The biotechnology business in India with an increase from USD 500 million in 1997 and reaching an estimated USD 1 billion next year health related prod ucts accounting for 60%, agro and veterinary products together 15%, and con tract R&D, reagents, devices and supplies adding up to the remaining 25% of which the diagnostics share was about 10% of the total surely presented an encouraging picture even five years ago. While volumes have increased, the pat tern has not. According to a report, prepared by McKinsey & Co, India's Phar maceutical industry including domestic and export sales and contract services totals nearly USD 5 billion. Furthermore, the company optimistically projects the growth to a factor of five fold only if both the industry and the government are able to put in place achievable solutions that must take care of the formida ble obstacles preventing further growth. If this assessment is correct, then the established transformation made by IT growth should also provide the confi dence required by the high expectations for biotechnology which have arisen in the country in recent years. Some contributors to this are overenthusiastic these are bureaucrats, some retired scientists and of course the complacent politicians who have the least knowledge of what the new biotechnology is all about. However, there are clear indications of biotechnology growth demon strated by a few but rapidly expanding biotech companies such as Biocon Ltd, Shantha Biotech (P) Ltd, Dr.

ISIAME 2000 was organized by the Condensed Matter and Materials Physics Research Group at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. It brought together an international group of research scientists and engineers from academia and industry to present details of the most recent investigations on industrially related topics and projects using Mossbauer Spectroscopy as a primary analytical technique. These proceedings inciude the papers presented under the broad topics of Chemistry, Surfaces, Materials Processing, Industrial Processing, and Magnetic and Electronic Materials. Specific research areas drawing much interest include corrosion, catalysis, mechanical alloying, petrochemical, steel and mineralogical processing, nano-phase materials and environmental and pollution monitoring.

The book is of particular interest to university researchers and a very broad range of industrial R&D groups who desire to broaden their knowledge of the latest applications and methods of highly resolved spectroscopic analysis of their products. "

-

Although the research actIvItIes of dyestuff chemists worldwide have been influenced to a great extent, in recent years, by the need to respond to a variety of environmental issues associated with the manufacture and application of synthetic dyes and pigments, a significant level of targeted research continues to be devoted to new chemistry aimed at enhancing the technical properties of dyes in commerce. This book is a presentation of various aspects of basic research conducted during the past decade but not reported in the recent review literature. The coverage herein is unique in that it emphasizes systematic approaches commonly utilized in the design and synthesis of dyes and pigments and the required intermediates. While it is well known that certain transition metals are important in the synthesis of technically viable metallized dyes for polyamide and protein fibers, these metals are demonstrated in Chapter 1 also to be effective agents in the regiospecific placement of substituents into azo compounds. The scope and limitations of this chemistry are presented. In other synthetic work, a description of the different processes employed to produce the major families of reactive dyes is presented. In Chapter 4, special attention is given to reactive dyes containing more than one reactive group, and to the more recent developments in the field. The two chapters which follow provide a review of the recent literature pertaining to novel chromophores and dyes for the D2T2 process, respectively.

Das Buch enthalt folgende Beitrage: D. Degner, Ludwigshafen, FRG: "Industrielle organische Elektrochemie"E. Kariv-Miller, R.I. Pacut, G.K. Lehman, Minneapolis/MN, USA: "Elektroreduktion organischer Verbindungen mit sehr hohen " "negativen Potentialen"T. Shono, Kyoto, Japan: "Synthese " "alkaloider Substanzen mit einer elektrochemischen " "Schlusselreaktion"S. Torii, H. Tanaka, T. Inokuchi, Okayama, Japan: "Elektrochemische Methoden der Umwandlung von " "beta-Lactam Antibiotika und Terpenoiden""

This brief is devoted to providing a complete outline of meso-science by briefing the relevant contents from the published book and by updating evidences and concepts of meso-science. The importance of meso-science in solving various problems in energy, resource, and the environment is introduced. The whole evolutionary development of the EMMS principle is reviewed to show how a simple idea on the customized modeling of particle clustering in gas-solid systems was developed, verified, extended, and finally generalized into the common principle of compromise in competition between dominant mechanisms for all mesoscale phenomena in science and engineering, leading to the proposition of meso-science. More importantly, updates on the concept of meso-science and perspectives are presented, along with new insights and findings from after the publication of the original book. In this way, we hope to help readers more easily familiarize themselves with meso-science, and to trigger interest and attention to this interdisciplinary field. Application areas include: multiphase flow and fluid dynamics chemical, biochemical and process engineering mineral processing and metallurgical engineering energy and resources material science and engineering Jinghai Li is vice president of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), professor at Institute of Process Engineering of CAS. Wenlai Huang is associate professor at Institute of Process Engineering of CAS. This book has been translated into Chinese and published by Science Press, please visit here for the Chinese version: http://www.sciencep.com/s_single.php?id=35751

