Computing in the Nordic countries started in late 1940s mainly as an engineering activity to build computing devices to perform mathematical calculations and assist mathematicians and engineers in scientific problem solving. The early computers of the Nordic countries emerged during the 1950s and had names like BARK, BESK, DASK, SMIL, SARA, ESKO, and NUSSE. Each of them became a nucleus in institutes and centres for mathematical computations programmed and used by highly qualified professionals. However, one should not forget the punched-card machine technology at this time that had existed for several decades. In addition, we have a Nordic name, namely Frederik Rosing Bull, contributing to the fundaments of punched card technology and forming the French company Bull. Commercial products such as FACIT EDB and SAAB D20-series computers in Sweden, the Danish GIER computer, the Nokia MIKKO computer in Finland, as well as the computers of Norsk Data in Norway followed the early computers. In many cases, however, companies and institutions did not further develop or exploit Nordic computing hardware, even though it exhibited technical advantages. Consequently, in the 1970s, US computers, primarily from IBM, flooded the Nordic market.

The book equips students with the end-to-end skills needed to do data science. That means gathering, cleaning, preparing, and sharing data, then using statistical models to analyse data, writing about the results of those models, drawing conclusions from them, and finally, using the cloud to put a model into production, all done in a reproducible way. At the moment, there are a lot of books that teach data science, but most of them assume that you already have the data. This book fills that gap by detailing how to go about gathering datasets, cleaning and preparing them, before analysing them. There are also a lot of books that teach statistical modelling, but few of them teach how to communicate the results of the models and how they help us learn about the world. Very few data science textbooks cover ethics, and most of those that do, have a token ethics chapter. Finally, reproducibility is not often emphasised in data science books. This book is based around a straight-forward workflow conducted in an ethical and reproducible way: gather data, prepare data, analyse data, and communicate those findings. This book will achieve the goals by working through extensive case studies in terms of gathering and preparing data, and integrating ethics throughout. It is specifically designed around teaching how to write about the data and models, so aspects such as writing are explicitly covered. And finally, the use of GitHub and the open-source statistical language R are built in throughout the book. Key Features: Extensive code examples. Ethics integrated throughout. Reproducibility integrated throughout. Focus on data gathering, messy data, and cleaning data. Extensive formative assessment throughout.

Updated for Excel 2021 and based on the bestselling editions from previous versions, Excel 2021 / Microsoft 365 Programming by Example is a practical, how-to book on Excel programming, suitable for readers already proficient with the Excel user interface. If you are looking to automate Excel routine tasks, this book will progressively introduce you to programming concepts via numerous illustrated hands-on exercises. More advanced topics are demonstrated via custom projects. From recording and editing a macro and writing VBA code from scratch to programming the Ribbon interface and working with XML documents, this book takes you on a programming journey that will change the way you work with Excel. The book provides information on performing automatic operations on files, folders, and other Microsoft Office applications. It also covers proper use of event procedures, testing and debugging, and guides you through programming more advanced Excel features, such as working with VBA classes and raising your own events in standalone class modules. Includes companion files with source code, hands-on projects, and figures.

The expanding field of adult learning encompasses the study and practice of utilizing sound instructional design principals, technology, and learning theory as a means to solve educational challenges and human performance issues relating to adults, often occurring online. ""Online Education and Adult Learning: New Frontiers for Teaching Practices"" disseminates current issues and trends emerging in the field of adult e-learning and online instruction for the design of better products and services. This advanced publication provides theoretical understanding of the essential links between authentic learning, social psychology, instructional design, e-learning, online education, and various additional methods of adult learning.

Since its first volume in 1960, Advances in Computers has presented detailed coverage of innovations in hardware and software and in computer theory, design, and applications. It has also provided contributorswith a medium in which they can examine their subjects in greater depth and breadth than that allowed by standard journal articles. As a result, many articles have become standard references that continue to be of significant, lasting value despite the rapid growth taking place in the field.

In the recent years, fractional-order systems have been studied by many researchers in the engineering field. It was found that many systems can be described more accurately by fractional differential equations than by integer-order models. Advanced Synchronization Control and Bifurcation of Chaotic Fractional-Order Systems is a scholarly publication that explores new developments related to novel chaotic fractional-order systems, control schemes, and their applications. Featuring coverage on a wide range of topics including chaos synchronization, nonlinear control, and cryptography, this publication is geared toward engineers, IT professionals, researchers, and upper-level graduate students seeking current research on chaotic fractional-order systems and their applications in engineering and computer science.

