Accepted as the standard reference work on modern pneumatic and compressed air engineering, the new edition of this handbook has been completely revised, extended and updated to provide essential up-to-date reference material for engineers, designers, consultants and users of fluid systems.

Title: Synchronization and Arbitration in Digital Systems

Author: David J. Kinniment, University of Newcastle, U.K.

Today's networks of processors on and off chip, operating with independent clocks, need effective synchronization of the data passing between them for reliability. When two or more processors request access to a common resource, such as a memory, an arbiter has to decide which request to deal with first.

Current developments in integrated circuit processing are leading to an increase in the numbers of independent digital processing elements in a single system. With this comes faster communications, more networks on chip, and the demand for more reliable, more complex, and higher performance synchronizers and arbiters.

Written by one of the foremost researchers in this area of digital design, this authoritative text provides in-depth theory and practical design solutions for the reliable working of synchronization and arbitration hardware in digital systems.

The book provides methods for making real reliability measurements both on and off chip, evaluating some of the common difficulties and detailing circuit solutions at both circuit and system levels. "Synchronization and Arbitration in Digital Systems" also presents:

mathematical models used to estimate mean time between failures in digital systems;

a summary of serial and parallel communication techniques for on-chip data transmission;

explanations on how to design a wrapper for a locally synchronous cell, highlighting the issues associated with stoppable clocks;

an examination of various types of priority arbiters, using signal transition graphs to show the specification of differentdesigns (from the simplest to more complex multi-way arbiters) including ways of solving problems encountered in a wide range of applications;

essential information on systems composed of independently timed regions, including a discussion on the problem of choice and the factors affecting the time taken to make choices in electronics.

With its logical approach to design methodology, this will prove an invaluable guide for electronic and computer engineers and researchers working on the design of digital electronic hardware. Postgraduates and senior undergraduate students studying digital systems design as part of their electronic engineering course will struggle to find a resource that better details the information given inside this book.

A practical, authoritative guide to the assessment of wind resources for utility-scale wind projects--authored by a team of experts from a leading renewable energy consultancy

The successful development of wind energy projects depends on an accurate assessment of where, how often, and how strongly the wind blows. A mistake in this stage of evaluation can cause severe financial losses and missed opportunities for developers, lenders, and investors.

"Wind Resource Assessment: A Practical Guide to Developing a Wind Project" shows readers how to achieve a high standard of resource assessment, reduce the uncertainty associated with long-term energy performance, and maximize the value of their project assets. Beginning with the siting, installation, and operation of a high-quality wind monitoring program, this book continues with methods of data quality control and validation, extrapolating measurements from anemometer height to turbine height, adjusting short-term observations for historical climate conditions, and wind flow modeling to account for terrain and surface conditions.

In addition, "Wind Resource Assessment" addresses special topics such as:

Worker safety

Data security

Remote sensing technology (sodar and lidar)

Offshore resource assessment

Impacts of climate change

Uncertainty estimation

Plant design and energy production estimatio

Filled with important information ranging from basic fundamentals of wind to cutting-edge research topics, and accompanied by helpful references and discussion questions, this comprehensive text--designed for an international audience--is a vital reference that promotes consistent standards for wind assessment across the industry.

