The success of a scientific workshop depends on a delicate blend of many types of ingredients. Most important is to select a provocative topic which is at the forefront of a current investigative study. Coupled together with a relatively small but distinguished group of active research scientists known for their continued record of contributing significant findings, one has the firm foundation for an exciting and rewarding investment of time and effort. This was the setting for the first workshop organized by the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology. Ruminants have been domesticated for many centuries and have served mankind as a source of dairy products, meat, wool and power. The ruminant stomach has long been - and still is - a major concern for physiologists, pathologists, clinicians and pharmacologists. This workshop was organized and convened in an attempt to strengthen the basic science of the ruminant stomach, as it applies to an economically important group of mammals. To achieve this, various topics were covered by specialists which ensured presentation of new data, followed by discussions. In this book, reviews are presented on the different topics: motility (control and regulation, neurotransmitters and endogenous substances involved); flow of digesta (comparative aspects, role of content and metabolites); food intake; rumen metabolism (chemical manipulation, metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs); pharmacology of forestomach motility and, the reticulo-rumen as a pharmacokinetic compartment.

This publication is the Proceedings of a workshop held at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Copenhagen, Denmark on 4th - 6th February, 1980, sponsored by the Commission of the EUropean Communities (CEO) as a part of the programme of coordination of agricultural research in the field of animal pathology. The CEO wishes to thank those who took responsibility for the organisation of the workshop, those who presented the papers, and all participants. VII CONTENTS SESSION I METHODOLOGY I MONITORING PASTURE INFECTIVITY AND PASTURE CONTAMINATION WITH INFECTIVE STAGES OF Dictyocaulus viviparus 3 R. J. Jcentsrgensen THE CORRECT HANDLING OF FAECAL SAMPLES USED FOR EXAMINATION OF Dictyocaulus viviparus LARVAE 11 H. J. W. M. Cremers SOME EFFECTS OF STORAGE ON THE RECOVERY OF Dictyocaulus viviparus LARVAE FROM FAECES 17 M. T. Fox EXPERIENCES WITH OUR TECHNIQUES FOR THE RECOVERY OF NEMATODE LARVAE FROM HERBAGE H. -J. Burger 25 A TECHNIQUE FOR THE RECOVERY OF INFECTIVE TRICHOSTRONGYLE LARVAE FROM SOIL 31 K. Bairden, J. L. Duncan and J. Armour SESSION I METHODOLOGY II A MODIFIED AND SIMPLE MCMASTER TECHNIQUE 45 Sv. Aa. Henriksen COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTAMINATION OF PASTURE HERBAGE WITH INFECTIVE NEMATODE LARVAE 51 J. -P. Raynaud and L. Gruner RECOVERY OF Ostertagia FROM THE BOVINE ABOMASAL MUCOSA BY IMMERSION IN WARM NORMAL SALINE 69 N. E. Downey CONTROLLED/CRITICAL TESTS IN THE EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY 75 D. D{

This publication contains the proceedings of a seminar held in Germany (Fed. Rep.) on May 4 -6, 1977, under the auspices of the Commission of the European Communities, as part of the EEC programme of co ordination of research on beef production. The programme was drawn up by a combined scientific working group on Genetics and Selection and on Nutrition and Management on behalf of the Beef Production Committee. The working group consisted of Professor Dr. Neimann S rensen (Denmark, Chairman), Dr. Brolund Larsen (Denmark), Mr. Boccard (France), Dr. H. de Boer (Netherlands), Priv.-Doz. Dr. B. Hoffmann (Germany, Fed. Rep.), Professor Dr. H.J. Langholz (Germany, Fed. Rep.), Dr. J.W.B. King (UK), Mr. R. Jarrige (France), Mr. B. Vissac (France), Professor Dr. A. Romita (Italy), Professor Dr. E.P. Cunningham (Ireland), Mr. P. L'Hermite (CEC) and Dr. J.C. Tayler (Scientific Adviser to CEC). The subject chosen for this seminar was drawn from the list of priorities in research objectives drawn up in 1973 by members of a committee (now the Standing Committee on Agricultural Research, ( PRA). One of the functions of this series of seminars was to summarise and update the information available on the selected subjects and to discuss future needs for research, so as to assist the Commission in evaluating the probable impact of research on agri cultural production within the Community."

