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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Quantum physics (quantum mechanics) > General
'A gripping new drama in science ... if you want to understand how
the concept of life is changing, read this' Professor Andrew
Briggs, University of Oxford When Darwin set out to explain the
origin of species, he made no attempt to answer the deeper
question: what is life? For generations, scientists have struggled
to make sense of this fundamental question. Life really does look
like magic: even a humble bacterium accomplishes things so dazzling
that no human engineer can match it. And yet, huge advances in
molecular biology over the past few decades have served only to
deepen the mystery. So can life be explained by known physics and
chemistry, or do we need something fundamentally new? In this
penetrating and wide-ranging new analysis, world-renowned physicist
and science communicator Paul Davies searches for answers in a
field so new and fast-moving that it lacks a name, a domain where
computing, chemistry, quantum physics and nanotechnology intersect.
At the heart of these diverse fields, Davies explains, is the
concept of information: a quantity with the power to unify biology
with physics, transform technology and medicine, and even to
illuminate the age-old question of whether we are alone in the
universe. From life's murky origins to the microscopic engines that
run the cells of our bodies, The Demon in the Machine is a
breath-taking journey across the landscape of physics, biology,
logic and computing. Weaving together cancer and consciousness,
two-headed worms and bird navigation, Davies reveals how biological
organisms garner and process information to conjure order out of
chaos, opening a window on the secret of life itself.
"Semiclassical Physics" explores the fascinating and deep
connection between classical motion and quantum fluctuations. The
book conveys a way of describing quantum effects in a physical
system using the periodic orbit theory of Gutzwiller, which focuses
on the classical dynamics of the system. The authors seek to
demonstrate its usefulness for understanding quantum fluctuations
in interacting many-body systems, exhibiting the close link of the
shorter classical periodic orbits with the partly resolved shell
fluctuations. The extended Thomas-Fermi model is developed in
detail and shown to describe the average properties of finite
fermion systems in a self-consistent mean-field approach. The new,
updated paperback edition includes: Basic introduction to
semiclassical physics for the general reader Elementary derivation
of the Gutzwiller trace formula for chaotic systems; thorough
discussion of its extensions to mixed and integrable systems,
uniform approximations, and diffractive corrections Unified
presentation of extended Thomas-Fermi model, Wigner-Kirkwood
expansion, Weyl and Euler-MacLaurin expansions, and Strutinsky
averaging Relations of the Gutzwiller theory to the Selberg trace
formula and Bogomolny's transfer-matrix method Applications to
finite fermion systems in nuclear, atomic and condensed matter
physics Analytical examples and educational problems with hints to
their solution Appendices to facilitate further detailed study The
book addresses graduate students with a basic knowledge of
classical and quantum mechanics and scientists with an interest in
semiclassical methods. The approach is informal, guided largely by
simple solvable models and by practical applications toreal
physical phenomena.
Fundamental does for physics what Tim's first book, Elemental, does
for chemistry: it demystifies the topic in his trademark humorous,
engaging style, including the most recent developments in the
field. At the start of the twentieth century, science appeared
complete and the laws of nature were almost all discovered, but
then we woke a sleeping giant - we discovered quantum mechanics. In
the quantum realm, objects can be in two places at once. It's a
place where time travel is not only possible, but necessary. It's a
place where cause and effect can happen in reverse and observing
something changes its state. From parallel universes to antimatter,
quantum mechanics has revealed that when you get right down to it,
the laws of nature are insane. The scientist J. B. S. Haldane once
said, 'Reality is not only stranger than we imagine . . . it's
stranger than we can imagine.' Never is this more true than with
quantum mechanics; our best, most recent attempt to make sense of
the fundamental laws of nature. Fundamental is a comprehensive
beginner's guide to quantum mechanics, explaining not only the
weirdness of the subject but the experiments that proved it to be
true. Using a humorous and light-hearted approach, Fundamental
tells the story of how the most brilliant minds in science grappled
with seemingly impossible ideas and gave us everything from
microchips to particle accelerators. Fundamental gives clear
explanations of all the quantum phenomena known to modern science,
without requiring an understanding of complex mathematics; tells
the eccentric stories of the scientists who made these shattering
discoveries and what they used them for; explains how quantum field
theory (a topic not covered in detail by any other popular-science
book) gave rise to particle physics and why the Higgs boson isn't
the end of the story.
