This book addresses the processes related to mine abandonment from a hydrogeological perspective and provides a comprehensive presentation of water management and innovative tracer techniques for flooded mines. After an introduction to the relevant hydrogeochemical processes the book gives detailed information about mine closure procedures. The book also includes case studies and hints, and some new methodologies for conducting tracer tests in flooded mines.

Gas hydrates are both a huge energy resource and an environmental challenge. They have a significant impact on society because of their applications to the future of energy, protection of the environment and fuel transportation. Gas Hydrates opens up this fascinating, multidisciplinary field to non-specialists. It provides a scientific study of gas hydrates that considers their potential as an energy source while assessing the possible risk to the environment. The authors also examine the feasibility of using these natural compounds for storing and transporting gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. Diagrams and photos are used throughout Gas Hydrates to help readers understand the scientific and technical content. Each section has been designed so it can be read independently by academics and professionals in the oil and gas industry, as well as by all those with an interest in how hydrates combine to be an energy resource, an industrial challange and a geological hazard.

This book is a systematic guide to the recognition and interpretation of deformation microstructures and mechanisms in minerals and rocks at the scale of a thin section. Diagnostic features of microstructures and mechanisms are emphasized, and the subject is extensively illustrated with high-quality color and black and white photomicrographs, and many clear diagrams. After introducing three main classes of deformation microstructures and mechanisms, low- to high-grade deformation is presented in a logical sequence in Chapters 2 to 5. Magmatic/submagmatic deformation, shear sense indicators, and shock microstructures and metamorphism are described in Chapters 6 to 8, which are innovative chapters in a structural geology textbook. The final chapter shows how deformation microstructures and mechanisms can be used quantitatively to understand the behavior of the earth. Recent experimental research on failure criteria, frictional sliding laws, and flow laws is summarized in tables, and palaeopiezometry is discussed. Audience: This book is essential to all practising structural and tectonic geologists who use thin sections, and is an invaluable research tool for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, lecturers and researchers in structural geology and tectonics.

This Volume brings together twelve contributions to a symposium held in hon our of GEORG MANDL at the University of Graz, Austria on December 1-2, 1995, in the year of his 70th anniversary. It is a tribute to a formidable scientist colleague and friend and a gift of gratitude to an inspiring leader and great in stigator. A man, who began as a theoretical physicist, made fundamental contri butions to the theory of transport processes in porous media and the mechanics of granular materials, but in his forties turned to structural geology and the me chanics of tectonic faulting - a subject that has since remained at the center of his interests and the understanding of which was substantially advanced by Georg Mandl's work. In addressing different aspects of tectonic faulting, mostly if not entirely from a theoretician's or modeler's point of view, the contribu tions to this Volume reveal some of the astonishing richness of the subject, the corresponding diversity in approaches and also challenges that lie ahead. They aptly evoke the broad scientific culture brought by Georg Mandl to the study of his favourite subject, a culture he had acquired in the course of a career in a nowadays rare environment of industrial research and which interested readers will find sketched in the Biographical Note included in this Volume. As such, as well as in their own right, the papers contributed to this Festschrift should be of interest to a wider community of Earth scientists.

Jade towers above all other hardstone carving ma- century or two) diamond cutting tools were intro- terials-rose quartz, aventurine, agate, rock crystal, duced into China, or where the high-quality jade bloodstone, lapis lazuli, turquoise, and the rest-in found in ancient pre-Columbian sites was mined- both long-term popularity and sustained value. In may never be answered. An increasing effort has spite of its intensive exploitation under widely been made, however, to pull together evidence from diverse cultures, however, little authoritative work various branches of science and bring it to bear on on the subject exists in the English language. When the more important questions. At least such erro- texts on jade do appear, they are usually little more neous inferences as the possibility of early com- than quick surveys of some of the more exotic carv- merce between China and Middle America have now ings that have flowed, generation after generation, been laid to rest. Speculation as to the Asiatic origin from the lapidary shops of China. . of European jade artifacts has died with the discov- Of course, the history, lore, mineralogy, gemol- ery of jade deposits in Europe itself.

The analysis of polar ice cores has proven to be very instructive about past environmental conditions on the time scale of several climatic cycles, and recent drilling operations have provided information of great value for global change issues.
The book presents the most recent data extracted from Greenland ice cores and surface experiments and compares them with former Antarctic results. It contains background articles, original contributions and group reports of interest to scientists, climatologists, atmospheric chemists, and glaciologists involved in global change research.