This book, the first in an annual series, written by academicians scientists, philosophers and others-is not intended exclusively for an imal welfarists and conservationists. Since it is written* by scholars, it will appeal to a wide range of academic and professional readers who are involved with animals for scientific, economic, altruistic, and other reasons. While this first volume cannot cover the entire spectrum of animal welfare science-related topics, it does, in its diversity of con tributions, demonstrate the multi-faceted and interdisciplinary nature of the subject of this new series. Indeed, animals are as much an integral part of society as we are dependent upon them. The many interfaces between us and the billions of animals under our dominion (as well as the environment upon which the welfare of human and non-human animals alike is ultimately de pendent) have their separate features: trapping and wildlife manage ment; laboratory animal research; whaling and fishing; veterinary practice; agriculture and farm animal husbandry; horse racing and the ownership of animal companions; the propagation of captive wildlife and their preservation in the wild; the use of animals as companions and for the purposes of vicarious entertainment."

This volume reviews the current understanding of the taxonomy, disease syndromes, genetics, biology, and pathogenic factors of Histophilus somni, as well as the host immune response to this pathogen. H. somni is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in cattle and other ruminants, and its virulence factors are highly conserved with Haemophilus influenzae and other members of the Pasteurellaceae. H. somni has been recognized as a major cause of thrombotic meningoencephalitis, respiratory disease syndromes, myocarditis, reproductive disease syndromes, polyarthritis, mastitis, ocular disease, and septicemia. The only known habitats of H. somni are the mucosal surfaces of ruminants, making this bacterium an opportunistic pathogen. Although it is capable of causing inflammation at systemic sites and is toxic to epithelial and phagocytic cells, the bacterium's wide array of virulence factors act primarily as a defense against, or to escape recognition from, host innate and adaptive immunity.

Animal production systems have changed dramatically over the last two decades. Knowledge of energy metabolism and environmental physio logy has increased as appears from many textbooks on these disciplines. The contents of the symposia on energy metabolism of farm animals show this and they have initially focussed on feed evaluation and later on com parative aspects of energy metabolism. They show part of the progress being made. Application of knowledge of energy metabolism for animals has a long history since Lavoisier. In addition to this, studies about the environ mental requirements of animals have shown that we are still far from ac curate assessment of these requirements in terms of nutrients and ener gy. I n model studies on energy metabolism researchers have recognized the interaction between the environment and the energy requirements of animals. Estimation of energy requirements has been done in physiolo gical, physical and behavioural studies. The impact of conditions as en countered by animals in various production systems has been approached from different viewpoints related to these different disciplines. In addi tion, various kinds of infections (bacterial, parasitic: subclinical, clini cal) have been evaluated only recently with regard to their effect on pro tein and/or energy metabolism and thus on production. People working in the field of feed evaluation have defined how che mical and physical properties of nutrition infiuence energy to be derived for maintenance and production.

5* Doody's Review: 98/100! Featuring a new author team, this seminal book has been completely updated and significantly expanded. Following an outline of the basic elements of ophthalmic science relevant to study and practice, the authors provide a detailed description and discussion of each condition including etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, as well as a section dedicated to presumed inherited eye disorders. The focus throughout remains on the clinical needs of the practitioner and the student. Beautifully illustrated in full color, the book is aimed at trainee and practicing veterinarians interested in all types of ophthalmic diseases and disorders. Although the focus is on small animals, there is additional material on the horse and the cow. For this edition, a diverse group of authors from many geographic regions of training and practice offer a breadth of clinical expertise.