This book is the first in a set of forthcoming books focussed on state-of-the-art development in the VLSI Signal Processing area. It is a response to the tremendous research activities taking place in that field. These activities have been driven by two factors: the dramatic increase in demand for high speed signal processing, especially in consumer elec tronics, and the evolving microelectronic technologies. The available technology has always been one of the main factors in determining al gorithms, architectures, and design strategies to be followed. With every new technology, signal processing systems go through many changes in concepts, design methods, and implementation. The goal of this book is to introduce the reader to the main features of VLSI Signal Processing and the ongoing developments in this area. The focus of this book is on: * Current developments in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) pro cessors and architectures - several examples and case studies of existing DSP chips are discussed in Chapter 1. * Features and requirements of image and video signal processing architectures - both applications specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and programmable image processors are studied in Chapter 2. * New market areas for signal processing - especially in consumer electronics such as multimedia, teleconferencing, and movie on demand. * Impact of arithmetic circuitry on the performance of DSP pro cessors - several topics are discussed in Chapter 3 such as: number representation, arithmetic algorithms and circuits, and implementa tion.

The intention of IMHO is to make readers think, presenting the "facts" that proponents and opponents of technology use to support their positions in a way that lets readers determine what these facts really mean. Ultimately, IMHO is a reminder that the future of human communication is in our hands, and that we are the active participants in the shaping of it.

Models in system design follow the general tendency in electronics in terms of size, complexity and difficulty of maintenance. While a model should be a manageable representation of a system, this increasing complexity sometimes forces current CAD-tool designers and model writers to apply modeling techniques to the model itself. Model writers are interested in instrumenting their model, so as to extract critical information before the model is complete. CAD tools designers use internal representations of the design at various stages. The complexity has also led CAD-tool developers to develop formal tools, theories and methods to improve relevance, completeness and consistency of those internal representations. Information modeling involves the representation of objects, their properties and relationships. Performance Modeling When it comes to design choices and trade-offs, performance is generally the final key. However performance estimations have to be extracted at a very early stage in the system design. Performance modeling concerns the set of tools and techniques that allow or help the designer to capture metrics relating to future architectures. Performance modeling encompasses the whole system, including software modeling. It has a strong impact on all levels of design choices, from hardware/software partitioning to the final layout. Information Modeling Specification and formalism have in the past traditionally played little part in the design and development of EDA systems, their support environments, languages and processes. Instead, EDA system developers and EDA system users have seemed to be content to operate within environments that are often extremely complex and may be poorly tested and understood. This situation has now begun to change with the increasing use of techniques drawn from the domains of formal specification and database design. This section of this volume addresses aspects of the techniques being used. In particular, it considers a specific formalism, called information modeling, which has gained increasing acceptance recently and is now a key part of many of the proposals in the EDA Standards Roadmap, which promises to be of significance to the EDA industry. In addition, the section looks at an example of a design system from the point of view of its underlying understanding of the design process rather than through a consideration of particular CAD algorithms. Meta-Modeling: Performance and Information Modeling contains papers describing the very latest techniques used in meta-modeling. It will be a valuable text for researchers, practitioners and students involved in Electronic Design Automation.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 21st International TRIZ Future Conference on Automated Invention for Smart Industries, TFC 2021, held virtually in September 2021 and sponsored by IFIP WG 5.4. The 28 full papers and 8 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 48 submissions. They are organized in the following thematic sections: inventiveness and TRIZ for sustainable development; TRIZ, intellectual property and smart technologies; TRIZ: expansion in breadth and depth; TRIZ, data processing and artificial intelligence; and TRIZ use and divulgation for engineering design and beyond. Chapter 'Domain Analysis with TRIZ to Define an Effective "Design for Excellence' is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Logic Synthesis Using Synopsys (R), Second Edition is for anyone who hates reading manuals but would still like to learn logic synthesis as practised in the real world. Synopsys Design Compiler, the leading synthesis tool in the EDA marketplace, is the primary focus of the book. The contents of this book are specially organized to assist designers accustomed to schematic capture-based design to develop the required expertise to effectively use the Synopsys Design Compiler. Over 100 `Classic Scenarios' faced by designers when using the Design Compiler have been captured, discussed and solutions provided. These scenarios are based on both personal experiences and actual user queries. A general understanding of the problem-solving techniques provided should help the reader debug similar and more complicated problems. In addition, several examples and dc_shell scripts (Design Compiler scripts) have also been provided. Logic Synthesis Using Synopsys (R), Second Edition is an updated and revised version of the very successful first edition. The second edition covers several new and emerging areas, in addition to improvements in the presentation and contents in all chapters from the first edition. With the rapid shrinking of process geometries it is becoming increasingly important that `physical' phenomenon like clusters and wire loads be considered during the synthesis phase. The increasing demand for FPGAs has warranted a greater focus on FPGA synthesis tools and methodology. Finally, behavioral synthesis, the move to designing at a higher level of abstraction than RTL, is fast becoming a reality. These factors have resulted in the inclusion of separate chapters in the second edition to cover Links to Layout, FPGA Synthesis and Behavioral Synthesis, respectively. Logic Synthesis Using Synopsys (R), Second Edition has been written with the CAD engineer in mind. A clear understanding of the synthesis tool concepts, its capabilities and the related CAD issues will help the CAD engineer formulate an effective synthesis-based ASIC design methodology. The intent is also to assist design teams to better incorporate and effectively integrate synthesis with their existing in-house design methodology and CAD tools.

