insight into various intrinsic aspects of DR potential, at the building and the community level.

Single Crystal Growth of Semiconductors from Metallic Solutions covers the four principal growth techniques currently in use for the growth of semiconductor single crystals from metallic solutions. Providing an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art of each, both experimentally and by numerical simulations. The importance of a close interaction between the numerical and experimental aspects of the processes is also emphasized.
Advances in the fields of electronics and opto-electronics are hampered by the limited number of substrate materials which can be readily produced by melt-growth techniques such as the Czochralski and Bridgman methods. This can be alleviated by the use of alternative growth techniques, and in particular, growth from metallic solutions. The principal techniques currently in use are: Liquid Phase Epitaxy; Liquid Phase Electroepitaxy; the Travelling Heater Method, and; Liquid Phase Diffusion.
Single Crystal Growth of Semiconductors from Metallic Solutions will serve as a valuable reference tool for researchers, and graduate and senior undergraduate students in the field of crystal growth. It covers most of the models developed in recent years. The detailed development of basic and constitutive equations and the associated interface and boundary conditions given for each technique will be very valuable to researchers for the development of their new models.
* Describes the fundamentals of crystal growth modelling
* Providing a state-of-the art description of the mathematical and experimental growth processes
* Allows reader to gain clear insight into the practical and mathematical aspects of the topic

Intelligent agents are one of the most promising business tools in our information rich world. An intelligent agent consists of a software system capable of performing intelligent tasks within a dynamic and unpredictable environment. They can be characterised by various attributes including: autonomous, adaptive, collaborative, communicative, mobile, and reactive. Many problems are not well defined and the information needed to make decisions is not available. These problems are not easy to solve using conventional computing approaches. Here, the intelligent agent paradigm may play a major role in helping to solve these problems. This book, written for application researchers, covers a broad selection of research results that demonstrate, in an authoritative and clear manner, the applications of agents within our information society.