The Springer Handbook of Enzymes provides concise data on some 5,000 enzymes sufficiently well characterized - and here is the second, updated edition. Their application in analytical, synthetic and biotechnology processes as well as in food industry, and for medicinal treatments is added. Data sheets are arranged in their EC-Number sequence. The new edition reflects considerable progress in enzymology: the total material has more than doubled, and the complete 2nd edition consists of 39 volumes plus Synonym Index. Starting in 2009, all newly classified enzymes are treated in Supplement Volumes.

Veterinary science is continuously achieving important developments in all its fields as a result of continuous technological advances in diagnostic tools and applied biology. This book contains 33 papers that were selected from those presented at the 65th Congress of the Italian Society for Veterinary Sciences held at Tropea-Drapia in 2011. It provides a timely overview of the current progress being made by Italian researchers and is of great value to anyone interested in all fields of veterinary science, both theoretical and applied, ranging from animal health and care to animal production and food hygiene.

Offers an updated second edition of the comprehensive reference on the use of drugs for veterinary mental health care and behavior modification This fully revised Second Edition of Veterinary Psychopharmacology offers an authoritative reference to the drugs prescribed to treat psychiatric, psychological, and behavioral disorders in pets. Designed to be an accessible resource, the text is divided into sections on psychopharmacologic principles and clinical psychopharmacology. Comprehensive in scope, the book contains detailed information on pharmacologic intervention for pet mental health and behavior issues, offers thorough explanations of options, and explores why a particular drug should be prescribed and why it works. Updated to include the recent advances in psychopharmacology for pets, the Second Edition includes new chapters that cover the principles of psychopharmacology, miscellaneous serotonergic agents, anticonvulsants and mood stabilizers, sympatholytic agents, and NMDA antagonists. In addition, the text explains the drug options, including all the information necessary to correct dysfunctions in the brain's chemistry through pharmacologic treatment. This important resource: Presents an updated and comprehensive resource for pharmacologic treatments for pet, equine, and zoo animal psychiatric disorders and behavior problems Contains in-depth information on drugs that promote neurochemical changes that will alter the mood, emotional state, reactivity, and behavior of the patient, including prescribing options and mechanisms of action Includes new chapters on the principles of psychopharmacology, miscellaneous serotonergic agents, mood stabilizers, sympatholytic agents, and NMDA antagonists Written for veterinarians, veterinary behaviorists, and veterinary students, the updated second edition of Veterinary Psychopharmacology is a complete source for current knowledge on pharmacologic behavior modification. "Overall, this book packs a substantial amount of useful data into approximately 300 pages. The scope of the book is comprehensive and may include more in-depth information than casual prescribers seek, but it will be a good resource for the practitioners who are interested in immersing themselves into veterinary psychopharmacology." - JAVMA Vol 255 No. 6

This book provides developmental data regarding piglets (with a focus on the gastrointestinal tract), data related to amino acid metabolism in pigs, data related to nutritional and physiological functions of amino acids in pigs, nutritional requirements for amino acids in pigs, signaling roles of amino acids, methodological aspects in amino acid research and the pig model for studying amino acid-related human diseases.

The Springer Handbook of Enzymes provides concise data on some 5,000 enzymes sufficiently well characterized - and here is the second, updated edition. Their application in analytical, synthetic and biotechnology processes as well as in food industry, and for medicinal treatments is added. Data sheets are arranged in their EC-Number sequence. The new edition reflects considerable progress in enzymology: the total material has more than doubled, and the complete 2nd edition consists of 39 volumes plus Synonym Index. Starting in 2009, all newly classified enzymes are treated in Supplement Volumes.

The identification and quantitation of environmental risk in humans is one of the main problems to be solved in order to improve the protection of individuals and of human populations against phys ical and chemical pollutants. Epidemiology plays a central role in the evaluation of health risk directly in human populations. In this volume are collected 33 lectures presented at the AS course on "Epidemiology and quanti tat ion of environmental risk in humans from radiation and other agents: potential and limitations," sponsored by NATO and Italian Association of Radiobiology and or ganized by ENEA. The course has been devoted to a number of aspects of environ mental risk analysis and evaluation based on epidemiological in vestigation. Basic epidemiological concepts and methods have been reviewed. Fundamentals of dosimetry and microdosimetry were presented in re lation to the contribution of epidemiology in defining the dose effect relationships for radiation carcinogenesis and its relation with age, sex and ethnicity. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis as a multi-stage process were illustrated. One of the main topics was 'cancer epidemiology' and its cor relation with: - occupational and non-occupational exposure to ra diation - diagnostic and therapeutic irradiation - cancer proneness - hereditary and familiar diseases - abnormal response to carcino gens - environmental pollution in air and water - exposure to radon in mines and in building material - atomic bomb explosion - chemo therapy - dioxin and related compounds."