Educational institutions in which administrators, managers and teachers will be working in the late 1990's will be far different from those oftoday. Schools, which until recently were lagging behind in the implementation of information technology (IT) in their administration and management, are now attempting to close the gap. A massive and rapid computerization process in schools, school districts and throughout the other Ievels of the educational system, including universities, has made computers an integral part of the educational management scene. A computer on the desk of every educational management statT might become a reality in the near future. The term "IT" includes three main components: hardware, software - mainly management information systems (MIS)/decision support systems (DSS) and human factors. Presently, successful implementation depends on adequate software and on human factors. MIS/DSSs are being implemented with the aim of providing meaningful support for school employees in their daily activities, and to improve their performance, etfectiveness and efficiency. Much like at universities, usable and accessible school databases are being established, encompassing data on students, teachers, employees, classrooms, grade Ievels, courses, student achievements and behavior, school space, curriculum, finance, inventory, transportation, etc.

This annual publication deals with how microcomputers and other computers can be applied to improving the explanatory and evaluative roles of modern social science. Each volume contains chapters by experts in political science, psychology, sociology, economics and computer science.

An exciting aspect of contemporary legal scholarship is a concern for law from a global perspective across all legal fields. The book draws upon examples from North America, Western Europe, Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. It refers to the basic private law fields of torts, property, contracts, and family law. It also refers to the basic public law fields of constitutional law, administrative law, criminal law, and international law. It analyzes diverse legal policy problems from a perspective that is designed to produce solutions whereby conservatives, liberals, and other major viewpoints can all come out ahead of their best initial expectations simultaneously. Such solutions can be considered an important part of an innovative concept of justice that emphasizes being effective, efficient, and equitable simultaneously, rather than compromising on any of those justice components.

Another exciting aspect of contemporary legal scholarship is a concern for the use of modern technology in the form of microcomputer software that can be helpful in law teaching, practice, and research. Computer-aided instruction can supplement the case method by using what-if analysis to make changes in the goals to be achieved, alternative decisions available for achieving them, the factual relations, and other inputs to see how the decisions might change with changes in those inputs. Computer-aided law practice can be helpful in counseling, negotiation, mediation, case analysis, legal policy evaluation, and advocacy. Computer-aided research can be helpful in testing deductive or statistical models to determine how well they can explain variance across the judicial process or other legal processes.

The book is a collection of extended papers which have been selected for presentation during the SIMHYDRO 2012 conference held in Sophia Antipolis in September 2012. The papers present the state of the art numerical simulation in domains such as (1) New trends in modelling for marine, river & urban hydraulics; (2) Stakeholders & practitioners of simulation; (3) 3D CFD & applications. All papers have been peer reviewed and by scientific committee members with report about quality, content and originality. The target audience for this book includes scientists, engineers and practitioners involved in the field of numerical modelling in the water sector: flood management, natural resources preservation, hydraulic machineries, and innovation in numerical methods, 3D developments and applications.