The importance of safety in any scientific endeavor is never in question. However, when cryogenic temperatures are involved, safety is especially important. In addition to observing the normal precautions, one must also take into account the variations of physical properties that occur at low temperatures. At these tempera tures, some properties not only exhibit large differences from their normal values but also can vary widely over a small temperature range. Before any cryogenic project is started, a thorough knowledge of the possible hazards is necessary. Only in this way can the safest operation be attained. Over the hundred-year history of cryogenic research, this has been shown to be the case. Keeping this requirement in mind is an essential ingredient in the quest for accident-free work. The past four or five decades have seen a great expansion of cryogenic technology. Cryogenic liquids, such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium, have become commonly used in a number of different applications and are easily available in any part of the United States and, indeed, almost anywhere in the world. Not only are these liquids available, they have become less expensive and also available in ever larger quantities. As quantities increase, so also do the conse quences of mishaps. The future seems to hold promise of ever larger and more widespread use of the common cryogens. Thus, the importance of safety also increases as time progresses.

To control stability of an emulsified system is to control funda- mental processes like sedimentation (or creaming), flocculation, coalescence and Ostwald ripening. In these processes, a knowledge of fundamental physico-chemical properties of stabilizers, (surfactants or polymers) either as monomers or in an aggregated form is required. During the NATO ARW on "Emulsions - A Funda- mental and Practical Approach" organized on June, 24. and 25. 1991 in Bergen, Norway, attention was focussed on emulsions from both theoretical and practical aspects. The workshop gathered' 95 participants from 14 different countries. The lectures at the workshop covered from a fundamental point of view general aspects on stability, interfacial adsorption mecha- nisms, interfacial rheology, direct measurements of surface forces and bulk rheological properties of emulsions, and self- diffusion properties as measured by means of NMR. With re9ard to applications the fields of food, crude oil and pharmaceutlcal emulsions were covered. For ,the food emulsions a central topic is the role of the proteins at the WIO interface, their conformations and mechanisms b[yen] which they can be replaced at the interface (competitive adsorptlon). For water-in-crude oil emulsions the mechanisms behind the reso- lution of water are of large technical importance. Characteri- zations of the stabilizing asphaltene fraction, physico-chemical properties of destabilizing surfactants and the interplay between asphaltenes and waxes at the WIO interface were discussed. Stuctures of pharmaceutical emulsions and creams were charac- terized as well as nonionic vesicle drug administration systems. In addition fluorocarbon emulsions acting as blood substitutes were also presented.

Economic and environmental requirements for advanced power generating systems demand the removal of corrosive and other sulfurous compounds from hot coal gas. After a brief account of the world energy resources and an overview of clean coal technologies, a review of regenerable metal oxide sorbents for cleaning the hot gas is provided. Zinc oxide, copper oxide, calcium oxide, manganese oxide based as well as supported and mixed metal oxide sorbents are treated. Performance analysis of these sorbents, effects of various parameters on the desulfurization efficiency, kinetics of sulfidation and regeneration reactions, sulfiding and regeneration mechanisms are discussed. Two chapters present recent results in the direct production of elemental sulfur from regeneration or SO2-rich gases.

This book provides a compilation of important optical techniques applied to experiments in heat and mass transfer, multiphase flow and combustion. The emphasis of this book is on the application of these techniques to various engineering problems. The contributions are aiming to provide practicing engineers, both in industry and research, with the recent state of science in the application of advanced optical measurements. The book is written by selected specialists representing leading experts in this field who present new information for the possibilities of these techniques and give stimulation of new ideas for their application.