In this volume are collected 30 papers, 9 round table discus sions and 11 communications presented at the ASI Course on "The use of human cells for the evaluation of risk from physical and chemical agents," sponsored by NATO and organized by ENEA. The aim of the Course was to present different scientific ap proaches and technical advices in order to get dose-effect relation ships which are the basis for risk evaluation. The scientific back ground which is behind this approach was extensively discussed. Emphasis has been given to the use of human cells or human data in order to attempt to have a correct and realistic evaluation of the damage in humans. There are many criticisms on the use of animal data for human risk evaluation because of differences between species and between strains within the same species: differences in metabolism, activa tion processes and DNA repair ability makes uncertain the extrapola tion of animal data to humans. Also data obtained using specific strains or highly inbred strains in order to reduce the variance are not applicable due to the heterogeneity of the human population connected with individual responses. In this respect only the use of human cells enable us to detect the individual variability and to identify sensitive subpopu lations that would be at greater risk. My appreciation to Pieranita and Alberto Castellani for the as sistance during the meeting and to Giuseppe Biondi for his help in some of the editorial work."

Providing the ultimate terminology reference for veterinary assistants and technicians, AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO VETERINARY MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY, 4e provides an engaging, systematic approach to learning medical terms and understanding basic principles of veterinary medicine. This user-friendly textbook delivers a unique pedagogical presentation that makes it a comprehensive learning resource. Focusing on how medical terms are formed, analyzed, and defined, the text discusses anatomical landmarks, the positioning of animals, and the relationships between body parts. It also introduces terms used in the animal industry. Case studies illustrate how medical terminology is experienced in real-world practice, and an audio wordlist enables readers to hear the terms they are learning.

The papers collected in this volume were presented at an International Conference that, with the same heading, was held at the Verona University, Italy, in June 1986. The meeting was organized by the Institute of Forensic Hedicine and the Laboratory of Medical Research of the University in cooperation with the Italian Group for Mass Spectrometry in Biochemistry and Medicine. The aim of the symposium was bringing together people, work ing in different branches of the wide field of modern analytical sciences, for promoting inter-disciplinary discussions and exchange of experiences. Actually it was felt that most of the analytical problems that very often have to be faced in quite different fields (chem istry, pharmacology, medicine, biology) have similar solutions, that could be made much easier by closer contac'cs among researches of these disciplines. Original papers and invited rewiews presented during the 3 days of the conference by leading experts gave an up-to-date outline of the modern analytical methods applied in pharmaceuti cal, biomedical and forensic sciences and a glimpse of the future perspectives.

Das Werk Clinical Atlas of Canine and Feline Ophthalmic Disease ist ein praktisches, benutzerfreundliches Referenzwerk fur haufige Augenkrankheiten und Augenprobleme bei Hunden und Katzen. Da auf eine bildhafte Darstellung Wert gelegt wurde, enthalt das Buch zahlreiche hochwertige Farbfotografien mit Darstellungen der verschiedenen Erkrankungen und ist sinnvoll gegliedert, um die Suche nach Informationen zu erleichtern. In der deutlich erweiterten und aktualisierten neuen Auflage werden u. a. die folgenden Themen behandelt: * Grundlegende Anatomie und Physiologie des Auges * Normale anatomische Veranderungen * Augenarztliche Untersuchung * Grundlegende Pharmakologie in der Augenheilkunde * Erkrankungen des Augapfels und der Augenhoehle * Erkrankungen der Bindehaut, des nasolakrimalen Systems und des dritten Augenlids Studenten der Veterinar- und Tierwissenschaften, allgemeine Tierarzte fur Hunde und Katzen sowie AErzte im Praktikum, Assistenzarzte und Facharzte in verschiedenen Bereichen koennen sich mit diesem leicht verstandlichen Referenzwerk grundlegendes Fachwissen uber zahlreiche Augenerkrankungen bei Hunden und Katzen aneignen.