Niels Bohr, who pioneered the quantum theory of the atom, had a
broad conception of his obligations as a physicist. They included
not only a responsibility for the consequences of his work for the
wider society, but also a compulsion to apply the philosophy he
deduced from his physics to improving ordinary people's
understanding of the moral universe they inhabit. In some of these
concerns Bohr resembled Einstein, although Einstein could not
accept what he called the "tranquilizing philosophy" with which
Bohr tried to resolve such ancient conundrums as the nature (or
possibility) of free will. In this Very Short Introduction John
Heilbron draws on sources never before presented in English to
cover the life and work of one of the most creative physicists of
the 20th century. In addition to his role as a scientist, Heilbron
considers Bohr as a statesman and Danish cultural icon, who built
scientific institutions and pushed for the extension of
international cooperation in science to all nation states. As a
humanist he was concerned with the cultivation of all sides of the
individual, and with the complementary contributions of all peoples
to the sum of human culture. Throughout, Heilbron considers how all
of these aspects of Bohr's personality influenced his work, as well
as the science that made him, in the words of Sir Henry Dale,
President of the Royal Society of London, probably the "first among
all the men of all countries who are now active in any department
of science." ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series
from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost
every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to
get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine
facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make
interesting and challenging topics highly readable.
Stephen Hawking’s phenomenal, multimillion-copy bestseller, A Brief History of Time, introduced the ideas of this brilliant theoretical physicist to readers all over the world.
Now, in a major publishing event, Hawking returns with a lavishly illustrated sequel that unravels the mysteries of the major breakthroughs that have occurred in the years since the release of his acclaimed first book.
The Universe in a Nutshell
• Quantum mechanics • M-theory • General relativity • 11-dimensional supergravity • 10-dimensional membranes • Superstrings • P-branes • Black holes
One of the most influential thinkers of our time, Stephen Hawking is an intellectual icon, known not only for the adventurousness of his ideas but for the clarity and wit with which he expresses them. In this new book Hawking takes us to the cutting edge of theoretical physics, where truth is often stranger than fiction, to explain in laymen’s terms the principles that control our universe.
Like many in the community of theoretical physicists, Professor Hawking is seeking to uncover the grail of science — the elusive Theory of Everything that lies at the heart of the cosmos. In his accessible and often playful style, he guides us on his search to uncover the secrets of the universe — from supergravity to supersymmetry, from quantum theory to M-theory, from holography to duality.
He takes us to the wild frontiers of science, where superstring theory and p-branes may hold the final clue to the puzzle. And he lets us behind the scenes of one of his most exciting intellectual adventures as he seeks “to combine Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity and Richard Feynman’s idea of multiple histories into one complete unified theory that will describe everything that happens in the universe.”
With characteristic exuberance, Professor Hawking invites us to be fellow travelers on this extraordinary voyage through space-time. Copious four-color illustrations help clarify this journey into a surreal wonderland where particles, sheets, and strings move in eleven dimensions; where black holes evaporate and disappear, taking their secret with them; and where the original cosmic seed from which our own universe sprang was a tiny nut.
The Universe in a Nutshell is essential reading for all of us who want to understand the universe in which we live. Like its companion volume, A Brief History of Time, it conveys the excitement felt within the scientific community as the secrets of the cosmos reveal themselves.
At the heart of quantum mechanics lies the wave function, a
powerful but mysterious mathematical object which has been a hot
topic of debate from its earliest stages. Covering much of the
recent debate and providing a comprehensive and critical review of
competing approaches, this ambitious text provides new, decisive
proof of the reality of the wave function. Aiming to make sense of
the wave function in quantum mechanics and to find the ontological
content of the theory, this book explores new ontological
interpretations of the wave function in terms of random
discontinuous motion of particles. Finally, the book investigates
whether the suggested quantum ontology is complete in solving the
measurement problem and if it should be revised in the relativistic
domain. A timely addition to the literature on the foundations of
quantum mechanics, this book is of value to students and
researchers with an interest in the philosophy of physics.
Quantum Machine Learning bridges the gap between abstract
developments in quantum computing and the applied research on
machine learning. Paring down the complexity of the disciplines
involved, it focuses on providing a synthesis that explains the
most important machine learning algorithms in a quantum framework.