Understanding ion channel gating has been a goal of researchers since Hodgkin and Huxley's classic publication in 1952, but the gating mechanism has remained elusive. In this book, it is shown how electrons can control gating. Introducing the electron as a gating agent requires amplification, but until now there has been no appropriate mechanism for amplification.The new approach to gating, based on the electron and quantum mechanics, elucidates mechanisms important to cellular function and signaling. A greater understanding of the quantum-mechanical mechanisms and the role of the electron will likely bring benefits to human health, including improvements in drug therapy and treatments for ion channel related diseases.Ion channel gating influences many cellular processes and is at the center of electrical and calcium signaling in the nervous system. The gating of ion channels has been intensively investigated over the past 15-20 years and a number of models have been proposed for gating.For the first time, this book presents a comprehensive analysis, based on electrons controlling the ion channel gates. The theory and gating model are extensively linked to published experimental observations. The intrinsic simplicity of electron gating elucidates mechanisms important to the functions of nerve cells.A NEW APPROACHThe new approach to gating, based on the electron and quantum mechanics, elucidates mechanisms important to cellular functioning and signaling. A greater understanding of the quantum-mechanical mechanisms and the role of the electron will likely bring benefits to human health, including improvements in drug therapy and treatments for ion channel related diseases, such as: 1. Cardiac arrhythmias, Long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome may result from genetic mutations in sodium, potassium or L-type calcium channels that alter gating and timing. Electron-Gated Ion Channels explains long time intervals between open and closed states. A model for L-type calcium oscillators (Chapter 8), based on voltage-sensitive electron tunneling, show how burst mode oscillations can occur in pacemaker cells. This may help to understand a variation in timing intervals caused by some genetic mutations. 2. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) is a muscle disorder reported to be caused by inherited mutations in the voltage sensor (S4) of a sodium or calcium channel. Electron-Gated Ion Channels suggests how a shift in the activation curve or change in inactivation time may result from S4 mutations that alter voltage sensitivity or the electron tunneling distance between arginine and lysine sites. 3. Epilepsy, schizophrenia and Alzheimer s disease are reported to have changes in the theta rhythm (4 - 12 Hz). Electron gating models show how theta and alpha waves in the brain are likely produced by electron tunneling oscillations in the voltage sensor of calcium or sodium ion channels. An L-type calcium oscillator model (Chapter 8) provides a 4 - 12 Hz oscillation frequency with an 8-residue tunneling distance between arginine and lysine sites at the cytoplasmic end of S4 in domain IV.KEY FEATURES A comprehensive analysis of ion channel gating, based on amplified single-electron tunneling. Microwave Thermal Fluorescence Spectroscopy experiments show, for the first time, spectra for quantum states of inverting NH3 on arginine s side chain. Amplification of 25 fold, based on NH3 inversion, provides the voltage sensitivity for 4 tunneling electrons to control all sodium, potassium and calcium channel gates. Explains long time-constants for ion channel inactivation and the immobilization of gating charge. Single-electron tunneling with long time-constant inactivation provides a simple mechanism for producing burst-mode oscillations in L-type calcium channels."

Presents the components, challenges, and solutions of wireless automation as enablers for industry 4.0 This timely book introduces the state of the art in industrial automation techniques, concentrating on wireless methods for a variety of applications, ranging from simple smart homes to heavy-duty complex industrial setting with robotics accessibility. It covers a wide range of topics including the industrial revolution enablers, applications, challenges, their possible solutions, and future directions. Wireless Automation as an Enabler for the Next Industrial Revolution opens with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and their applications in various domains, emphasizing industrial wireless networks and their future uses. It then takes a look at life-span extension for sensor networks in the industry, followed by a chapter on multiple access and resource sharing for low latency critical industrial networks. Industrial automation is covered next, as is the subject of ultra reliable low latency communications. Other topics include: self healing in wireless networks; cost efficiency optimization for industrial automation; a non event-based approach for non-intrusive load monitoring; wireless networked control; and caching at the edge in low latency wireless networks. The book finishes with a chapter on the application of terahertz sensing at nano-scale for precision agriculture. Introduces the future evolving dimension in industrial automation and discusses the enablers of the industrial revolution Places particular emphasis on wireless communication techniques which make industrial automation reliable, efficient, and cost-effective Covers many of the associated topics and concepts like robotics, AI, internet-of-things, telesurgery, and remote manufacturing Of great interest to researchers from academia and industry who are looking at the industrial development from various perspectives Wireless Automation as an Enabler for the Next Industrial Revolution is an excellent book for telecom engineers, IoT experts, and industry professionals. It would also greatly benefit researchers, professors, and doctorate and postgraduate students involved in automation and industry 4.0.

This is the first book to capture the poignant stories of transnational African families and their use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in mediating their experiences of migration and caring across distance.

Transnational Families in Africa analyses the highs and lows of family separation as a result of migration in three contexts: migration within South Africa from rural to urban areas; migration from other African countries into South Africa; and middle-class South Africans emigrating to non-African countries. The book foregrounds the importance of kinship and support from extended family as well as both the responsibilities migatory family members feel and the experience of loss by those left behind.

Across the diverse circumstances explored in the book are similarities in migrants' strategies for keeping in touch, but also large differences in relation to access to ICTs and ease-of-use that highlight the digital divide and generational gaps. As elsewhere in the world, and in spite of the varied experiences in these kinship circles, the phenomenon that is the transnational family is showing no signs of receding.