ATLAS OF EQUINE ULTRASONOGRAPHY A THOROUGH EXPANSION TO THE FIRST ATLAS OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE HORSE, WITH NEW AND SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED IMAGES Ultrasonography is a vital diagnostic tool that can be applied in numerous functions in a veterinary practice. In conjunction with relevant clinical information--patient history and physical examination findings, for example--it can act as an important aid in the veterinarian's decision-making process. Many vets in equine practice rely upon ultrasonography as a mainstay of equine diagnostic imaging on a wide range of structures and body systems. Ultrasonography is a useful procedure that is non-invasive and acts in complement to radiography to successfully diagnose the animal's condition. This book's aim is to encourage the clinician to rely further on the use of ultrasonography in their practice. The second edition of Atlas of Equine Ultrasonography provides an updated and expanded revision of the first atlas of ultrasonography in the horse. The first edition of this important resource was the first pictorially-based book to cover ultrasonography in the horse, and remains the only book currently available on the subject. The current version offers 450 additional images with greater clarity and precision in the images throughout and demonstrates how to obtain images in each body region while offering clinical ultrasonograms that show pathology. Atlas of Equine Ultrasonography readers will also find: High-quality clinical ultrasonograms for important musculoskeletal, reproductive, and medical conditions in the horse More than 1,500 images, with accompanying concise text describing the images A companion website that provides video clips showing dynamic ultrasound exams Atlas of Equine Ultrasonography is an invaluable reference to any veterinarian evaluating ultrasonograms in equine patients. As a result, this book will be of particular interest to equine specialists, veterinary radiologists, equine practitioners, and veterinary students.

The Symposium on Organ and Species Specificity in Chemical Carcinogenesis was held March 1981 in Raleigh, North Carolina. Dr. James Miller concluded this Symposium with these remarks: "Without a doubt all of us would agree this has been a very successful symposium in illustrating a very wide range of chemical, stereochemical, biochemical, metabolic, molecular, and biological factors in chemical carcinogenesis. I think it is noteworthy that many of the discussions have dealt with pharmacodynamic, or toxicodynamic, factors that can influence the biological activities of the extremely wide range of structures that we choose to call chemical carcinogens. I sincerely hope that after this symposium everyone here will realize the very great need we have for further information on these agents in the species we profess to be working for, the human species. We badly need an adequate data base on human organs, human tissues, human cells, human subcellular preparations, and human body fluids. I don't think we can rely on extrapolations of data on chemical carcinogenesis from experimental animals to humans, no matter how sophisticated or plausible these extrapolations may seem, until we know far more about chemical carcinogenesis in humans. Now, I'd like to add a somewhat personal note. As many of you know, my wife and I have shared a joint career of some 40 years in this field, and I'd like to emphasize in these closing remarks the factor of youth.

Two questions could not be avoided in the avant-propos of this book; (i) what is the importance to man of ruminant livestock, and (ii) what results of practical relevance in the growing mountain of scientific verbiage could be found in the Proceedings of this Symposium. Herbivores are an integral and critical part of the natural ecosystem which must be preserved because of their impact on human welfare. Wh at makes ruminants especially important to man is that they can thrive on fibrous forage and are thus the only viable enterprise over much of the earth's surface where crop growing is impracti cable. They contribute a wide array of products in addition to 50000 000 tonnes ofmeat (1977) and represent a 'capital reserve' that can be drawn upon in times of emergency: milk for example (450000000 tonnes) can make the difference between subsistence and starvation. About 60% of the world's meat and 80 % of the milk are produced by one third of the world ruminant population in the developed regions and as much as 99 % of the power for agriculture is provided by the ruminant population in developing countries. For the next two decades, a probable increase by 30 % for . cattle and buffalo and more than 40 % for sheep and goats is expected by improving health, fertility, nutrition and genetic potential rather than feed resources."