As governmental entities face accelerating public demand for electronic services and the internal need to utilize technology to achieve superior outcomes and operational efficiency, traditional techniques and tools are radically reshaping and evolving into innovative electronic methods of conducting governmental activities.""E-Government Diffusion, Policy, and Impact: Advanced Issues and Practices"" sheds light on how e-government technologies are shaping today's knowledge society from the ground roots of the citizen experience to the supreme level of policy and decision making. With chapters providing insights into such critical topics as public service delivery, technological diffusion, and e-readiness, this publication offers researchers, students, policy makers, and practitioners a quality depiction of worldwide social practice and how advancements within the realm of technology will affect all corners of the globe.

Since its first volume in 1960, Advances in Computers has presented detailed coverage of innovations in computer hardware, software, theory, design, and applications. It has also provided contributors with a medium in which they can explore their subjects in greater depth and breadth than journal articles usually allow. As a result, many articles have become standard references that continue to be of sugnificant, lasting value in this rapidly expanding field.
In-depth surveys and tutorials on new computer technologyWell-known authors and researchers in the fieldExtensive bibliographies with most chaptersMany of the volumes are devoted to single themes or subfields of computer science

In the modern age of almost universal computer usage, practically every individual in a technologically developed society has routine access to the most up-to-date cryptographic technology that exists, the so-called RSA public-key cryptosystem. A major component of this system is the factorization of large numbers into their primes. Thus an ancient number-theory concept now plays a crucial role in communication among millions of people who may have little or no knowledge of even elementary mathematics. The independent structure of each chapter of the book makes it highly readable for a wide variety of mathematicians, students of applied number theory, and others interested in both study and research in number theory and cryptography.

These proceedings derive from an international conference on the history of computing and education. This conference is the third of hopefully a series of conferences that will take place within the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) and hence, we describe it as the "Third IFIP Conference on the History of Computing and Education" or simply "History of Computing and Education 3" (HCE3). This volume consists of a collection of articles presented at the HCE3 conference held in association with the IFIP 2008 World Computer Congress in Milano, Italy. Articles range from a wide variety of computing perspectives and they represent activities from six continents. The HCE3 conference is an event of the IFIP Working Group 9.7 on the History of Computing, a working group of IFIP' s Technical Committee 9 (TC9) on the Relationship between Computers and Society. In addition, it is in cooperation with the IFIP Technical Committee 3 (TC3) on Education. The HCE3 conference brings to light a broad spectrum of issues. It illustrates topics in computing as they occurred in the "early days" of computing whose ramifications or overtones remain with us today. Indeed, many of the early challenges remain part of our educational tapestry; most likely, many will evolve into future challenges. Therefore, these proceedings provide additional value to the reader as it will reflect in part the future development of computing and education to stimulate new ideas and models in educational development.

The development of any Software (Industrial) Intensive System, e.g. critical embedded software, requires both different notations, and a strong devel- ment process. Different notations are mandatory because different aspects of the Software System have to be tackled. A strong development process is mandatory as well because without a strong organization we cannot warrantee the system will meet its requirements. Unfortunately, much more is needed! The different notations that can be used must all possess at least one property: formality. The development process must also have important properties: a exha- tive coverage of the development phases, and a set of well integrated support tools. In Computer Science it is now widely accepted that only formal notations can guarantee a perfect de?ned meaning. This becomes a more and more important issue since software systems tend to be distributed in large systems (for instance in safe public transportation systems), and in small ones (for instance numerous processors in luxury cars). Distribution increases the complexity of embedded software while safety criteria get harder to be met. On the other hand, during the past decade Software Engineering techniques have been improved a lot, and are now currently used to conduct systematic and rigorous development of large software systems. UML has become the de facto standard notation for documenting Software Engineering projects. UML is supported by many CASE tools that offer graphical means for the UML notation.

