The book provides a wide introduction on history, minerology, geology, and the characteristics and application of different natural nanotubes. It is the first comprehensive book to discuss natural nanotubes, particularly halloysite nanotubes. The book will be useful mainly for postgraduate students and researchers working on the application of natural nanotubes. It will also be useful for those companies or researchers that focus on the design of materials and composites for sustainability. This book: * Provides updates on the diverse and expanding applications of natural mineral nanotubes (including halloysite, sepiolite, and palygorskite) in various industries, and polymer nanocomposites for medical, health, and environmental applications * Provides a comprehensive review of the modification and intercalation of different natural mineral nanotubes * Reviews recent studies of the mechanical properties of halloysite nanotubes * Provides an up-to-date background on the structure, identification, and nomenclature of various natural mineral nanotubes, including halloysite, palygorskite, sepiolite, chrysotile, and erionite * Gives comprehensive global information on the mineralogy, geology, and occurrence of natural mineral nanotubes * Discusses the current understanding of the health risks of natural mineral nanotubes

Each chapter in this up-to-date account of the metallogenic provinces of the British Isles is about a specific province and is written by authors active in the field. It provides a definitive account of British mineralization and its relationship with deposits worldwide.

Zeolites have unusual properties and as a result they are some of the most interesting inorganic materials known today. In contrast to conventional nanomaterials, zeolites exhibit a long-term stable inner void system on the nanometer scale and their properties are almost independent from the crystal size. This volume summarizes the known properties of natural zeolites and, importantly, shows how they can be synthesized by simulating the conditions of natural formation. Systematically, a direct correlation between the glassy precursor composition and that of the zeolite product is established. The zeolite crystal morphology obtained at given synthesis conditions allows direct conclusions on the conditions of formation in nature. This book is a valuable practical guide and tool for solid-state chemists, physicists, mineralogists and engineers.

This book examines the abilities of new machine learning models for predicting ore grade in mining engineering. A variety of case studies are examined in this book. A motivation for preparing this book was the absence of robust models for estimating ore grade. Models of current books can also be used for the different sciences because they have high capabilities for estimating different variables. Mining engineers can use the book to determine the ore grade accurately. This book helps identify mineral-rich regions for exploration and exploitation. Exploration costs can be decreased by using the models in the current book. In this book, the author discusses the new concepts in mining engineering, such as uncertainty in ore grade modeling. Ensemble models are presented in this book to estimate ore grade. In the book, readers learn how to construct advanced machine learning models for estimating ore grade. The authors of this book present advanced and hybrid models used to estimate ore grade instead of the classic methods such as kriging. The current book can be used as a comprehensive handbook for estimating ore grades. Industrial managers and modelers can use the models of the current books. Each level of ore grade modeling is explained in the book. In this book, advanced optimizers are presented to train machine learning models. Therefore, the book can also be used by modelers in other fields. The main motivation of this book is to address previous shortcomings in the modeling process of ore grades. The scope of this book includes mining engineering, soft computing models, and artificial intelligence.

This book explains how microorganisms play a pivotal role in the formation of biominerals, including carbonates, silicate minerals and oxides. As readers will learn, these minerals may be produced either intracellularly or extracellularly in order to sustain microbial life. Experienced scientists from the field show that some of these biominerals can be produced in an active form, which involves direct enzymatic intervention to form precipitates. In addition, passive mineral formation can be mediated by the presence of dead cells. Readers from Microbiology and Biochemistry will appreciate the thorough coverage on various types of microbial mineral formation and their roles in microbial domains. Furthermore, they will benefit from the authors' first-hand knowledge regarding common techniques for studying biomineral-producing microorganisms, factors affecting biomineralization, and the use of this process in biotechnological applications.

This book presents selected articles from the workshop on "Challenges in Petrophysical Evaluation and Rock Physics Modeling of Carbonate Reservoirs" held at IIT Bombay in November 2017. The articles included explore the challenges associated with using well-log data, core data analysis, and their integration in the qualitative and quantitative assessment of petrophysical and elastic properties in carbonate reservoirs. The book also discusses the recent trends and advances in the area of research and development of carbonate reservoir characterization, both in industry and academia. Further, it addresses the challenging concept of porosity portioning, which has huge implications for exploration and development success in these complex reservoirs, enabling readers to understand the varying orders of deposition and diagenesis and also to model the flow and elastic properties.