Theoretical advances in quantum computing are hard to follow for
computer scientists, and sometimes even for researchers involved in
the field. The lack of a step-by-step guide hampers the broader
understanding of this emergent interdisciplinary body of research.
Quantum Machine Learning sets the scene for a deeper understanding
of the subject for readers of different backgrounds. The author has
carefully constructed a clear comparison of classical learning
algorithms and their quantum counterparts, thus making differences
in computational complexity and learning performance apparent. This
book synthesizes of a broad array of research into a manageable and
concise presentation, with practical examples and applications.
Das vorliegende Tutorium richtet sich an alle, die endlich einmal
von der Pike auf die Physik und Mathematik der Quantenmechanik
verstehen wollen: Was genau ist eigentlich ein Hilbert-Raum? Was
ist ein hermitescher Operator? Ein Tensorprodukt? Ein verschrankter
Zustand? Inwiefern sind Wellenfunktionen Vektoren? Das Buch
behandelt den Stoff der entsprechenden Kursvorlesung im Rahmen der
theoretischen Physik einpragsam und auf eine gut verstandliche
Weise. Es konzentriert sich dabei auf die allgemeinen Postulate der
Quantenmechanik und geht auch auf die Fragestellung hinsichtlich
der Interpretation der Quantenmechanik ein. Jeder Schritt und jeder
neue Begriff wird anhand von einfachen Beispielen erlautert. Der
Autor legt dabei grossen Wert auf die Klarheit der verwendeten
Mathematik - etwas, das er und viele Studenten in anderen
Lehrbuchern bislang oft vermissen mussten. Durch diesen Schwerpunkt
ist das Buch auch sehr gut fur Mathematiker geeignet, die sich mit
dem Thema auseinandersetzen wollen.In der Prufungsvorbereitung
eignet sich das Buch besonders gut zur Klarung von Begriffen und
Verstandnisfragen. Die im Text eingestreuten "Fragen zum
Selbstcheck" und UEbungsaufgaben mit Loesungen unterstutzen das
Lernen zusatzlich. In der zweiten, uberarbeiteten Auflage wurde
u.a. das Kapitel "Quantenpandamonium" erganzt. Hier werden
verschiedene erstaunliche Quantenphanomene (beispielsweise
Delayed-Choice Experiment, Wechselwirkungsfreie Messung,
Quantenradierer) und das Kochen-Specker Theorem diskutiert.
Antimatter explores a strange mirror world, where particles have
identical yet opposite properties to those that make up the
familiar matter we encounter everyday; where left becomes right,
positive becomes negative; and where, should matter and antimatter
meet, the two annihilate in a blinding flash of energy that makes
even thermonuclear explosions look feeble by comparison. It is an
idea long beloved of science-fiction stories-but here, renowned
science writer Frank Close shows that the reality of antimatter is
even more fascinating than the fiction itself. We know that once,
antimatter and matter existed in perfect counterbalance, and that
antimatter then perpetrated a vanishing act on a cosmic scale that
remains one of the greatest mysteries of the universe. Today,
antimatter does not exist normally, at least on Earth, but we know
that it is real for scientists are now able to make small pieces of
it in particle accelerators, such as that at CERN in Geneva.
Looking at the remarkable prediction of antimatter and how it grew
from the meeting point of relativity and quantum theory in the
early 20th century, at the discovery of the first antiparticles, at
cosmic rays, annihilation, antimatter bombs, and antiworlds, Close
separates the facts from the fiction about antimatter, and explains
how its existence can give us profound clues about the origins and
structure of the universe. Oxford Landmark Science books are
'must-read' classics of modern science writing which have
crystallized big ideas, and shaped the way we think.
This book provides an introduction to the emerging field of quantum
thermodynamics, with particular focus on its relation to quantum
information and its implications for quantum computers and next
generation quantum technologies. The text, aimed at graduate level
physics students with a working knowledge of quantum mechanics and
statistical physics, provides a brief overview of the development
of classical thermodynamics and its quantum formulation in Chapter
1. Chapter 2 then explores typical thermodynamic settings, such as
cycles and work extraction protocols, when the working material is
genuinely quantum. Finally, Chapter 3 explores the thermodynamics
of quantum information processing and introduces the reader to some
more state of-the-art topics in this exciting and rapidly
developing research field.