Thymic epithelial tumors are rare and mostly malignant human neoplasms charac- terized by a fascinating variety of morphological features and an unrivaled frequency of associated autoimmune diseases. As a consequence, a myriad of complex diagnostic and clinical problems ensues in patients with these tumors. Since only a few specialists in each country are familiar with these problems, this volume intends to summarize the state of the art of thymic epithelial tumor pathology and biology and treatment protocols. The vol- ume is also designed to promote the interaction between scientists from a variety of disci- plines and physicians treating thymoma patients. In the first part of the volume, morphological and immunohistological criteria are given for the various subtypes of thymic epithelial tumors. The two competing classifica- tions and nomenclature systems existing to date are jointly considered. In addition. mor- phological overlaps between organotypic and nonorganotypic thymic epithelial tumors are stressed, since they may have a major bearing on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The second part of the volume is devoted to recent data on normal T-cell maturation and the impact of abnormal T-cell development in thymic epithelial tumors on the development of paraneoplastic autoimmunity. Multicolor flow cytometry. the human/SCI[}-mouse system, transgenic mouse technology, and T-cell cloning techniques have greatly contributed to this fascinating field of research.

This volume includes chapters originally presented at the 3rd FELASA Symposium, held in Amsterdam, June 1-5, 1987. Special topics were "Immune Deficiency Syndromes in Man and Animals," "DNA Technology and Laboratory Animal Science," "Interactions of Behaviour, Housing and Welfare," and "Laboratory Animals as Models in Biomedical Research." In addition, there was a great number of presentations concerning other aspects of laboratory animal science. We would like to thank the following persons for organizing the Symposium. Mrs. M.A.G. Kuipers, M.Sc., President FELASA Mrs. V. Baumans, D.V.M., Ph.D., Secretary FELASA P. de Vrey, D.V.M., Treasurer Mrs. I. Zaalmink, Organizing and Scientific Secretariat. The editors would also like to express their gratitude to all the participants and authors for their contribution to this succesful symposium. A.C. Beynen, Ph.D., Secretary Scientific Committee H.A. Solleveld, Ph.D., Chairman Scientific Committee FELASA Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Gesellschaft fUr Versuchstierkunde/Society for Laboratory Animal Science Laboratory Animal Science Association Nederlandse Vereniging voor Proefdierkunde Scandinavian Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Societe Fran9aise d'Experimentation Animale VII CONTENTS Contributors ....................................................... xiii OPENING ADDRESS: THE FUTURE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL USE R.J. Samsom ....................................................... .

To meet the needs of an ever-growing world population for food and fiber, agriculture uses an arsenal of chemicals to control insects, weeds and other pests that compete with man in the agricultural arena. In addition to their intended effect, many of these biologically active materials affect non-target organisms including man himself. There is concern about the resulting occupational exposure of those who work in agriculture and the environmental health of those who live in rural areas. Unintended side effects from the use of agricultural chemicals are further complicated by the dispersal of these substances well beyond the area of immediate use, through food chains, atmospheric transport, irrigation runoff, percolation to and diffusion through ground water, sometimes giving rise to public health and environmental problems at a distance from the place of application. In addition to toxic substances introduced into the agro ecosystem by man, one must be concerned about naturally occurring agents including mfcotoxins, plant poisons, infective biological agents and the levels of certain heavy metals. The formation of toxic substances, many of them mutagenic, during cooking and other processing of food is a related problem. While acute effects are more immediate and somewhat readily discerned, chronic and genetic effects tend to be more obscure and sometimes surface in a crisis situation long after substantial damage has been sustained. Genotoxicity assays and epidemiological studies play increasing roles in predicting and evaluating long term effects of low-level exposure to toxic materials."