Zeolites form a family of minerals which have been known since the 18th century, but they remained a curiosity for scientists and collectors until 60 years ago, when their unique physicochemical properties attracted the attention of many researchers. In the past 30 years there has been an ex traordinary development in zeolite science; six International Conferences on Zeolites have been held every 3 years since 1967, and a large number of interesting contributions have been published in their proceedings. Many books, written either by individual authors or by several authors under a leading editor, have been published on these interesting silicate phases, but none has been devoted specifically to natural zeolites, even though this theme may be of interest not only to earth scientists, but also to chemists, as the in formation obtained from natural samples completes and in tegrates the characterization of many zeolites. We are trying to fill this gap on the basis of 20 years of research on natural zeolites, which we performed at the University of Modena together with many friends and colleagues. If it is in general difficult to write a scientific book with out upsetting somebody, this is particularly true for a book on natural crystals, because mineralogy is an interdisciplin ary science which covers some fields of physics, chemistry, it is almost impossible to meet every petrology, geology, and requirement."

Computational Geosciences with Mathematica is the only book written by a geologist specifically to show geologists and geoscientists how to use Mathematica to formulate and solve problems. It spans a broad range of geologic and mathematical topics, which are drawn from the author's extensive experience in research, consulting, and teaching. The reference and text leads readers step-by-step through geologic applications such as custom graphics programming, data input and output, linear and differential equations, linear and nonlinear regression, Monte Carlo simulation, time series and image analysis, and the visualization and analysis of geologic surfaces. It is packed with actual Mathematica output and includes boxed Computer Notes with tips and exploration suggestions.

The modeling of minerals and silicated materials is a. difficult challenge faced by Solid StatePhysics, Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Dynamics communities. The difficulty of such a modeling is due to the wide diversity of elements, including heavy atoms, and types of bonding involved in such systems. Moreover, one has to consider infinite systems: either perfect cr- tals or glasses and melts. In the solid state a given chemical composition gives rise to numerous polymorphs, geometricallycloselyrelated. These polymorphs have very similar energies and related thermodynamical pr- erties which explain the complexity of their phase diagrams. The modeling of silicates and minerals covers a wide field of applications ranging from basic research to technology, from Solid State Physics to Earth and Planetary science. The use of modeling techniques yields information of different nature. In the case of chemical studies, we can mention inv- tigations on catalytic processes occurring on surfaces and in zeolite cages. These calculations find possible applications in chemical engineering, in particular in the oil industry

Current and authoritative with many advanced concepts for petroleum geologists, geochemists, geophysicists, or engineers engaged in the search for or production of crude oil and natural gas, or interested in their habitats and the factors that control them, this book is an excellent reference. It is recommended without reservation. AAPG Bulletin.

The feldspars form the most abundant group of minerals in the crust of the Earth and Moon and also occur in many meteo rites. They playa fundamental role in all rock-forming processes at shallow depths, but are rare or absent from the upper mantle. Their detailed study is thus essential for the understan ding of such varied processes as magma genesis and differentia tion, metamorphism, al teration, erosion and sedimentation. This interest is show by the fact that two previous NATO Advanced Study Institutes on feldspars were held in Oslo in 1962 and in Manchester in 1972. The feldspars are particularly sui table for detailed studies, as they have very simple chemistry and develop some of the most complex microstructures known. The microstructures are often slow to form but are easily preserved, so that they are potentially extremely informative about the geological history of the rocks in which they occur. Furthermore, their study involves physical and chemical methods of increasing sophistication so that the results obtained are not always immediately understandable to research workers outside the field of modern mineralogy. Progress in knowledge about feldspars is probably slower in penetrating the fields of petrology and geochemistry than that on other mineral groups. For these reasons among others, i was particularly appropriate to hold a third NATO ASI on feldspars approximately ten years after the last one."

This book consists of 44 technical papers presented at the Ninth International Geostatistics Congress held in Oslo, Norway in June 2012. The papers have been reviewed by a panel of specialists in Geostatistics. The book is divided into four main sections: Theory; Petroleum; Mining; and Environment, Climate and Hydrology. The first section focuses on new ideas of general interest to many fields of applications. The next sections are more focused on the particular needs of the particular industry or activity. Geostatistics is vital to any industry dependent on natural resources. Methods from geostatistics are used for estimating reserves, quantifying economical risk and planning of future industrial operations. Geostatistics is also an important tool for mapping environmental hazard and integrating climate data.