This book provides a groundbreaking contribution to global debates on migration from the Global South.

Music Engineering is a hands-on guide to the practical aspects of electric and electronic music. It is both a compelling read and an essential reference guide for anyone using, choosing, designing or studying the technology of modern music. The technology and underpinning science are introduced through the real life demands of playing and recording, and illustrated with references to well known classic recordings to show how a particular effect is obtained thanks to the ingenuity of the engineer as well as the musician. In addition, an accompanying companion website containing over 50 specially chosen tracks for download, provides practical demonstrations of the effects and techniques described in the book.
Written by a music enthusiast and electronic engineer, this book covers the electronics and physics of the subject as well as the more subjective aspects. The second edition includes an updated Digital section including MPEG3 and fact sheets at the end of each chapter to summarise the key electronics and science. In addition to instruments and recording technology, this book covers essential kit such as microphones, sequencers, amplifiers and loudspeakers.
Discover the potential of electronics and computers to transform your performances and recordings
Develop an understanding of the engineering behind state of the art instruments, amplifiers and recording equipment
An accompanying companion website completes the package with over 50 tracks providing practical demonstrations of the effects and techniques described in the book

Despite the complexity of the subject, this wealth of information is presented succinctly and in such a way, using tables, diagrams and brief explanatory text, as to allow the user to locate information quickly and easily. Thus the book should be invaluable to those involved with the installation, commissioning and maintenance of data communications equipment, as well as the end user.
*A practical engineer's reference that puts the key information at your fingertips
*Covers essential data, techniques and working practice
*This update covers the latest international regulations

This well-structured guide discusses the main weapon and communication systems necessary to the operation of the air, naval, and ground forces.

Learn how to create computational designs, graphics and animations with minimum programming effort but without sacrificing an understanding of the algorithmic processes involved.

Students and teachers of computer aided design have two options available to them. On the one hand, they can make use of state-of-the-art computer aided design systems that hide all the programming behind the user interface. Alternatively, they can learn from first principles and expend excess effort dealing with the tangential programming requirements of the computational framework, the user interface and graphical display methods.

Geometric Programming for Computer Aided Design provides a middle way. It presents PlaSM, a design environment for graphics, modelling and animation that supports rapid prototyping but does not deprive the user of direct control over the underlying geometric programming.

Divided into 3 self-contained sections, this book provides:

• An introduction to functional programming with PLaSM

• A comprehensive discussion of basic graphics programming techniques

• An in-depth tutorial on geometric modelling progressing from basic to advanced concepts including animation and motion modelling

• Complete PLaSM language libraries organized by chapter

• Access to free geometric libraries and the PLaSM source code via an accompanying web site

• Examples from other disciplines such as mathematics, mechanical engineering, architecture and the arts.

A complete introduction to the many mathematical tools used to solve practical problems in coding.

Mathematicians have been fascinated with the theory of error-correcting codes since the publication of Shannon's classic papers fifty years ago. With the proliferation of communications systems, computers, and digital audio devices that employ error-correcting codes, the theory has taken on practical importance in the solution of coding problems. This solution process requires the use of a wide variety of mathematical tools and an understanding of how to find mathematical techniques to solve applied problems.

Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting Codes, Third Edition demonstrates this process and prepares students to cope with coding problems. Like its predecessor, which was awarded a three-star rating by the Mathematical Association of America, this updated and expanded edition gives readers a firm grasp of the timeless fundamentals of coding as well as the latest theoretical advances. This new edition features:

• A greater emphasis on nonlinear binary codes
• An exciting new discussion on the relationship between codes and combinatorial games
• Updated and expanded sections on the Vashamov-Gilbert bound, van Lint-Wilson bound, BCH codes, and Reed-Muller codes
• Expanded and updated problem sets.

Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting Codes, Third Edition is the ideal textbook for senior-undergraduate and first-year graduate courses on error-correcting codes in mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering.

This volume presents architectures, circuits, models, methods and practical considerations for the design of high-performance low-pass switched-capacitor (SC) sigma-delta A/D interfaces for mixed-signal CMOS ASICs. Main focus is on cascade architectures, although considerations pertaining to circuits and error analysis are general and hence valid for other architectures. The book differs from others in the complete, in-depth coverage of SC circuit errors, in the detailed elaboration and description of practical design plan, and in the thorough presentation of considerations leading to practical high-performance designs. Another differentiating feature of this book is the coverage into a unified description of largely different application areas.