Explore the fascinating history and contemporary influence of turquoise as a gemstone of choice for collectors, artists, and jewelry wearers. Immerse yourself in its history from ancient times to the present, and the influence of Native American artists in making this gemstone an enduring part of popular culture in America. Illustrated with over 500 color images, this updated second edition includes nearly 150 photos never seen before. It shows turquoise from Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Nevada, plus Australia, China, and Iran, and the major localities in between. The gems appear in their natural state, cut, polished, and set into silver and gold jewelry. Extensive text details the gems' values and the many mines that have relinquished turquoise over thousands of years.

Aside from water the materials which are used by mankind in highest quantities arecementitious materials and concrete. This book shows how the quality of the technical product depends on mineral phases and their reactions during the hydration and strengthening process. Additives and admixtures infl uence the course of hydration and the properties. Options of reducing the CO2-production in cementitious materials are presented and numerous examples of unhydrous and hydrous phases and their formation conditions are discussed. This editorial work consists of four parts including cement composition and hydration, Special cement and binder mineral phases, Cementitious and binder materials, and Measurement and properties. Every part contains different contributions and covers a broad range within the area. Contents Part I: Cement composition and hydration Diffraction and crystallography applied to anhydrous cements Diffraction and crystallography applied to hydrating cements Synthesis of highly reactive pure cement phases Thermodynamic modelling of cement hydration: Portland cements - blended cements - calcium sulfoaluminate cements Part II: Special cement and binder mineral phases Role of hydrotalcite-type layered double hydroxides in delayed pozzolanic reactions and their bearing on mortar dating Setting control of CAC by substituted acetic acids and crystal structures of their calcium salts Crystallography and crystal chemistry of AFm phases related to cement chemistry Part III: Cementitious and binder materials Chemistry, design and application of hybrid alkali activated binders Binding materials based on calcium sulphates Magnesia building material (Sorel cement) - from basics to application New CO2-reduced cementitious systems Composition and properties of ternary binders Part IV: Measurement and properties Characterization of microstructural properties of Portland cements by analytical scanning electron microscopy Correlating XRD data with technological properties No cement production without refractories

A comprehensive, illustrated identification guide for beginners and serious collectors alike, featuring special colour photography of specimens held at the Natural History Museum, London. Rocks are minerals are naturally occurring compounds formed by intense geological processes in the Earth's crust such as volcanic eruptions. With striking colour photography of rocks and minerals from around the globe, this detailed and easy-to-use guide is designed to help readers identify specimens and begin collecting. Fully fact checked by the Department of Mineralogy at the Natural History Museum, London, this guide will give you geological knowledge at your fingertips.

This volume provides a comprehensive academic review of both positive and negative effects of minerals on human health and quality of life. The book adopts the concept of mineral latu sensu (mineral l.s.), which encompasses a broad spectrum of natural, inorganic, solid, and crystalline, of natural and inorganic chemical elements (metals and metalloids), of modified natural minerals, of biominerals, and of syntetic minerals, all products that branch across the disciplines of earth, soil, environmental, materials, nutrition, and health sciences. Using this broad framework, the authors are able to provide a multidisciplinary assessment on many types of minerals which can be essential, beneficial and hazardous to human health, covering applications in medical geology, medical hydrology or balneotherapy, pharmacology, chemistry, nutrition, and biophysics. The book performs historical analyses of the uses of minerals for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes to better understand current trends and developments in mineral research and human health. The book will be of interest to students, public health officials, environmental agencies and researchers from various disciplines, as well as scientific societies and organizations focusing on medical geology, health resort medicine (crenotherapy, hydrotherapy and climatotherapy), and on pharmaceutical, cosmetic and biomedical applications.

The sharp rise in mineral use has revived concern about scarcity. Economist John Tilton responds by analyzing recent trends in the consumption and availability of minerals that are most integral to the needs of modern civilization. He reminds readers that, if the arguments about scarcity sound familiar, it is because the story of minerals scarcity is almost as old as human history -- and so too is substitution and technological innovation. The issue at hand is the unprecedented acceleration in exploitation and use. Given global population growth, rising living standards, and environmental concerns, how seriously should today's society take the threat of mineral exhaustion?

On Borrowed Time? provides general interest and student readers with an accessible framework for understanding scarcity. Tilton defines important concepts and explores the methods used to study mineral scarcity, including physical measures of known reserves and the total resource base, and economic measures, such as extraction and end-user costs. He notes the increasing emphasis on the social and environmental costs of mineral production and use, placing the scarcity debate in context of broader concerns about sustainability and equity. He adds a history of thought about scarcity, from Malthus and Ricardo to Harold Hotelling, Donella Meadows, and present-day writers.

