This book presents original research results on the leading edge of physics research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum.

Applied physics is rooted in the fundamental truths and basic concepts of the physical sciences but is concerned with the utilisation of these scientific principles in practical devices and systems. This book gathers the latest research from around the globe in this dynamic field.

Thanks to the pioneering works of Ashkin and coworkers, optical tweezers (OTs) have become an invaluable tool for myriad studies throughout the natural sciences. Their success relies on the fact that they can be considered as exceptionally sensitive transducers that are able to resolve pN forces and nm displacements, with high temporal resolution, down to s. Hence their application to study a wide range of biological phenomena such as measuring the compliance of bacterial tails, the forces exerted by a single motor protein, and the mechanical properties of human red blood cells and of individual biological molecules. The number of articles related to them totals to a whopping 58,000 (source Google Scholar)! Microrheology is a branch of rheology, but it works at micrometer length scales and with microliter sample volumes. Therefore, microrheology techniques have been revealed to be very useful tools for all those rheological/mechanical studies where rare or precious materials are employed, such as in biological and biomedical studies. The aim of this book is to provide a pedagogical introduction to the physics principles governing both the optical tweezers and their application in the field of microrheology of complex materials. This is achieved by following a linear path that starts from a narrative introduction of the "nature of light," followed by a rigorous description of the fundamental equations governing the propagation of light through matter. Moreover, some of the many possible instrumental configurations are presented, especially those that better adapt to perform microrheology measurements. In order to better appreciate the microrheological methods with optical tweezers explored in this book, informative introductions to the basic concepts of linear rheology, statistical mechanics, and the most popular microrheology techniques are also given. Furthermore, an enlightening prologue to the general applications of optical tweezers different from rheological purposes is provided at the end of the book.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Understand the fundamental concepts, theoretical background, major experimental observations, and device applications of graphene photonics with this self-contained text. Systematically and rigorously developing each concept and theoretical model from the ground up, it guides readers through the major topics, from basic properties and band structure to electronic, optical, optoelectronic, and nonlinear optical properties, and plasmonics and photonic devices. The connections between theory, modeling, experiment, and device concepts are demonstrated throughout, and every optical process is analyzed through formal electromagnetic analysis. Suitable for both self-study and a one-semester or one-quarter course, this is the ideal text for graduate students and researchers in photonics, optoelectronics, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and optical and solid-state physics, who are working in this rapidly developing field.

Quantum mechanics is traditionally associated with microscopic systems; however, quantum concepts have also been successfully applied to a diverse range of macroscopic systems both within and outside of physics. This book describes how complex systems from a variety of fields can be modelled using quantum mechanical principles; from biology and ecology, to sociology and decision-making. The mathematical basis of these models is covered in detail, furnishing a self-contained and consistent approach. This book provides unique insight into the dynamics of these macroscopic systems and opens new interdisciplinary research frontiers. It will be an essential resource for students and researchers in applied mathematics or theoretical physics who are interested in applying quantum mechanics to dynamical systems in the social, biological or ecological sciences.

In recent years, solid-state lighting (SSL) has emerged as a promising new lighting technology that could fundamentally alter and improve lighting systems and significantly lower energy use and costs. However, SSL's full performance and energy savings potential is far from realized or assured. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has invested public funds in research and development to support advancements in the performance and energy efficiency of SSL technology, as well as a range of activities intended to increase the likelihood of rapid market uptake of new SSL products. The purpose of this book is to document early challenges and lessons learned in the SSL market development as part of the DOE's SSL Program efforts to continually evaluate market progress in this area. This book summarizes early actions taken by DOE and others to avoid potential problems anticipated based on lessons learned from the market introduction of compact fluorescent lamps and identifies issues, challenges, and new lessons that have been learned in the early stages of the SSL market introduction. Furthermore, this book reviews efforts to increase market acceptance of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and barriers to that acceptance.

This book presents and discusses current research in the field of applied physics. Topics discussed include radiation effects in piezoelectric AlGaN/GaN heterostructures; fluorescence resonance energy transfer between CdTe quantum dots and organic dye; and band offsets in dielectric/InGaZnO4 thin film transistors.

The advanced materials and composites based on nanotechnology approaches, modern piezoelectric techniques, and also using the latest achievements of Materials Science, Condensed Matter Physics and Mechanics of Deformable Solids have found broad applications in modern science techniques and technologies. Tremendous interest is connected with fast development of theoretical, experimental and numerical methods which ensure obtaining new knowledge and are capable to control and give forecast on the development of critical phenomena and very fine processes. This edited book presents 30 selected reports of the Russian-Taiwanese Symposium "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications". These papers are divided into four scientific directions: (i) processing techniques of new materials, (ii) physics of new materials, (iii) mechanics of new materials, and (iv) applications of new materials. The book is addressed to students, post-graduate students, scientists and engineers taking part in R&D of nano-materials, ferro-piezoelectrics and related materials, and also different devices based on broad applications in different areas of modern science and technique.