Holographic Data Storage is an outstanding reference book on an exciting topic reaching out to the 21st century's key technologies. The editors, Hans J. Coufal (IBM), Demetri Psaltis (CalTech), and Glenn Sincerbox (University of Arizona), together with leading experts in this area of research from both academic research and industry, bring together the latest knowledge on this technique. The book starts with an introduction on the history and fundamentals, multiplexing methods, and noise sources. The following chapters describe in detail recording media, components, channels, platforms for demonstration, and competing technologies such as classical hard disks or optical disks. More than 700 references make this book the ultimate source of information for the years to come. The book is intended for physicists, optical engineers, and executives alike.

Face analysis is essential for a large number of applications such as human-computer interaction or multimedia (e.g. content indexing and retrieval). Although many approaches are under investigation, performance under uncontrolled conditions is still not satisfactory. The variations that impact facial appearance (e.g. pose, expression, illumination, occlusion, motion blur) make it a difficult problem to solve. This book describes the progress towards this goal, from a core building block - landmark detection - to the higher level of micro and macro expression recognition. Specifically, the book addresses the modeling of temporal information to coincide with the dynamic nature of the face. It also includes a benchmark of recent solutions along with details about the acquisition of a dataset for such tasks.

"The authors are the originators of isogeometric analysis, are excellent scientists and good educators. It is very original. There is no other book on this topic."
--Rene de Borst, Eindhoven University of Technology

Written by leading experts in the field and featuring fully integrated colour throughout, Isogeometric Analysis provides a groundbreaking solution for the integration of CAD and FEA technologies. Tom Hughes and his researchers, Austin Cottrell and Yuri Bazilevs, present their pioneering isogeometric approach, which aims to integrate the two techniques of CAD and FEA using precise NURBS geometry in the FEA application. This technology offers the potential to revolutionise automobile, ship and airplane design and analysis by allowing models to be designed, tested and adjusted in one integrative stage.

Providing a systematic approach to the topic, the authors begin with a tutorial introducing the foundations of Isogeometric Analysis, before advancing to a comprehensive coverage of the most recent developments in the technique. The authors offer a clear explanation as to how to add isogeometric capabilities to existing finite element computer programs, demonstrating how to implement and use the technology. Detailed programming examples and datasets are included to impart a thorough knowledge and understanding of the material.Provides examples of different applications, showing the reader how to implement isogeometric modelsAddresses readers on both sides of the CAD/FEA divideDescribes Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) basis functions

This book covers various modern theoretical, technical, practical and technological aspects of computerized numerical control and control systems of deterministic and stochastic dynamical processes.

This text explains how advances in wavelet analysis provide new means for multiresolution analysis and describes its wide array of powerful tools. The book covers such topics as: the variations of the windowed Fourier transform; constructions of special waveforms suitable for specific tasks; the use of redundant representations in reconstruction and enhancement; applications of efficient numerical compression as a tool for fast numerical analysis; and approximation properties of various waveforms in different contexts.

The theory of complex Ginzburg-Landau type phase transition and its applica tions to superconductivity and superfluidity has been a topic of great interest to theoretical physicists and has been continuously and persistently studied since the 1950s. Today, there is an abundance of mathematical results spread over numer ous scientific journals. However, before 1992, most of the studies concentrated on formal asymptotics or linear analysis. Only isolated results by Berger, Jaffe and Taubes and some of their colleagues touched the nonlinear aspects in great detail. In 1991, a physics seminar given by Ed Copeland at Sussex University inspired Q. Tang, the co-author of this monograph, to study the subject. Independently in Munich, K.-H. Hoffmann and his collaborators Z. Chen and J. Liang started to work on the topic at the same time. Soon it became clear that at that time, groups of mathematicians at Oxford and Virginia Tech had already studied the subject for a couple of years. They inspired experts in interface phase transition problems and their combined effort established a rigorous mathematical framework for the Ginzburg-Landau system. At the beginning Q. Tang collaborated with C.M. Elliott and H. Matano."