Papers cover: laboratory and in-situ testing; coupled effects and permeability; creep damage and dilatancy; constitutive modelling; crushed salt behaviour; numerical modelling; storage and disposal projects; mining applications; case studies; and salt pillars and cavities.

This collection of papers covers many topics in the area of mineral processing, such as: physical enrichment processing; fine particle processing; flotation fundamentals and technology; industrial minerals processing; and waste treatment and utilization.

Modeling of Magmatic and Allied Processes presents methods and models for the quantification of geological processes. Conceptual models for magmatic differentiation involving crystallization and mixing are presented and applied to field and textural data. Model equations for the degree of partial melting in presence perturbations of lithospheric geotherms and partitioning of trace/radioactive elements in the matrix and melts, and the formation of continents with melt additions are described. Diverse magmatic products are shown to result from differentiation processes rather than magmatic source heterogeneities. The degree of partial melting depends on mantle temperatures, for which parameterized thermal convection models are reviewed. Perturbations in geotherms caused by mantle heat flow, CO2 flux from great depths and tectonic thrusting are analyzed. The petrogenetic significance of accessory minerals of felsic magma evolution is assessed with the help of examples from Carpathian granitoids. Methods for simulating the 3-D Concentration and Distribution Models (DC-DMs) and fractal dimension of evolving magma systems are described with examples. The use of conventional scanning electron microscopy methods and electron microprobe to characterize and infer magmatic processes is explained, and the background and economic potential of hydrothermal systems are examined. The nature of oxidizing felsic magmas along with their potential for copper mineralization is discussed. In closing, the handling, calculation and plotting of geochemical data for igneous rock suites using the R-language-based software Geochemical Data Toolkit (GCDkit) along with plug-in modules for the forward and reverse mass-balance calculation of fractional crystallization are demonstrated.

The last two decades have brought a near exponential increase in the amount known about mineral surfaces. Get a handle on this overwhelming mountain of information with The Physics and Chemistry of Mineral Surfaces. This much-needed text will save you hours of tedious journal searches by providing an excellent condensation and overview of the entire field, including its future direction. Top researchers outline atomistic controls on mineral surface structure and reactions; apply these concepts to explain sorption, mineral corrosion and growth; and ultimately consider the role of surfaces in environmental and geochemical processes. This unique text provides a rich and rigorous treatment of these subjects by combining surface physics and chemistry - highlighting their useful, yet often ignored, complementary nature. Unlike other texts, The Physics and Chemistry of Mineral Surfaces also stresses the linkage between fundamentals of mineral surface science and specific real-world problems. This connection facilitates the application of surface physics and chemistry to macroscopic, global processes, such as the origins of life, global warming, and environment degradation. Nowhere else will you find a text on this topic that combines expansive coverage with clear-cut practical applications. Don't miss out! The Physics and Chemistry of Mineral Surfaces has it all.

The behaviour of gold in sedimentary, magmatic and postmagmatic processes are studied and 40 gold-bearing minerals including ten which were recently discovered are described. The results are presented of new experimental studies on phase relations in gold-sulphide systems. The solubility & form of gold migration in high-temperature chloride, sulphide and arsenic solutions are determined. Based on the new data, the genesis of gold deposits is studied and a geochemical classification proposed. This book is designed for specialists in the field of gold chemistry, geochemistry and mineralogy and for field geologists surveying and prospecting for gold.

Pyrite Oxidation and its Control is the single available text on the market that presents the latest findings on pyrite oxidation and acid mine drainage (AMD). This new information is an indispensable reference for generating new concepts and technologies for controlling pyrite oxidation.
This book focuses on pyrite oxidation theory, experimental findings on oxidation mechanisms, as well as applications and limitations of amelioration technologies. The text also includes discussions on the theory and potential application of novel pyrite microencapsulation technologies for controlling pyrite oxidation currently under investigation in the author's laboratory.

Designed to be international in scope, this series sets out to provide students with short textbooks right across the field of earth sciences. The scope ranges from elementary general topics in geology through to more specialist studies.