"The Anatomy of the Aeroplane" is the first of a trilogy of textbooks, including "The Design of the Aeroplane" and "Flying Qualities and Flight Testing of the Aeroplane," which have been described internationally as classics and required reading for professionals and students of aeronautics around the world. Together, they link theory and practical experience in the areas of aeronautical form and function, design, flying qualities and flight testing. The Anatomy concentrates on a broad landscape of physical principles and technological advances, among aeroplanes designed to meet specific operational requirements, from military strike to disaster relief. The new edition has been extensively updated since its first publication in 1966. It discusses critically the advantages and disadvantages of different subsonic and supersonic aerodynamic, propulsive and structural configurations of light to heavy aircraft; stealth technology; design for operation in surface (ground) effect; and fly-by-wire, fly-by-light and high-order control systems to achieve extreme agility. It is extensively illustrated with additional plates and drawings.

From the 2021 Nobel Prize winner in Physics, a remarkable journey into the practice of groundbreaking science 'Giorgio Parisi is renowned for his scientific creativity, originality, and power. In this exhilarating little book, he shows his human side, too. By its end, readers will feel they've made a charming, witty new friend' Frank Wilczek The world is shaped by complexity. In this enlightening book, Nobel Prize winner Giorgio Parisi guides us through his unorthodox yet exhilarating work to show us how. It all starts with investigating the principles of physics by observing the sophisticated flight patterns of starlings. Studying the movements of these birds, he has realized, proves an illuminating way into understanding complex systems of all kinds - collections of everything from atoms to planets to other animals like ourselves. Along the way, Parisi reflects on the lessons he's taken from a life in pursuit of scientific truth: the importance of serendipity to the discovery of new ideas, the surprising kinship between physics and other fields of study and the value of science to a thriving society. In so doing, he removes the practice of science from the confines of the laboratory and into the real world. Complexity is all around us - from climate to finance to biology, it offers a unique way of finding order in chaos. Part elegant scientific treatise, part thrilling intellectual journey, In a Flight of Starlings is an invitation to find wonder in the world around us.

This book presents state-of-the-art trends in reconfigurable active and passive planar antennas and their applications in wireless communication systems operating in the frequency band 5-6 GHz. Due to various key features such as multifunction antenna design, compactness, planar nature, and low cost, these technologies are becoming popular for current and future wireless applications. This book discusses different novel antenna designs and their working principles in detail. The modern and future wireless systems require wideband antennas to accommodate various channels in a single band or in separate bands. The carrier aggregation (CA) has been introduced in the modern wireless systems such as LTE-advanced systems and 5G./6G. In CA, a device can use several channels for transmission and reception. The used channels can exist in the same frequency band (intra-band CA) or in distinct bands (inter-band CA). To accommodate more channels, more bandwidth is required within the operating band. For portable devices, circularly polarized (CP) antennas are more advantageous over linearly polarized antennas since in CP antennas, there is low risk of misalignment and, hence encountering interference. Circularly polarized antenna also provides higher link reliability for the portable devices. To provide high data rates, more bandwidth is needed to accommodate more channels. Various multifunction, compact, and wideband antennas for plethora of applications are addressed in detail in this book. The scope of developing reconfigurable active antennas for application in beam switching, beam steering, wireless charging, security systems, etc., is described. This book concludes by giving glimpses of antenna requirements for future wireless communication systems.

Lasers continue to be an amazingly robust field of activity. Anyone seeking a photon source is now confronted with an enormous number of possible lasers and laser wavelengths to choose from, but no single, comprehensive source to help them make that choice. The Handbook of Lasers provides an authoritative compilation of lasers, their properties, and original references in a readily accessible form. Organized by lasing media-solids, liquids, and gases-each section is subdivided into distinct laser types. Each type carries a brief description, followed by tables listing the lasing element or medium, host, lasing transition and wavelength, operating properties, primary literature citations, and, for broadband lasers, reported tuning ranges. The importance and value of the Handbook of Lasers cannot be overstated. Serving as both an archive and as an indicator of emerging trends, it reflects the state of knowledge and development in the field, provides a rapid means of obtaining reference data, and offers a pathway to the literature. It contains data useful for comparison with predictions and for developing models of processes, and may reveal fundamental inconsistencies or conflicts in the data.

Providing the first comprehensive book on the current state of hyperpolarized Xenon-129 NMR and MRI, this book is guaranteed to appeal to a wide range of scientists interested in this growing field. It is intended to create synergy between the various communities working with this noble gas. Covering all topics from the production of the hyperpolarized gas to its applications, the editors have invited a leading team of experts to combine the physical chemistry within the various topics and across disciplines. The scope will range from the fundamental aspects of optical pumping to practical aspects of hyperpolarizers and hp-xenon handling. The applications section will focus on hyperpolarized xenon-129 detected in the dissolved phase or micro porous media where the chemical shift of xenon-129 can be used as a diagnostic probe. Appealing to researchers in the biomedical field and materials sciences, this reference book will provide background reading and future looking material in one place.