This timely book opens up new avenues in the development of highly sensitive and specific fluorometric and sensor methods based on the NIR laser techniques, allowing detection down to the single molecule level. Most important are NIR laser diodes in combination with NIR dyes, which facilitates the automation and miniaturisation of reliable UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopic and immunoassay in situ measurements. This permits, for example, analyses of pH values, metal ions, pollutants, membranes, proteins, living cells and the DNA genetic code. Furthermore, the book describes new applications of NIR dyes in high technology areas, such as photochemistry, molecular biology, clinical chemistry, tumour therapy, laser physics, nonlinear optics, laser sensitive optical recording techniques, optical disks, compact disks, laser printers, optical cards, photoengraving, transparent bar coding, forgery prevention, photoresists, spectrally sensitised photographic materials, thermal transfer printing, and heat shielding materials. A compilation of challenging information for scientists and engineers interested in high technology developments and applications.

TheI&ECSYMPOSIUMfromwhichthisvolumewasderivedfeatured519presen- tationsat88technicalsessionsduringathree-daymeetingonSeptember17-20, 1996in Birmingham,Alabamawith580registrants. Thefinalselectionsforthechaptersincluded hereinwerebasedonpeerreview,scientificmerit,theeditors'perceptionsoflastingvalue orinnovativefeatures, andthegeneralapplicabilityofeitherthetechnologyitselforthe scientificmethodsandscholarlydetailsprovidedbytheauthors. Thevolume isacontinuationofathemeinitiatedin 1990. Itspredecessors,Emerg- ing Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management, ACS Symposium Series No. 422 (1990), EmergingTechnologiesinHazardous WasteManagementII,ACSSymposiumSe- ries No. 468 (1991), Emerging Technologies in Hazardous WasteManagement III, ACS SymposiumSeriesNo. 518(1993), EmergingTechnologiesinHazardous WasteManage- mentIV, ACSSymposium Series No. 554 (1994),Emerging Technologies in Hazardous WasteManagement V. ACSSymposiumSeriesNo. 607(1995), andEmergingTechnolo- gies in Hazardous Waste Management VI, American AcademyofEnvironmental Engi- neersPublication (1996), arerelatedcontributionsonhazardouswastemanagement,but eachvolumeisessentiallydifferent. Byinspection,thereadermayquicklyrecognizethis diversity,andalsoconcludethatnosinglevolumecandojusticetothebreadthanddepth oftechnologiesbeingdevelopedandappliedinpractice. Thecontributionspresented in thisvolumearedivided intofourseparatebutcom- plementary sections, including: (1) Chemical and Thermal Treatment; (2) Biochemical Treatment;(3)SeparationTechnologies;and(4)RadioactiveWasteTreatment. D. WilliamTedder FrederickG. Pohland GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology UniversityofPittsburgh Atlanta, Georgia30332-0100 Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania15261-2294 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Industrial & Engineering Chemistry (I&EC) Division ofACS organized and sponsored the symposium. ACS Corporate Associates was a majorfinancial cosponsor; theAmericanInstituteofChemicalEngineers(AIChE)EnvironmentalSciencesDivision, theAIChECenterforWasteReductionTechnologies,theAmericanAcademyofEnviron- mental Engineers,andtheJointAssociationfor theAdvancementsofSupercriticalFluid Technologywerenominalcosponsors;andEnviroExpocositedanexhibition. Thisgener- osity was essential to the overall successofthe symposium and is gratefully acknow- ledged. vii CONTENTS I. EmergingTechnologiesinHazardousWasteManagementVII:AnOverview...FrederickG. PohlandandD. WilliamTedder ChemicalandThermalMethods 2. GranularIronOxideasaCatalystinChemicalOxidationofOrganic Contaminants...9 MiratD. Gurol,Shu-SungLin,andNileshBhat 3. AnElectronBeamGeneratedPlasmaReactorforDecompositionof HalogenatedVOCs 23 S. A. Vitale, K. Hadidi,D. R. Cohn, L. Bromberg,andP. Falkos 4. IncinerationandThermalTreatmentofChemicalAgentsandChemicalWeapons 33 F. C. GouldinandE. M. Fisher 5. PredictingStabilityConstantsofVariousChelatingAgentsUsingQSAR Technology 49 R. W. Okey,S. Lin,andP. K. A. Hong 6. MineralizationofHazardousChemicalsbyHemeReaction ...69 GuyoungKang,JimoJung,KapsongPark,andDavidK. Stevens BiochemicalTreatment 7. AnaerobicTransformationsofCarbonTetrachloride:CombinedBacterialand AbioticProcesses 81 FlynnW. Picardal,SanggooKim,AnnaRadue,andDeberaBackhus 8. BiorecoveryofMetalsfromAcidMineDrainage...91 RakeshGovind,UmaKumar,RamaPuligadda,JimmyAntia,and HenryTabak ix x Contents 9. BiotreatmentofMinewater-ContainingCyanidesbyUsingImmobilizedCell Technology 103 Onguri K. Vijaya,G. R. V. Babu,JackAdams,JamesH. Wolfram,and KiritD. Chapatwala 10. Augmentationofin-SituSubsoilRemediationUsingColloidalGasDispersions 113 P. G. Chaphalkar,K. T. Valsaraj,D. Roy, W. D. Constant,andP. Lee 11. EffectofSorptionontheMicrobialReductiveDechlorinationofSoil-Bound Chloroalkenes 127 SpyrosG. PavlostathisandPingZhuang SeparationTechnologies 12. TheRemovalofVOCsfromExhaustAirandVapourCondensatesby MembraneProcesses ...