The Symposium on Magnetic Ultrathin Films, Multilayers and
Surfaces, hosted by the European Materials Research Society, was
held at the Palais de la Musique et des Congre in
Strasbourg, France on June 4-7, 1996. Its central theme was the
relationship of magnetic properties and device performance to
structure at the nano and micrometer length scale. Research on
the magnetism of surfaces, ultrathin films and multilayers has
increased dramatically during recent years. This development was
triggered by the discovery of coupling between ferromagnetic
layers across nonmagnetic spacer layers and of the giant
magnetoresistance effect in systems of reduced dimension using
various micro and nanofabrication techniques has become a subject
of special interest. It is certainly the promising application
potential of these effects in new magnetic recording device
geometries which causes this intensive research, which is done
both by companies and at universities and research
institutes.

A selection of invited and contributed papers
presented at the Symposium and accepted for publication is
contained in this volume. The contents of these proceedings are
organized into seven sections.

A. Nanowires, Nanoparticles,
Nanostructuring

B. Ultrathin Films and Surfaces,
Characterization

C. Giant Magnetoresistance

D. Coupling,
Tunneling

E. Growth, Structure, Magnetism

F. Growth,
Structure, Magnetoresistance

G. Coupling, Magnetic processes,
Magneto-optics.

The first four sections contain invited and
oral contributed papers in the listed research domains, while the
last three sections contain the contributions presented during
three large poster sessions.

A discussion of explosive pulsed power systems and their applications, this book consists of 7 chapters. The first five describe the basic physics of these sources and their ancillary equipment, based on a manual for training engineers in Russia. Chapter 6 is a description of codes and methodologies used at Loughborough University in the UK to build flux compressors, while Chapter 7 covers two specific applications: high power lasers and high power microwave sources. The book introduces all types of explosive power sources and their ancillary equipment, the procedures required to build them, and specific applications.

Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems Discover how modern techniques have shaped complex power system expansion planning with this one-stop resource from two experts in the field Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems delivers a comprehensive collection of innovative approaches to the probabilistic planning of generation and transmission systems under uncertainties. The book includes renewables and energy storage calculations when using probabilistic and deterministic reliability techniques to assess system performance from a long-term expansion planning viewpoint. Divided into two sections, the book first covers topics related to Generation Expansion Planning, with chapters on cost assessment, methodology and optimization, and more. The second and final section provides information on Transmission System Expansion Planning, with chapters on reliability constraints, probabilistic production cost simulation, and more. Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning compares the optimization and methodology across dynamic, linear, and integer programming and explores the branch and bound algorithm. Along with case studies to demonstrate how the techniques described within have been applied in complex power system expansion planning problems, readers will enjoy: A thorough discussion of generation expansion planning, including cost assessment, methodology and optimization, and probabilistic production cost An exploration of transmission system expansion planning, including the branch and bound algorithm, probabilistic production cost simulation for TEP, and TEP with reliability constraints An examination of fuzzy decision making applied to transmission system expansion planning A treatment of probabilistic reliability-based grid expansion planning of power systems including wind turbine generators Perfect for power and energy systems designers, planners, operators, consultants, practicing engineers, software developers, and researchers, Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing engineers who regularly deal with optimization problems.

A companion to v.1 (which covers reliability, test, and diagnostics), this volume explains the main failure mechanisms which may affect silicon devices and shows their effect on reliability characteristics. Due to the importance of VLSI devices, emphasis is given to metalizations and latch-up. Acidi

This book provides an engineering insight into how to provide a scalable and robust verification solution with ever increasing design complexity and sizes. It describes SAT-based model checking approaches and gives engineering details on what makes model checking practical. The book brings together the various SAT-based scalable emerging technologies and techniques covered can be synergistically combined into a scalable solution.

The protection which is installed on an industrial power system is likely to be subjected to more difficult conditions than the protection on any other kind of power system. Starting with the many simple devices which are employed and covering the whole area of industrial power system protection, this book aims to help achieve a thorough understanding of the protection necessary.

Vital aspects such as the modern cartridge fuse, types of relays, and the role of the current transformer are covered and the widely used inverse definite-minimum time overcurrent relay, the theory of the Merz-Price protection system and the development of the high-impedance relay system are critically examined. This new edition has come about in response to the dramatic change from the use of electro-magnetic relays to electronic and micro-processor relays which figure in practically all new installations. Therefore, although the theory and usage are the same, the application can be much improved owing to the increased range and accuracy and the added facilities provided with the modern relays. This book reflects the change and explains the technical advantages.