Endocrine Self-Assessment Program (ESAP (TM)), Reference Edition 2020 is a self-study curriculum for physicians and health professionals wanting a self assessment and a broad review of endocrinology. It consists of 120 brand-new multiple choice questions in all areas of endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism. There is extensive discussion of each correct answer, a comprehensive syllabus, and references. ESAP is updated annually with new questions. Customers are advised that this book is a reference edition and the questions in it are designed for self-study and reference. The content is the same as the non-reference edition, but CME and MOC credits are not available upon completion of the material. Anyone with questions about CME and/or MOC credits should consult www.endocrine.org/store for further information.

The authors first discuss pituicytomas, rare primary glial neoplasms that arise in the neurohypophysis (or posterior portion) of the pituitary gland. They typically present with signs and symptoms of a slow growing, non-hormonally active mass of the sellar and suprasellar region, compressing adjacent structures. Following this, the clinical and pathologic features of spindle cell oncocytomas are discussed. Spindle cell oncocytomas are rare tumors, accounting for less than 0.5% of sellar masses. Tumors typically present in adults and most commonly manifest with visual disturbances and pituitary hypofunction. Additionally, the authors review the clinical and pathological features of gangliocytomas, rare benign tumors of the neuroaxis. They are most commonly seen in children and young adults, and most often arise in the cerebellum as part of Cowden's disease, or in the sellar region. The clinicopathologic features of granular tumors, rare neoplasms that most commonly arise in the neurohypophysis or posterior portion of the pituitary gland, are also discussed. This compilation goes on to examine the adrenal glands, paired structures located superior to the kidneys in the retroperitoneal space. Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens are synthesized respectively in the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculatis and zona reticularis that make up the cortex, while the inner adrenal medulla produces the catecholamines and peptides. The risk of developing adrenal insufficiency among glucocorticoid users is assessed, and risk factors are identified. Glucocorticoids are widely used for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions and malignancies, as well as after organ transplantation. The closing study explores hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, a potent and complex response to heat stress in domestic livestock. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is activated during stress, which leads to the secretion of cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal gland.

Endocrine Self-Assessment Program (ESAP (TM)), Reference Edition 2019 is a self-study curriculum for physicians and health professionals wanting a self assessment and a broad review of endocrinology. It consists of 120 brand-new multiple choice questions in all areas of endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism. There is extensive discussion of each correct answer, a comprehensive syllabus, and references. ESAP is updated annually with new questions. Customers are advised that this book is a reference edition and the questions in it are designed for self-study and reference. The content is the same as the non-reference edition, but CME and MOC credits are not available upon completion of the material. Anyone with questions about CME and/or MOC credits should consult www.endocrine.org/store for further information.

In this compilation, the authors begin with a review of the mechanisms of synthesis and secretion, cellular effects and the involvement of serotonin (5-HT) in physiological and behavioral functions horses. In addition, the pathological conditions in which 5-HT is involved at the level of equine clinics are studied. Following this, the capabilities and limitations of PET imaging research on non-human primates are discussed for translation to brain DA research on humans, as well as therapeutic drug development for neurodegenerative diseases. This book also examines the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The authors present available data contributing to the appreciation of a serotonergic dysfunction in ASD, as well as discuss new avenues to reveal the pathophysiology of this multifactorial disorder. Next, they review the historical and current evidence that links neurotransmitters with hemopoeitic stem cell mobilization, trafficking, and specially emphasize the role of serotonin in erythropoiesis. Potential actionable myelodysplastic and leukemic pathways are described and investigated.

Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide mainly secreted by the stomach. To better understand the role of ghrelin signalling, this book first explores the regulation of age-associated adipose tissue inflammation. Following this, the authors discuss the influence of different variables on the response of short-term appetite regulation induced by exercise. External factors such as temperature and environment exert effects on hormonal responses, including hunger sensation and energy intake. The effects of gender differences and aging on psychological stress-dependent eating disorders are assessed, and the involvement of endogenous ghrelin, the serotonin 2c receptor and the estrogen alpha receptor is discussed. The penultimate chapter reviews the relationship between sleep and eating behavior, focusing in the influences of circadian changes on appetite related responses such as plasma concentration of ghrelin. The concluding study highlights the ghrelin system as a promising candidate for cardiovascular drug discovery, a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of endothelial impairment, and a possible contribution to the prevention of atherosclerosis.