The subject of Physical Adsorption has enormous economic and technological value while it continues to present significant scientific challenges with prospects for further important technological developments. The literature on the subject is truly enormous. Particularly during the last few years there have been three developments that led us to organize the Advanced Study Institute on which this volume is based: -Significant development in the theory of physical adsorption; -Developments in instrumf: ntation that allow the detailed characterization of materials including microporous solids; -The realization that closer coupling of scientific and technological pursuits can lead to greater scientific understanding and better technology. The structure of the ASI reflected the coming-together of these three factors. Following an incisive historical review of the subject by K.S.W. Sing, the ASI and the book focus essentially equally on theory, assessment and applications. Topics covered include: -The dramatic progress in theoretical analysis (statistical thermodynamic and quantum mechanics), fuelled by access to exponential increases in computational capabilities, and reflected in the lectures of K. Gubbins, G. Horvath, D. Nicholson and W. Rudzinsky. -The breakthroughs in experimentation, among others: high resolution adsorption, NMR of solids and of adsorbed inert gases such as 129Xe or 1, which are described in the lectures by W.C. Conner, I. Dekany, G. Findenegg, J. Rouquerol and M.A. Springuel-Huet. -The unique aspects of transport in micropores, analysed by J. Karger, D. Ruthven and K.K. Unger.

Hydroxybenzophenones are most useful synthetic intermediates in the chemical industry, for example in pharmaceuticals, dyes, fragrances, agrochemicals, explosives and plastics. In this handbook, the diverse methods of obtaining over 1900 hydroxybenzophenones are described, and their physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic data references are indicated. Hence, ketones are classified methodically. They are thus easily accessible from three tables; the molecular formula index, the chemical abstracts registry numbers, and the usual names index. This work will prove to be a valuable tool for laboratory work and research and development departments. It is set to become the reference on hydroxybenzophenones. This handbook is particularly intended for engineers in chemical synthesis and academic as well as industrial researchers from various branches of chemistry.

Written in a self-contained tutorial fashion, this monograph successfully brings the latest theoretical advances in the design of robust adaptive systems to the realm of industrial applications. It provides a theoretical basis for verifying some of the reported industrial successes of existing adaptive control schemes and enables readers to synthesize adaptive versions of their own robust internal model control schemes.

The use of electrochemical techniques by chemists, particularly those who regard themselves as "inorganic" coordination chemists, has undergone a very rapid growth in the last 15-20 years. The techniques, as dassically applied to inorganic species, had their origins in analytical chemistry, and the methodology had assumed, until the mid 60s, more importance than the chemiStry. However, the growth of interest in coordination compounds (including organometallic complexes) having unusually rich of electron-transfer in bio-inorganic redox properties, and in the understanding species, has propelfed electro-chemistry into the foreground of potentially readily available techniques for application to a very wide range of problems of interest to those chemists. This growth has been fuelled additionally by the availability of relatively cheap equipment of growing sophistication and by an increase in the "inorganic" chemists' general knowledge of physical electrochemistry. In particular, with increasing availability and sophistication of eqUipment, kinetic problems are now being addressed, and the range of electrode types and configuration and solvents has been greatly expanded. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of interest in biological problems has opened new avenues in functionalisation of electrodes, in the development of sensory devices and, in a sense, a return to the analytical base of the science, using novel and multi-disciplinary techniques drawing on synthesis chemistry of and electronic micro-engeneering. The drive towards increasing use microcomputer-controlled data analysis and the development of microeledrodes has opened exciting new avenues for the exploration of chemical reactions involving electron-transfer processes.