There is an extremely voluminous literature on radioactive waste and its disposal, much in the form of government-sponsored research reports. To wade through this mountain of literature is indeed a tedious task, and it is safe to speculate that very few, if any, individuals have the time to examine each report that has been issued during the preceding ten years. This book attempts to summarize much of this literature. Further, many workers in the geosciences have not received training in the nuclear sciences, and many nuclear scientists could be better versed in geology. In this book an attempt is made to cover some background material on radioactive wastes and geotoxicity that may not be an integral part of a geologist's training, and background material on geology and geochemistry for the nuclear scientist. The geochemical material is designed for both the geoscientist and the nuclear scientist. There is no specific level for this book. Certainly, it should be useful to advanced undergraduates and graduates studying geology and nuclear science. It does not pretend to cover a tremendous amount of detail in all subjects, yet the references cited provide the necessary source materials for follow-up study. It is my intention that the reader of this book will have a better, broader understanding of the geochemical aspects of radioactive waste disposal than is otherwise available in anyone source.

The high pressures necessary for the stabilisation of eclogites in metabasic rocks andgarnetperidotitesinultrabasic rocks havebeen long recognised and experimentally established. Xenoliths of such rocks brought up in volatile charged alkaline magmas, such as kimberlites, are widely accepted to be mostly ofupper mantle derivation (Chapter 13). Eclogites are predicted to be thermodynamically stable also in the lower crust beneath cratonic regions. However, xenolith suite studies indicate that kinetic and/or compositional factors limit their distribution in the lower continental crust relative to granulite fades assemblages (Chapter 12). Occurrences ofeclogitesand gamet peridotites in exposed crustal metamor phic terrains have been interpreted in the past as exotic tectonic blocks of deeper (largely mantle) origin, because of their apparent difference in metamorphic grade compared with the encompassing rocks. Only in recent years have metamorphic petrologists begun to recognise that such crustal terrains sometimes preserve co-facial (eclogite fades), high pressure mineral parageneses in other spatially associated lithologies such as metapelites and metagranitoids. Placed in a modern, global geotectonic context, it is now apparent not only that eclogites can be expected to be stabilised in oceanic crust subducted at continental plate margins (Chapter 9), but also that eclogite fades mineral parageneses may be stabilised in a wider range ofcontinental crust lithologies, where substantial tectonic thickening has occurred in continental plate collision zones (Chapters 8-10). Recent exciting evidence from the Western Alps(Chapter 10)suggeststhat continental crust may be subducted to depths approaching 100km and iyet exhumed during subsequent orogenic uplift."

Environmental Mineralogy and Bio-Geochemistry of Arsenic provides a comprehensive understanding of arsenic geochemistry in the near-surface environment.

This monograph addresses the legal and policy issues relating to the commercial exploitation of natural resources in outer space. It begins by establishing the economic necessity and technical feasibility of space mining today, an estimate of the financial commitments required, followed by a risk analysis of a commercial mining venture in space, identifying the economic and legal risks. This leads to the recognition that the legal risks must be minimised to enable such projects to be financed. This is followed by a discussion of the principles of international space law, particularly dealing with state responsibility and international liability, as well as some of the issues arising from space mining activities. Much detail is devoted to the analysis of the content of the common heritage of mankind doctrine. The monograph then attempts to balance such interests in creating a legal and policy compromise to create a new regulatory regime.

This is a book about the petrology of kimberlites. It is not about upper mantle xenoliths, diamonds, or prospecting for kimberlites. The object of the book is to provide a comprehensive survey and critique of the advances which have been made in kimberlite studies over the last twenty-five years. Kimberlites are rare rock types; however, their relative obscurity is overriden by their economic and petrological importance to a degree which is not shared with the commoner varieties of igneous rocks. Kimberlites are consequently of interest to a diverse group of earth scientists, ranging from isotope g ochemists concerned with the evolution of the mantle, to volcanologists pondering the origins of diatremes, to exploration geologists seeking new occurrences of the diamondiferous varieties. A common factor essential to all of these activities is a thorough understanding of the characteristics of kimberlites. For the petrologist, kimberlites are exciting and challenging objects for study. Their petrographic diversity, complex mineralogy and geochemistry, and unusual style of intrusion provide endless opportunities for stimulating hypothesis and conjecture concerning their origin and evolution. Kimberlites are a part of a wide spectrum of continental intra-cratonic magmatism. Only by understanding all of the parts of this activity in detail may we make progress in our understanding of the whole.