This text first deals with the crystal structure of new materials, discussing point defects both qualitatively and quantitatively. Focusing on quantum physics, the next chapter examines the dual nature of particles and the Schrodinger equation. The authors then cover the free electron theory of metals and semiconductors. They also study the details of photoconductors and photovoltaic cells as well as the magnetization factor for various magnetic materials, which offers an understanding of the controlling parameter responsible for the origin of magnetization within the material. The final chapter focuses on the exciting phenomenon of superconductivity.

This monograph begins by deriving the theory of elastic depolarizing collisions and then describes some nonlinear electromagnetic phenomena in gaseous media in which elasric depolarizing collisions are of primary importance. The formation of photon echo and a description of its various types in gaseous media are then included and it is shown that the characteristics of the corresponding signals depend essentially on the elastic depolarizing collisions. The significance of these collisions to corresponding signals and their characteristics is given and a new kind of photon echo spectroscopy (polarization photon echo-spectroscopy) is presented and its advantages considered. The final part describes the investigation of double-mode lasing of gas lasers and the coupling of strong and weak electromagnetic waves travelling through resonant gaseous media. This specialized and unique volume will be of interest to researchers and advanced graduates in the field of nonlinear optics and quantum electronics.

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based sensors and actuators have become remarkably popular in the past few decades. Rapid advances have taken place in terms of both technologies and techniques of fabrication of MEMS structures. Wet chemical-based silicon bulk micromachining continues to be a widely used technique for the fabrication of microstructures used in MEMS devices. Researchers all over the world have contributed significantly to the advancement of wet chemical-based micromachining, from understanding the etching mechanism to exploring its application to the fabrication of simple to complex MEMS structures. In addition to its various benefits, one of the unique features of wet chemical-based bulk micromachining is the ability to fabricate slanted sidewalls, such as 45 Degrees walls as micromirrors, as well as freestanding structures, such as cantilevers and diaphragms. This makes wet bulk micromachining necessary for the fabrication of structures for myriad applications. This book provides a comprehensive understating of wet bulk micromachining for the fabrication of simple to advanced microstructures for various applications in MEMS. It includes introductory to advanced concepts and covers research on basic and advanced topics on wet chemical-based silicon bulk micromachining. The book thus serves as an introductory textbook for undergraduate- and graduate-level students of physics, chemistry, electrical and electronic engineering, materials science, and engineering, as well as a comprehensive reference for researchers working or aspiring to work in the area of MEMS and for engineers working in microfabrication technology.

This volume touches upon some significant themes that have arisen in the fields of operator algebras, low-dimensional topology and mathematical physics. Gathering together a collection of papers from a NATO-sponsored Advance Research Workshop, its intention is to reveal that these seemingly diverse fields are now inextricably interconnected. While operator algebras and mathematical physics have enjoyed a mutually beneficial relationship dating back to the time of von Neumann, the link between operator algebras and low-dimensional topology only emerged with the work of Vaughan Jones.

Towards the close of the 20th century, the world's leading experts in theoretical and experimental physics review the major developments in their respective research areas, and present the prospects for the coming 21st century. The subjects covered in this volume are field theory, string theory, quantum cosmology, solid state physics, physics of complex systems, high energy physics, quark-gluon plasma, nuclear physics and observational cosmology.

The book addresses the compelling demand for quantitative training in plant biology, including comparisons of the rate of processes, the size of structures and interactions among different processes, approached at different levels from molecules to the environment. Attention is paid to aspects of modern molecular biology and to modern biophysical treatments of classical transport and circulatory problems. This will allow the reader to become familiar with calculus as a tool to understand plant science. The book discusses specific problems covering six specific topics, and includes an additional section devoted to miscellaneous issues. It is also complemented by appendices describing units, conversion factors, formulae and data relevant to plant biology and to the relationship of plants with the environment.

This book deals with the dynamics of mechanical systems in presence of impact and friction. The contributors are an international group of engineers and scientists from industrial and academic institutions of more than 23 countries around the world concerned with the modeling, analysis, measurement and control of nonsmooth mechanical structures. Contact laws lead to mathematical models that are highly nonlinear and nonsmooth or discontinuous. Discontinuous and nonsmooth processes introduce problems with data processing techniques and analytical methods. Thanks to great advances in computer technology and computational analysis, as well as the introduction of new experimental devices such as the atomic-force microscope and the quartz-crystal-microbalance probe, the study of impact and friction - one of the oldest problems in physics, is now in a phase of rapid and exciting development. The growing number of research breakthroughs have promoted the development of new technologies in the description and design of systems with impact and friction models to understand nature, structures, machines, transportation systems, and other processes. A fairly comprehensive picture of these new developments is presented in this book by researchers who are giving up-to-date accounts of the present state of the field in many aspects.The book is essential for introducing readers in mechanical engineering, material science, applied mathematics, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, biomechanics, and civil engineering to recent developments in nonsmooth mechanics. It is also useful for self-study purposes by professionals and practitioners in the field.

Versatile medium-scale synchrotron radiation facilities are now being operated, constructed, and planned at many places in Asia. Here the representatives from these places report the present status and discuss the common subjects of construction, operation, organization, and scientific use. This information will be useful for those interested in the better use of synchrotron radiation, the key tool in various areas from basic sciences to high technologies.