In today's society, the quantity of information available to learners is so vast that new strategies of information processing and exchange must be continually developed and improved. E-Collaborative Knowledge Construction: Learning from Computer-Supported and Virtual Environments explores the construction of beneficial e-collaborative knowledge environments from four vital perspectives: educational, psychological, organizational, and technical. It offers several scenarios where the implementation of e-collaborative knowledge construction is necessary and then not only presents methods for facilitating e-collaborative knowledge construction, but also provides methods for assessing its results. This exciting new publication is a must-have for academics, researchers, and professionals who dare to discover new innovations

More than anything else, this book is a tribute to Edsger W. Dijkstra, on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, by just a few of those fortunate enough to be influenced by him and his work and to be called his friend or relation, his master, colleague, or pupil. This book contains fifty-four technical contributions in different areas of endeavor, although many of them deal with an area of particular concern to Dijkstra: programming. Each contribution is relatively short and could be digested in one sitting. Together, they form a nice cross section of the discipline of programming at the beginning of the nineties. While many know of Dijkstra's technical contributions, they may not be aware of his ultimate goal, the mastery of complexity in mathematics and computing science. He has forcefully argued that beauty and elegance are essential to this mastery. The title of this book, chosen to reflect his ultimate goal, comes from a sentence in an article of his on some beautiful arguments using mathematical induction: .".". when we " "recognize the battle against chaos, mess, and unmastered " "complexity as one of computing sci"- "ence's major callings, " "we must admit that 'Beauty Is Our Business'.""

The requirements for multimedia (especially video and audio) communications increase rapidly in the last two decades in broad areas such as television, entertainment, interactive services, telecommunications, conference, medicine, security, business, traffic, defense and banking. Video and audio coding standards play most important roles in multimedia communications. In order to meet these requirements, series of video and audio coding standards have been developed such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-21 for audio and video by ISO/IEC, H.26x for video and G.72x for audio by ITU-T, Video Coder 1 (VC-1) for video by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) and RealVideo (RV) 9 for video by Real Networks.

AVS China is the abbreviation for Audio Video Coding Standard of China. This new standard includes four main technical areas, which are systems, video, audio and digital copyright management (DRM), and some supporting documents such as consistency verification. The second part of the standard known as AVS1-P2 (Video - Jizhun) was approved as the national standard of China in 2006, and several final drafts of the standard have been completed, including AVS1-P1 (System - Broadcast), AVS1-P2 (Video - Zengqiang), AVS1-P3 (Audio - Double track), AVS1-P3 (Audio - 5.1), AVS1-P7 (Mobile Video), AVS-S-P2 (Video) and AVS-S-P3 (Audio). AVS China provides a technical solution for many applications such as digital broadcasting (SDTV and HDTV), high-density storage media, Internet streaming media, and will be used in the domestic IPTV, satellite and possibly the cable TV market. Comparing with other coding standards such as H.264 AVC, the advantages of AVS video standard include similar performance, lower complexity, lower implementation cost and licensing fees. This standard has attracted great deal of attention from industries related to television, multimedia communications and even chip manufacturing from around the world. Also many well known companies have joined the AVS Group to be Full Members or Observing Members. The 163 members of AVS Group include Texas Instruments (TI) Co., Agilent Technologies Co. Ltd., Envivio Inc., NDS, Philips Research East Asia, Aisino Corporation, LG, Alcatel Shanghai Bell Co. Ltd., Nokia (China) Investment (NCIC) Co. Ltd., Sony (China) Ltd., and Toshiba (China) Co. Ltd. as well as some high level universities in China. Thus there is a pressing need from the instructors, students, and engineers for a book dealing with the topic of AVS China and its performance comparisons with similar standards such as H.264, VC-1 and RV-9.

One of the grand challenges in the nano-scopic computing era is guarantees of robustness. Robust computing system design is confronted with quantum physical, probabilistic, and even biological phenomena, and guaranteeing high reliability is much more difficult than ever before. Scaling devices down to the level of single electron operation will bring forth new challenges due to probabilistic effects and uncertainty in guaranteeing 'zero-one' based computing. Minuscule devices imply billions of devices on a single chip, which may help mitigate the challenge of uncertainty by replication and redundancy. However, such device densities will create a design and validation nightmare with the shear scale.
The questions that confront computer engineers regarding the current status of nanocomputing material and the reliability of systems built from such miniscule devices, are difficult to articulate and answer. We have found a lack of resources in the confines of a single volume that at least partially attempts to answer these questions.
We believe that this volume contains a large amount of research material as well as new ideas that will be very useful for some one starting research in the arena of nanocomputing, not at the device level, but the problems one would face at system level design and validation when nanoscopic physicality will be present at the device level.