After many years of geographical and bibliographical journeys, William Panczner has completed a project that many of us would have loved to initiate, but did not undertake because of its magnitude and intrinsic complexity. Not since L. Salazar Salinas, who is credited with authoring Bole tin numeros 40 and 41 (lnstituto Geologico de Mexico, 1922, 1923), has an author been able to provide readers with a comprehensive volume containing information that is both authentic and reliable on Mexican mineralogy, mineral species, and localities. This volume is the most complete synthesis about Mexican minerals and their occurrences to date. It is richly illustrated with photographs and drawings, is well documented, and is organized into four sections, making it easy to use and enjoyable to read. The introduction contains an interesting summary of the mining history and the development of mineralogy. It also describes, in a condensed but accurate and stimulating manner, the geography and the mineralogy of the country, dividing it into eleven mineral provinces. The author discusses eight of the more important mining districts in Mexico, which produce fine mineral speci mens. There is also a chronology of historical, geological, and mineralogical events in Mexico. This is followed by a bibliography with over 500 references on the subject.

This abundantly illustrated book provides a concise overview of our understanding of the entire mantle, its evolution since early differentiation and the consequences of superplumes for earth surface processes. The book's balanced authorship has produced a state-of-the-science report on the emerging concept of superplumes. This presents a new concept to explain catastrophic events on Earth through geologic time.

The Phenomenon of Studio Goldsmithing When the history of art in the 1980s is written, much of it will be etched in gold. This is the time of the contemporary goldsmith, an artist who chooses to work in precious metals rather than oils or marble. The contemporary jeweler-as-artist has only recently become a re cognized force. With rare exceptions, the whole field is little more than thirty years old. But it is only within the past fifteen years that these jewelers have entered the jewelry mainstream. The phenomenon of contemporary goldsmithing embraces an eclectic group of artists, each with a unique vision, each taking a per sonal path to jewelry producing. They have as little relationship to the typical, mass-produced jewelry as a champagne maker has to a bottler of orange soda. They approach a piece of art, not a piece of metal. The work is personal and a perfect expression of the "back to the land" movement that spawned it. Many of these goldsmiths were looking not merely for a way to make a living but for a way to make a life that was worthy of living. Running a business while trying to remain a creative metalsmith at the same time is the ongoing challenge. The jeweler-artists have solved or resolved these often conflicting needs in slightly different ways and in a beautiful variety of techniques and styles. Their meth ods, their growth, and their work are discussed here.

Perhaps the most striking impression gained by a geologist during twenty years of field work with deformed rocks in many parts of the world is that the minor structures in these rocks are surprisingly uniform in their properties and restricted in their variety. In fact, a relatively short and simple list can include all structures which are both of common occurrence and of use to the structural geologist in his attempts to understand the structure and evolution of a deformed geologic body. The photographs in this book have been selected to illustrate as clearly as possible the obvious characteristics of the common minor structures of deformed rocks. I have tried to make this selection truly representative in spite of two factors that have affected the choice. First, I have included only photographs made during my own field work. No doubt the selection could have been greatly improved in both quality and variety by including photographs made by other geologists. Second, the photographs necessarily reflect my own inte rests and not those of every geologist concerned with deformed rocks. Consequently, for example, great emphasis has been placed on folds, whereas faults and joints are entirely omitted.

This book contains papers presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on mineral matter in fuels held on November 2-7, 1997 in Kona, Hawaii. The conference is one of a continuing series that was initiated by the CEGB Mar- wood Engineering Laboratories in 1963. The conference was to be eventually organised by the Engineering Foundation as the need for multi-disciplinary work related to c- trolling ash effects in combustors became apparent. The conference covers both the science and the applications. The papers also present case histories, particularly for current fuel technologies, developments in advanced technologies for power generation and mathematical modelling of these processes. Developments since 1963 have been slow, but steady, due to the complexity of the chemical and physical processes involved. However, the research presented here displays great improvement in our understanding of the mechanisms by which mineral matter will influence fuel use. Steve Benson from EERC presented a review and current status of issues related to ash deposition in coal combustion and gasification. The application of new analytical tools, which have been detailed in the previous conferences, is presented. These include CCSEM, as well as new techniques for char- terising sintering of ash, such as TMA, image analysis, X-ray diffraction crystallography and thermal analysis. The new analytical techniques were extended to encompass widely differing fuels such as biomass. Ole H Larsen from ELSAM Denmark presented a review of these advanced techniques.