This book provides a tutorial on quantum communication networks.
The authors discuss current paradigm shifts in communication
networks that are needed to add computing and storage to the simple
transport ideas of prevailing networks. They show how these
'softwarized' solutions break new grounds to reduce latency and
increase resilience. The authors discuss how even though these
solutions have inherent problems due to introduced computing
latency and energy consumption, the problems can be solved by
hybrid classical-quantum communication networks. The book brings
together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum
computing, and quantum simulation.
Using an innovative approach that students find both accessible and
exciting, A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition
lays out the foundations of quantum mechanics through the physics
of intrinsic spin. Written to serve as the primary textbook for an
upper-division course in quantum mechanics, Townsend's text gives
professors and students a refreshing alternative to the old style
of teaching, by allowing the basic physics of spin systems to drive
the introduction of concepts such as Dirac notation, operators,
eigenstates and eigenvalues, time evolution in quantum mechanics,
and entanglement. Chapters 6 through 10 cover the more traditional
subjects in wave mechanics - the Schroedinger equation in position
space, the harmonic oscillator, orbital angular momentum, and
central potentials - but they are motivated by the foundations
developed in the earlier chapters. Students using this text will
perceive wave mechanics as an important aspect of quantum
mechanics, but not necessarily the core of the subject. Subsequent
chapters are devoted to perturbation theory, identical particles,
scattering, and the interaction of atoms with radiation, and an
optional chapter on path integrals is also included. This new
edition has been revised throughout to include many more worked
examples and end-of-chapter problems, further enabling students to
gain a complete mastery of quantum mechanics. It also includes new
sections on quantum teleportation, the density operator, coherent
states, and cavity quantum electrodynamics.
This book is a comprehensive text in the field of quantum
mechanics, covering fundamental concepts including the state of a
quantum mechanical system, operators, superposition principle and
measurement postulate. The notion of an operator and the algebra of
operators are introduced with the help of elementary concepts of
mathematical analysis. Mathematical tools developed will help
readers in understanding the difficulties encountered in classical
physics while trying to explain the experimental results involving
atomic spectra and other phenomena. The differential equations that
arise while solving eigenvalue problems are solved rigorously, to
make the text self-sufficient. The solutions are then physically
interpreted and explained. The text offers solved examples,
analogous and homework problems to help students in solving
practical problems of physics requiring quantum mechanical
treatment.
@lt;P@gt;This book gives a modern, comprehensive introduction to
the principles of quantum mechanics, to the main approximation
methods and to the application of quantum theory to a wide variety
of systems. The needs of students having an average mathematical
ability are kept very much in mind, with the avoidance of complex
mathematical arguments and any undue compression of
material@lt;/P@gt;
Quantum field theory has been a great success for physics, but it
is difficult for mathematicians to learn because it is
mathematically incomplete. Folland, who is a mathematician, has
spent considerable time digesting the physical theory and sorting
out the mathematical issues in it. Fortunately for mathematicians,
Folland is a gifted expositor. The purpose of this book is to
present the elements of quantum field theory, with the goal of
understanding the behavior of elementary particles rather than
building formal mathematical structures, in a form that will be
comprehensible to mathematicians. Rigorous definitions and
arguments are presented as far as they are available, but the text
proceeds on a more informal level when necessary, with due care in
identifying the difficulties. The book begins with a review of
classical physics and quantum mechanics, then proceeds through the
construction of free quantum fields to the perturbation-theoretic
development of interacting field theory and renormalization theory,
with emphasis on quantum electrodynamics. The final two chapters
present the functional integral approach and the elements of gauge
field theory, including the Salam-Weinberg model of electromagnetic
and weak interactions.
Quantum mechanics is traditionally associated with microscopic
systems; however, quantum concepts have also been successfully
applied to a diverse range of macroscopic systems both within and
outside of physics. This book describes how complex systems from a
variety of fields can be modelled using quantum mechanical
principles; from biology and ecology, to sociology and
decision-making. The mathematical basis of these models is covered
in detail, furnishing a self-contained and consistent approach.
This book provides unique insight into the dynamics of these
macroscopic systems and opens new interdisciplinary research
frontiers. It will be an essential resource for students and
researchers in applied mathematics or theoretical physics who are
interested in applying quantum mechanics to dynamical systems in
the social, biological or ecological sciences.
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