This handbook provides essential practical information for Industrial and State Control Laboratories and others concerned with ensuring compliance with European Community directive 90/128/EEC relating to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. This new book on additives used in plastics for food contact can be seen as a companion to Spectra for the Identification of Monomers in Food Packaging (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993). The handbook begins with a chapter describing the legal framework and the implementation of the European legislation. There is a brief description of the Dutch fast method to test compliance with legislation using this handbook. Then, a collection of spectra is given for the identification of a hundred of the most important additives used in plastic packaging and coatings. These additives were selected from Synoptic Document N. 7 after extensive consultation with researchers in the field and with representatives from European industry. For every additive there is an entry in the handbook giving the structural formula, CAS and PM number and trivial name, together with information on physical characteristics, the food contact uses of the derived plastic materials. There is a brief description of the analytical approach for testing compliance with SML or QM limits and reference to the literature including European research projects. FT-IR, MS and 1H-NMR spectra are proved in standard format for each substance, and gas-chromatographic retention data are provided as a help in identification. Most of the additives listed in this volume will be made available on request as reference substances as either the pure substance or as a calibrant solution.

This book is among the first to address the novel process intensification technologies for biodiesel production, in particular the integrated reactive separations. It provides a comprehensive overview illustrated with many industrially relevant examples of novel reactive separation processes used in the production of biodiesel (e.g. fatty acid alkyl esters): reactive distillation, reactive absorption, reactive extraction, membrane reactors, and centrifugal contact separators. Readers will also learn about the working principles, design and control of integrated processes, while also getting a relevant and modern overview of the process intensification opportunities for biodiesel synthesis. Biodiesel is a biodegradable and renewable fuel that currently enjoys much attention. In spite of the recent advances, the existing biodiesel processes still suffer from problems associated with the use of homogeneous catalysts (e.g. salt waste streams) and the key limitations imposed by the chemical reaction equilibrium, thus leading to severe economic and environmental penalties. The integration of reaction and separation into one operating unit overcomes equilibrium limitations and provides key benefits such as low capital investment and operating costs. Many of these processes can be further enhanced by heat-integration and powered by heterogeneous catalysts, to eliminate all conventional catalyst related operations, using the raw materials efficiently and the reaction volume, while offering high conversion and selectivity, and significant energy savings. The targeted audience of this book includes both academia (students and researchers) and industry (project leaders, technology managers, researchers, biodiesel producers, and equipment suppliers).

The use of coal is required to help satisfy the world's energy needs. Yet coal is a difficult fossil fuel to consume efficiently and cleanly. We believe that its clean and efficient use can be increased through improved technology based on a thorough understanding of fundamental physical and chemical processes that occur during consumption. The principal objective of this book is to provide a current summary of this technology. The past technology for describing and analyzing coal furnaces and combus tors has relied largely on empirical inputs for the complex flow and chemical reactions that occur while more formally treating the heat-transfer effects. GrOWing concern over control of combustion-generated air pollutants revealed a lack of understanding of the relevant fundamental physical and chemical mechanisms. Recent technical advances in computer speed and storage capacity, and in numerical prediction of recirculating turbulent flows, two-phase flows, and flows with chemical reaction have opened new opportunities for describing and modeling such complex combustion systems in greater detail. We believe that most of the requisite component models to permit a more fundamental description of coal combustion processes are available. At the same time there is worldwide interest in the use of coal, and progress in modeling of coal reaction processes has been steady."

The importance of proper geometric dimensioning and tolerancing as a means of expressing the designer's functional intent and controlling the inevitable geometric and dimensional variations of mechanical parts and assemblies, is becoming well recognized. The research efforts and innovations in the field of tolerancing design, the development of supporting tools, techniques and algorithms, and the significant advances in computing software and hardware all have contributed to its recognition as a viable area of serious scholarly contributions. The field of tolerancing design is successfully making the transition to maturity where deeper insights and sound theories are being developed to offer explanations, and reliable implementations are introduced to provide solutions. Machine designers realized very early that manufacturing processes do not produce the nominal dimensions of designed parts. The notion of associating a lower and an upper limit, referred to as tolerances, with each dimen sion was introduced. Tolerances were specified to ensure the proper function of mating features. Fits of mating features included clearances, location fits, and interference fits, with various sub-grades in each category assigned a tolerance value depending on the nominal size of the mating features. During the inspection process, a part is rejected if a dimension fell outside the specified range. As the accuracy requirements in assemblies became tighter, designers had to consider other critical dimensions and allocate tolerances to them in order to ensure the assembly's functionality.