Thermodynamically constrained averaging theory provides a consistent method for upscaling conservation and thermodynamic equations for application in the study of porous medium systems. The method provides dynamic equations for phases, interfaces, and common curves that are closely based on insights from the entropy inequality. All larger scale variables in the equations are explicitly defined in terms of their microscale precursors, facilitating the determination of important parameters and macroscale state equations based on microscale experimental and computational analysis. The method requires that all assumptions that lead to a particular equation form be explicitly indicated, a restriction which is useful in ascertaining the range of applicability of a model as well as potential sources of error and opportunities to improve the analysis.

'Hurray for Mackenzie and Guilford for at last we have a pictorial guide to the rock-forming minerals! . . . such feasts of colour in mineralogy books are rare . . . an admirable guide' New Scientist

This book is the direct result of the desire expressed by Canadians in many walks ofl ife to know "more about mining." It takes the interested layman on a short trip through the complex mining industry.

The book introduces essential concept of mineral exploration, mine evaluation and resource assessment of the discovered mineral deposit to students, beginners and professionals. The book is divided into nine chapters which will help the readers to incorporate the concepts of search for mineral deposits and understand the chances of success. The book discusses the fundamental details like composition of earth and mineral resources, formation of rock and mineral deposits, and the attempt to search for ore deposits to advance applications of remote sensing in mineral exploration. It also covers the details on how to conduct system of survey, evaluation, and how to arrive at a decision to open and carryout further exploration in the operating mine. The book shall be of great interest to geologists and mining community.

"Uncovers a centuries-long story of obsession that often included murder, gun fights, deadly accidents, overnight fortunes and even cannibalism. . . Neligh is a practiced writer whose style mixes history and modern realities seamlessly." -Colorado Country Life Gold! brings together the story of this metal’s glittering legacy in the Centennial State and the madness, murder, and mayhem that came along with it. The book examines the rich history of the miners and treasure hunters who came to face danger and hardships in the unforgiving Rocky Mountains. This story is unique in that it takes a look at the phenomenon of gold, the treasure hunters, both modern and historic, and brings them to life in a detailed and sharp narrative. Author Ian Neligh spent a year meeting with experts and enthusiasts, hearing their stories and trying to understand why it is they continue to do what they do—often in the face of extreme hardship. Modern-day gold miners profiled include Al Mosch, Bill Chapman, Ken Reid, and Chad Watkins. Gold! is the story of an unusual subculture on the rise in the mountains of Colorado fueled by a delicate balance of hope, greed, and loss. It tells the story of men mostly forgotten by the world as they go in endless pursuit of an impossible fortune. It follows miners working their small, dangerous gold claims in mines over a hundred years old, to modern-day prospectors trying to strike it rich and counterbalance the weight of a struggling economy. The book also examines if those who spend their lives in search of riches—ever actually strike it rich. From the author of Spurred West: Rogues, Treasure Seekers, Bounty Hunters, and Colorful Characters Past and Present, this book will appeal to both history buffs as well as fans of modern-day reality shows like Gold Rush.

Das Standardwerk fur die Geowissenschaften sowie fur alle Liebhaber von Gesteinen und an Geologie Interessierte. In diesem Buch vermittelt Roland Vinx die Grundlagen der Gesteinskunde praxisorientiert und leicht verstandlich. Dabei kommt es ihm besonders auf die Bestimmung mit makroskopischen Methoden an, d. h. unter Gelandebedingungen, ohne Mikroskop und ohne chemische Analysen. Gesteinsbestimmung erfordert eine sichere Diagnose der enthaltenen Minerale. Deswegen werden zunachst die wichtigsten gesteinsbildenden Minerale vorgestellt, danach folgen Beschreibungen der verschiedenen Gesteinsarten in einheitlich strukturierter Form und auf aktuellem Stand der Klassifikationen. Manchmal ist eine sichere Bestimmung im Gelande prinzipiell nicht moeglich. Fur solche Falle wird erlautert, wie man eine Probe fur die Analyse im Labor nehmen kann, ohne dabei das moeglicherweise sensible Vorkommen zu beeintrachtigen. Mit diesem Buch werden die Merkmale der Gesteine ohne petrographische Vorkenntnisse verstandlich. Sorgfaltig ausgewahlte, farbige Fotos der beschriebenen Minerale und Gesteine sowie von vielen gesteinstypischen Gelandeformen erleichtern das Bestimmen. Das nach nunmehr neun Jahren bereits in der 4. Auflage vorliegende Werk nimmt eine eigene Stellung neben theoretischen Lehrbuchern einerseits und Gesteins- und Mineralienfuhrern andererseits ein.