Chemical nomenclature can be a complicated subject. As a result, most works on the subject are rather dry textbooks and primarily consist of sets of instructions on how to name chemicals. This practical book proves that chemical nomenclature can be interesting, not just a `necessary evil'. Written in a lively and engaging style by experts in their particular fields, this new book provides a general discussion on why good, clear nomenclature is needed. It introduces the reader to the various forms of nomenclature without reading like a textbook. Both `systematic' and `trivial' nomenclature systems are used widely (and interchangeably) in chemistry and this new book covers both areas. For example, systematic nomenclature in both the CAS and IUPAC styles is introduced. These systems have many similarities but important differences which the chemist should be aware of. Specialized naming systems are needed for polymers and natural products and these areas are covered in separate chapters. The naming of elements is a very topical subject at the moment and so this is included to ensure a comprehensive coverage. Covering a wide range of topics in the area of nomenclature and acting as an introduction to a varied field, this book will be of interest to industrial chemists as well as students at senior undergraduate and postgraduate level.

Early and accurate fault detection and diagnosis for modern chemical plants can minimise downtime, increase the safety of plant operations, and reduce manufacturing costs. The process-monitoring techniques that have been most effective in practice are based on models constructed almost entirely from process data. The goal of the book is to present the theoretical background and practical techniques for data-driven process monitoring. Process-monitoring techniques presented include: Principal component analysis; Fisher discriminant analysis; Partial least squares; Canonical variate analysis.
The text demonstrates the application of all of the data-driven process monitoring techniques to the Tennessee Eastman plant simulator - demonstrating the strengths and weaknesses of each approach in detail. This aids the reader in selecting the right method for his process application. Plant simulator and homework problems in which students apply the process-monitoring techniques to a nontrivial simulated process, and can compare their performance with that obtained in the case studies in the text are included. A number of additional homework problems encourage the reader to implement and obtain a deeper understanding of the techniques.
The reader will obtain a background in data-driven techniques for fault detection and diagnosis, including the ability to implement the techniques and to know how to select the right technique for a particular application.

Introduced to the technical aspects of forestry aerial spraying in the mid-1970's, we were immediately impressed by the complexity of the process of delivering pesticide to foliage. At that time, there was a vigorous public debate in New Brunswick about the ecological and public h~alth impacts of the annual spray program for the control of defoliation of spruce and fir trees by the spruce budworm. The forest industry is important to the province and changes to the established procedures of budworm control could have major economic implications. A rational debate required reliable information about the mechanics of the spraying process. There was a need to supply missing information as to required pesticide application rates, atomizer performance, off-target drift and deposit, and the effects of weather and aircraft operating factors. We were invited to initiate a research program in this domain by New Brunswick forest management officials, and what follows in this book is a logical and quantitative description of the overall process based on our own research and that of others over the intervening years. After a short introduction to aerial spraying, we begin (Chapter 2) by describing forest stands in terms of their interaction with suspended atmospheric particulate material carried along by the wind and susceptible to deposition on foliage. We introduce foliage simulators and their use in measuring the deposit of sprayed pesticide on foliage, the "biological interface" between pest and pesticide.

In last decades rapid scientific and engineering developments have been occuring within the context of Biotechnology. If the World Economy is to benefit fully from the advances in biosciences and biochemical engineering, it must be able to focus new knowledge on commercially appropriate targets. Modern Biotechnology is a mixture of far reaching innovation superimposed on an industrial background and it represents a means of production with bright prospects, challenging problems and stimulating competition. This NATO Advanced Study Institute on "RECENT ADVANCES IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY" held between September 16-27, 1991 in Ku Etdasl was the first ASI on Biotechnology: Ln Turkey. t was aiming to provide an updated overview of the fundamental principles, novel application areas and impact of Biotechnology on international economy. Recent developments in the field of Biotechnology have been thoroughly discussed, concentrating on various interdisciplinary aspects. The illain lectures presented at the Institute covered both scientific and commercial aspects of new developments in biotechnology and discussed the possible ways of meeting the challenges of the industry. The main lectures were supplemented by Oral 2nd Poster Presentations. Thus, this volume is comprised of three sections. Part I contains the i vited lectures and Part II oral presentations. Exte ded abstracts of poster presentations have been included in Part III to provide a more comprehensive coverage of the ASI."